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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 2, 2014.
Registration No. 333-198052

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
AMENDMENT NO. 1
TO
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
 
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	 	2834	 	20-1000967	
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)	 	(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)	 	(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)	
One Broadway, 14th floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
(617) 225-4305
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)
 
Jodie P. Morrison
President and Chief Executive Officer
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
One Broadway, 14th floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
(617) 225-4305
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
 
Copies to:
 	 	 	
Stuart M. Falber, Esq.
Glenn J. Luinenburg, Esq.
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP
60 State Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
(617) 526-6000	 	Mitchell S. Bloom, Esq.
Lawrence S. Wittenberg, Esq.
Goodwin Procter LLP
Exchange Place
53 State Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
(617) 570-1000	
 
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement is declared effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) please check the following box.   ¨
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.   ¨
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.   ¨
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b2 of the Exchange Act.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Large accelerated filer	 	¨	  	Accelerated filer	 	¨	
Non-accelerated filer	 	x  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	  	Smaller reporting company	 	¨	
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Class of Securities
To Be Registered	 	Amount

to be
Registered(1)	 	Proposed
Maximum
Offering Price
Per Share(2)	 	Proposed
Maximum
Aggregate
Offering Price(2)	 	Amount of
Registration Fee(3)(4)	
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	 	6,210,000	 	$15.00	 	$93,150,000	 	$11,998	

(1)	 	Includes 810,000 shares of common stock the underwriters have the option to purchase.	
(2)	 	Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(a) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.	
(3)	 	Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(a) based on an estimate of the proposed maximum aggregate offering price.	
(4)	 	A registration fee of $9,660 was previously paid in connection with the Registration Statement, and the additional amount of $2,338 is being paid herewith.	
 
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to Completion, dated September 2, 2014
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS
 
5,400,000 Shares
 
Common Stock

 
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

 
This is the initial public offering of shares of common stock of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $13.00 and $15.00 per share.
 
We are offering all of the 5,400,000 shares of common stock offered by this prospectus. No public market currently exists for our common stock.
 
We have granted the underwriters the option to purchase up to an additional 810,000 shares of common stock on the same terms and conditions set forth above within 30 days from the date of this prospectus if the underwriters sell more than 5,400,000 shares of common stock in this offering.
 
We have applied to have our common stock listed on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “TKAI.”

 
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 of this prospectus.
 
We are an “emerging growth company” under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules and will be eligible for reduced public company disclosure requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company.”
 
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed on the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
  	  	Per Share	 	  	Total	 	
Initial public offering price	  	$	            	  	  	$	            	  	
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)	  	$	 	  	  	$	 	  	
Proceeds to Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (before expenses)	  	$	 	  	  	$	 	  	
(1)	 	We refer you to “Underwriting” beginning on page 155 for additional information regarding underwriter compensation.	
 
Certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. In addition, Novo A/S has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters may determine to sell more, fewer or no shares in this offering, or any of these parties may determine to purchase more, fewer or no shares in this offering. The underwriters will receive the same underwriting discounts and commissions on any shares purchased by these parties as they will on any other shares sold to the public in this offering.
 
The underwriters expect to deliver the shares on or about             , 2014.

 
BMO Capital Markets    •    Stifel    •     William Blair

Janney Montgomery Scott	

 
Prospectus dated                    , 2014.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prospectus Summary	  	 	1	  	
The Offering	  	 	8	  	
Summary Consolidated Financial Data	  	 	10	  	
Risk Factors	  	 	12	  	
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data	  	 	48	  	
Use of Proceeds	  	 	50	  	
Dividend Policy	  	 	51	  	
Capitalization	  	 	52	  	
Dilution	  	 	54	  	
Selected Consolidated Financial Data	  	 	57	  	
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	  	 	59	  	
Business	  	 	77	  	
Management	  	 	119	  	
Executive Compensation	  	 	127	  	
Related Person Transactions	  	 	137	  	
Principal Stockholders	  	 	141	  	
Description of Capital Stock	  	 	144	  	
Shares Eligible for Future Sale	  	 	148	  	
Material U.S. Federal Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders of Common Stock	  	 	151	  	
Underwriting	  	 	155	  	
Legal Matters	  	 	160	  	
Experts	  	 	160	  	
Where You Can Find More Information	  	 	160	  	
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements	  	 	F-1	  	
 
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. We are offering to sell shares of our common stock, and seeking offers to buy shares of our common stock, only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of our common stock.
 
Until                     , 25 days after the date of this prospectus, all dealers that buy, sell or trade our common stock, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to unsold allotments or subscriptions.
 
For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have taken any action to permit a public offering of the shares of our common stock or the possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus.
 
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Prospectus Summary
 
This summary highlights selected information included elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 12 and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus before making an investment decision. Unless the context otherwise requires, we use the terms “Tokai,” “our company,” “we,” “us” and “our” in this prospectus to refer to Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
 
Overview
 
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel proprietary therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases. Our lead drug candidate, galeterone, is a highly selective, multi-targeted, oral small molecule drug candidate that we believe has advantages over existing prostate cancer therapies. We have administered galeterone to over 250 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In these trials, galeterone was well tolerated and in multiple prostate cancer populations showed clinically meaningful reductions in levels of prostate specific antigen, or PSA, a biochemical marker used to evaluate prostate cancer patients for signs of response to therapy. We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone based on discussions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. We anticipate initiating the trial in the first half of 2015.
 
We are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of patients with castration resistant prostate cancer, or CRPC, whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor that is truncated. We intend to conduct our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in these patients who we believe may not be effectively treated by the therapies approved by the FDA in recent years. We believe that one of galeterone’s multiple mechanisms of action, androgen receptor degradation, provides an opportunity to treat this population of patients. In our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial of galeterone, which we refer to as our ARMOR2 trial, we observed clinically meaningful PSA reductions in patients that were identified as having altered androgen receptors that were truncated in a retrospective subset analysis of seven patients. Although our initial development focus is on galeterone for the treatment of this population of patients, we are conducting our Phase 2 ARMOR2 trial of galeterone in multiple CRPC patient populations.
 
Galeterone acts by disrupting the androgen receptor signaling pathway, which is the primary pathway that drives prostate cancer growth. The pathway is ordinarily activated by the binding of male hormones, or androgens, such as testosterone and the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone, or DHT, to the ligand binding domain of androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells. Galeterone disrupts the activation of the pathway through multiple mechanisms of action:
 
 	•	 	inhibition of the enzyme CYP17, which blocks the synthesis of testosterone;	
 
 	•	 	androgen receptor antagonism, which blocks the binding of testosterone or DHT with the androgen receptor; and	
 
 	•	 	androgen receptor degradation, which reduces the amount of androgen receptor protein in the tumor cells.	
 
We believe that, in comparison to therapies that act solely through CYP17 inhibition or androgen receptor antagonism, galeterone’s unique combination of mechanisms of action may provide galeterone with advantages in efficacy in the treatment of CRPC and may reduce the risk of or delay the development of resistance to therapy and provide efficacy in patients with tumors resistant to other treatments.
 
The truncated androgen receptors for which we are developing galeterone are missing the end of the receptor that contains the ligand binding domain. We describe patients with these truncated androgen receptors as

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having C-terminal loss. An example of one such truncated androgen receptor with C-terminal loss is the splice variant AR-V7, which is the most prevalent of the splice variants that cause C-terminal loss. We plan to conduct our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in patients with AR-V7. In patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7, the lack of a functional ligand binding domain causes the truncated androgen receptor to be constitutively active, or continuously signaling, meaning that activation of the androgen receptor pathway and tumor growth occurs even in the absence of androgens and androgen binding. In clinical studies conducted by researchers at MD Anderson Cancer Center and Johns Hopkins University, the presence in patients of truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss and AR-V7 was associated with poor responsiveness of patients’ prostate tumors to treatment with Zytiga ®  (abiraterone acetate) and Xtandi ®  (enzalutamide), two of the highest selling therapies for CRPC with aggregate reported worldwide 2013 sales of more than $2.1 billion. We believe that these studies indicate that there is a need for effective treatments for CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7.
 
We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone, which we refer to as our ARMOR3-Splice Variant, or SV, trial. In August 2014, we met with the FDA to discuss our plans for a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial to support initial new drug approval by the FDA. Based on these discussions, we expect that our ARMOR3-SV trial will be a randomized, open label clinical trial comparing galeterone to Xtandi in up to 170 metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the AR-V7 splice variant. The primary endpoint of the trial will be radiographic progression-free survival and the secondary endpoints of the trial will include reduction of PSA levels, overall survival and safety. We expect to commence the trial in the first half of 2015 and, subject to patient enrollment rates and the rates of disease progression in patients in the trial, to have top-line data from the trial by the end of 2016.
 
In addition to our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, we are conducting our ARMOR2 trial of galeterone for the treatment of multiple CRPC populations. Subject to the results of the ARMOR2 trial and to the availability of resources, we anticipate continuing the clinical development of galeterone in multiple CRPC populations, as well as in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. We have exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to galeterone.
 
Prostate Cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, in the United States, prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men other than skin cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that, in the United States during 2014, approximately 233,000 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed, and approximately 29,000 men will die from the disease. Prostate cancer drugs represent a large and growing market. According to Decision Resources Group, an independent research firm, sales of prostate cancer drugs are expected to increase from $6.0 billion in 2013 to more than $9.0 billion in 2021, due to a growing aged population, a rising incidence of cancer and the introduction of new drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer. These new drugs include Zytiga and Xtandi, which are approved for the treatment of CRPC. Although Zytiga was only approved in 2011 and Xtandi in 2012, both of these drugs have experienced rapid sales growth, with reported worldwide 2013 sales of $1.7 billion for Zytiga and $445 million for Xtandi. Despite their success, the need for new treatment options remains as each of these drugs has treatment limitations in CRPC patients and may not be effective in CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7.
 
ARMOR2 Trial. In December 2012, we initiated a two-part Phase 2 open label clinical trial of galeterone for the treatment of CRPC, which we refer to as our ARMOR2 trial. Part 1 of the trial was a dose escalation phase designed to confirm the dose of galeterone to be evaluated in Part 2 of the trial. We are currently evaluating the 2550 mg/day dose for safety and efficacy in Part 2 of the trial in four distinct CRPC patient populations.
 
In May 2014, we announced interim data from our ARMOR2 trial at The American Society of Clinical Oncology 2014 Annual Meeting, or ASCO. The interim data included patients who had not previously undergone chemotherapy and had not received treatment with Zytiga or Xtandi, whom we refer to as CRPC treatment-naïve patients, and patients whose disease progressed during treatment with Zytiga, whom we refer to as Zytiga- refractory patients. We reported that, as of May 12, 2014, our cut-off date for our data presentation at ASCO, in

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51 evaluable CRPC treatment-naïve patients, galeterone showed clinically meaningful reductions in levels of PSA. Specifically, we reported the following:
 
 	•	 	Non-metastatic and metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients at the selected Phase 2 dose of 2550 mg/day: During the first 12 weeks of dosing, 82% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%, and 75% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 50%.	
 
 	•	 	Metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients at the selected Phase 2 dose of 2550 mg/day: During the first 12 weeks of dosing, 85% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%, and 77% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 50%.	
 
We also reported 12-week data for 15 Zytiga-refractory patients, two of whom had a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%.
 
In addition, we presented data from a retrospective subset analysis in which four treatment-naïve CRPC patients in ARMOR2 were identified as having truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss. All four of these patients had maximal reductions in PSA levels of at least 50%. These data are consistent with galeterone’s mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation, which does not require a functional ligand binding domain.
 
We plan to announce additional interim data from our ARMOR2 trial in September 2014 at the European Society for Medical Oncology, or ESMO, 2014 Congress in Madrid, Spain. We believe these data are consistent with the efficacy and safety data that we reported at ASCO. Specifically, we expect to report, among other data, that as of August 15, 2014, our cut-off date for our data presentation at the ESMO 2014 Congress, seven treatment-naïve CRPC patients had been identified in the retrospective subset analysis as having truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, and that six of these patients had maximal reductions in PSA levels of at least 50%. The seventh patient, who did not show any PSA reduction, discontinued therapy due to an adverse event unrelated to galeterone after approximately six weeks in the trial and did not receive the full treatment regimen.
 
In June 2012, the FDA designated galeterone for the treatment of CRPC for fast track review. The FDA may designate a product for fast track review if it is intended, whether alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and it demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such a disease or condition. For fast track products, sponsors may have more frequent interactions with the FDA, and the FDA may initiate review of sections of a fast track product’s new drug application, or NDA, on a rolling basis before the application is complete. In addition, sponsors may request and be granted priority review of their application.
 
Mechanisms of Action. The growth and survival of prostate cancer tumor cells depend primarily on the functioning of the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Ordinarily, the pathway and tumor growth are activated by the binding of testosterone and DHT to the ligand binding domain of androgen receptors. As a result, therapies that block this binding can be effective in disrupting the pathway and tumor cell growth. Zytiga blocks this binding by reducing the synthesis of testosterone through the inhibition of the enzyme CYP17. Xtandi blocks the binding of testosterone or DHT with the androgen receptor through androgen receptor antagonism. However, the effectiveness of Zytiga, Xtandi and other therapies based solely on one of these mechanisms of action requires a functional ligand binding domain. In the case of prostate tumor cells that express truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7, there is no functional ligand binding domain, which causes the truncated androgen receptor to be constitutively active. As a result, we believe that patients with truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss may not be effectively treated by these therapies.
 
In contrast, galeterone disrupts the androgen receptor signaling pathway at multiple points by combining the mechanisms of action of CYP17 inhibition and androgen receptor antagonism with the mechanism of androgen receptor degradation. Unlike CYP17 inhibition and androgen receptor antagonism, androgen receptor degradation does not require a functional ligand binding domain to disrupt the activation of the pathway and tumor growth. As a

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result, we believe that, based on galeterone’s multiple mechanisms of action, data from the subset of patients in our ARMOR2 trial and data from preclinical studies conducted by us and independent laboratories, galeterone may have the ability to treat both patients with full-length androgen receptors and patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7. To our knowledge, there are no approved drugs or drugs in clinical development, other than galeterone, that disrupt the androgen receptor signaling pathway through androgen receptor degradation.
 
The following figure shows a comparison of the mechanisms of action of Zytiga, Xtandi and galeterone:

 
Advantages of Galeterone. Although Zytiga and Xtandi have improved survival of CRPC patients, they have limitations in terms of safety, dosing, patient compliance and the development of resistance. In addition, Zytiga and Xtandi may not be effective in treating CRPC patients with prostate cancer tumors that express altered androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7. As a result, there remains an unmet medical need for therapies that address populations that are resistant to therapy and will further improve overall survival while providing a more favorable risk benefit profile.
 
We believe that galeterone has advantages over Zytiga and Xtandi because of the following key differentiating attributes:
 
 	•	 	Potential for improved efficacy. We believe that galeterone, which combines the mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation with the mechanisms of action of CYP17 inhibition and androgen receptor antagonism, may further improve progression-free survival and overall survival beyond that of products that depend on only a single mechanism of action.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for lower risk of resistance. We believe that galeterone may reduce the risk of or delay the development of resistance to therapy because galeterone addresses multiple mechanisms of action simultaneously.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for broad utility in prostate cancer. We believe that galeterone may be well suited to treat different prostate cancer patient populations, from early-stage prostate cancer patients to end-stage salvage metastatic CRPC patients, because of its efficacy, safety and tolerability.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for efficacy in CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7. Because galeterone’s distinct mechanism of androgen receptor degradation does not require an intact ligand binding domain for efficacy, we believe galeterone may be effective in prostate cancer tumors that express altered androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7. In contrast, the mechanisms of action of Zytiga and Xtandi and other similar drugs in development all require the presence of a functional ligand binding domain in order to be effective.	
 
 	•	 	Favorable safety profile. We have administered galeterone to over 250 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In these trials, galeterone demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile.	

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 	•	 	No requirement for steroids. Zytiga must be co-administered with the steroid prednisone to minimize the risk of mineralocorticoid excess, a potentially fatal syndrome characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, fluid retention and edema. Unlike Zytiga, galeterone has not been shown in clinical trials to cause mineralocorticoid excess and, as a result, does not require co-administration of steroids.	
 
 	•	 	No associated seizure risk. Xtandi has shown a risk of grand mal seizures in clinical trials. Unlike Xtandi, galeterone is not in a class of therapeutics that has shown a risk of seizures. We have not had any reports of seizures in clinical trials of galeterone.	
 
 	•	 	Ease of dosing. Galeterone is dosed orally once per day, does not require the co-administration of steroids and can be taken with or without food. We believe that this convenient dosing regimen will enhance patient compliance. In contrast, Zytiga must be taken in a fasted state to avoid large increases in absorption, which may cause side effects. Zytiga must also be co-administered with steroids. The steroid co-administered with Zytiga must be taken with food, resulting in a staggered dosing regimen of pills three times per day.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for use as part of combination therapy. We believe that galeterone may prove to be well suited for use in combination with other therapies used across all patient populations of prostate cancer because of its favorable safety profile, ease of administration and highly selective, multiple mechanisms of action.	
 
Our Strategy
 
Our goal is to become a leading biopharmaceutical company that develops and commercializes products for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases. Our strategy includes the following components:
 
 	•	 	Complete the clinical development of and seek marketing approval for galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with prostate cancer tumors that express the AR-V7 splice variant.  Based on discussions with the FDA, we expect that our ARMOR3-SV trial will be a randomized, open label clinical trial comparing galeterone to Xtandi in up to 170 metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the AR-V7 splice variant. We expect to commence the trial in the first half of 2015 and, subject to patient enrollment rates and the rates of disease progression in patients in the trial, to have top-line data from the trial by the end of 2016.	
 
 	•	 	Develop galeterone for other prostate cancer indications and patient populations. Although we are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of patients with CRPC whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor, we are conducting our ARMOR2 trial of galeterone for the treatment of multiple CRPC patient populations. Subject to the results of the ARMOR2 trial and to the availability of resources, we anticipate continuing the clinical development of galeterone in multiple CRPC populations, as well as in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. We also plan to develop galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents.	
 
 	•	 	Explore the use of galeterone for other hormonally-driven diseases. We plan to explore the use of galeterone for the treatment of other hormonally-driven diseases that are associated with the androgen receptor signaling pathway.	
 
 	•	 	Maximize the commercial potential of galeterone. We have worldwide development and commercialization rights to galeterone. If galeterone is approved in the United States, we intend to build a urology- and oncology-focused specialty sales organization in the United States to support the commercialization of galeterone. We intend to commercialize galeterone outside the United States through collaborations with third parties.	
 
 	•	 	Advance the development of our platform of androgen receptor degradation agents. We plan to identify and develop novel compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced	

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 	androgen receptor degradation under an exclusive license from the University of Maryland, Baltimore. We believe that such compounds may have utility as monotherapies or in combination with existing therapies in treating patients with androgen receptor signaling diseases, including prostate cancer patients with primary or acquired resistance to existing therapies.	
 
Risks Associated with Our Business
 
Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. These risks are discussed more fully in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus immediately following this prospectus summary. These risks include the following:
 
 	•	 	We depend heavily on the success of our lead product candidate, galeterone, which is in clinical development for the treatment of CRPC patients. Any failure to successfully develop galeterone for these patients or for other indications or patient populations, or any future product candidates, or significant delays in doing so, would compromise our ability to generate revenue and become profitable.	
 
 	•	 	If clinical trials of galeterone and our future product candidates, including our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial and our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone, fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States or are not otherwise successful, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of galeterone and our future product candidates.	
 
 	•	 	We will need substantial additional funding to complete our development of, and to commercialize, galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with AR-V7, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, reduce, terminate or eliminate product development programs, including our commercialization efforts for galeterone for the treatment of these patients and other indications and patient populations and our future product candidates.	
 
 	•	 	We have no history of commercializing pharmaceutical products, which may make it difficult to evaluate the prospects for our future viability.	
 
 	•	 	Fast track designation does not ensure that we will experience a faster development, regulatory review or approval process compared to conventional FDA procedures or that we will ultimately obtain regulatory approval of galeterone. Additionally, the FDA may withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.	
 
 	•	 	In order to develop and commercialize galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with AR-V7, we will need to develop and commercialize as an  in vitro  companion diagnostic test an analytically validated assay that can be used to identify CRPC patients with AR-V7. We will need to develop this assay and submit an investigational device exemption application for the assay before we can initiate our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone. If this assay is unable to be developed, or if there are significant delays in doing so, our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial and the development of galeterone may be delayed, and we may not achieve marketing approval or realize the full commercial potential of galeterone.	
 
 	•	 	Even if galeterone receives regulatory approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.	
 
 	•	 	If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing galeterone or any of our future product candidates if they are approved.	
 
 	•	 	We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses for at least the next several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.	

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Our Company
 
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 26, 2004 under the name Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Our executive offices are located at One Broadway, 14 th  Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and our telephone number is (617) 225-4305. Our website address is www.tokaipharma.com. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.
 
The Tokai logo is our trademark. The trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.
 
Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company
 
As a company with less than $1 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from specified disclosure and other requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:
 
 	•	 	being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure;	
 
 	•	 	not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting;	
 
 	•	 	not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements;	
 
 	•	 	reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and	
 
 	•	 	exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.	
 
We may take advantage of some or all these exemptions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1 billion in annual revenue, we have more than $700 million in market value of our stock held by non-affiliates or we issue more than $1 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. We have taken advantage of certain reduced reporting obligations in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.
 
In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This provision allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
 
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The Offering
 
Common stock offered by us	5,400,000 shares	
 
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering	20,761,740 shares (21,571,740 shares in the event the underwriters elect to exercise in full their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares from us)	
 
Over-allotment option	The underwriters have an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to 810,000 additional shares of our common stock to cover over-allotments.	
 
Use of proceeds	We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, will be approximately $67.6 million, or approximately $78.1 million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares from us in full, assuming an initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.	
 
 	We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, to fund our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for galeterone, to fund our ongoing ARMOR2 trial and to fund our initial research of other compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation and for working capital and other general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” for more information.	
 
Risk factors	You should read the “Risk Factors” section starting on page 12 of this prospectus and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.	
 
Proposed NASDAQ Global Market symbol	“TKAI”	

 
The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 501,569 shares of common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2014 and gives effect to the conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into 14,860,171 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering.
 
The number of shares of common stock to be outstanding after this offering excludes:
 
 	•	 	1,634,275 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of July 31, 2014, at a weighted average exercise price of $2.86 per share;	
 
 	•	 	43,945 shares of common stock available for future issuance under our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, as of July 31, 2014;	
 
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 	•	 	an additional 1,700,000 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which includes the grant of an option to purchase 207,617 shares of our common stock and 51,904 shares subject to a restricted stock unit award; and	
 
 	•	 	an additional 225,000 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.	
 
Except as otherwise noted, all information in this prospectus:
 
 	•	 	gives effect to a 1-for-10.47 reverse stock split of our common stock and a proportional adjustment to the existing conversion ratio of each series of our redeemable convertible preferred stock, which became effective on August 29, 2014;	
 
 	•	 	assumes no exercise of the outstanding options described above;	
 
 	•	 	assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option to purchase up to 810,000 additional shares of common stock from us; and	
 
 	•	 	gives effect to the restatement of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws upon the closing of this offering.	
 
Certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. In addition, Novo A/S has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Assuming an initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, these parties would purchase an aggregate of up to approximately 3,010,710 shares of the 5,400,000 shares offered in this offering based on these indications of interest. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters may determine to sell more, fewer or no shares in this offering, or any of these parties may determine to purchase more, fewer or no shares in this offering.
 
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Summary Consolidated Financial Data
 
The following table summarizes our consolidated financial data. We have derived the consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated statement of operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 and for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) through June 30, 2014 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2014 have been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus and have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial data reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information in those statements. You should read the following summary consolidated financial data together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and the “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results that should be expected in the future, and results for the six months ended June 30, 2014 are not necessarily indicative of the results that should be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2014.

 	 	Year Ended
December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	Cumulative Period
from Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
June 30, 2014	 	
 	 	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands, except per share data)	 	
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	 	 	7,370	  	 	 	12,201	  	 	 	5,148	  	 	 	7,948	  	 	 	57,314	  	
General and administrative	 	 	2,279	  	 	 	3,548	  	 	 	1,687	  	 	 	2,829	  	 	 	16,286	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	 	 	9,649	  	 	 	15,749	  	 	 	6,835	  	 	 	10,777	  	 	 	73,600	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(15,749	) 	 	 	(6,835	) 	 	 	(10,777	) 	 	 	(73,600	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	216	  	
Interest expense	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(302	) 	
Other income (expense), net	 	 	—  	  	 	 	24	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	342	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other income, net	 	 	—  	  	 	 	24	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	256	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(15,725	) 	 	 	(6,835	) 	 	 	(10,698	) 	 	 	(73,344	) 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	(34	) 	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	(79	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(3,359	) 	
Accrual of dividend on redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(347	) 	
Modifications of redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	9,925	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	 	$	(9,683	) 	 	$	(15,819	) 	 	$	(6,914	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	 	$	(67,125	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (1)	 	$	(31.09	) 	 	$	(38.02	) 	 	$	(20.49	) 	 	$	(21.48	) 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (1)	 	 	311	  	 	 	416	  	 	 	337	  	 	 	498	  	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited) (1)	 	 	 	 	 	$	(1.29	) 	 	 	 	 	 	$	(0.70	) 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (unaudited) (1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	12,230	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	15,358	  	 	 	 	 	

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 	  	As of June 30, 2014	 	
 	  	Actual	 	 	Pro  Forma(2)	 	  	Pro Forma
As  Adjusted (3)(4)	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	21,150	  	 	$	21,150	  	  	$	89,237	  	
Working capital(5)	  	 	18,051	  	 	 	18,051	  	  	 	87,153	  	
Total assets	  	 	23,420	  	 	 	23,420	  	  	 	89,983	  	
Redeemable convertible preferred stock	  	 	85,345	  	 	 	—  	 	  	 	—  	  	
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	 	(65,613	) 	 	 	19,732	  	  	 	87,310	  	
 
(1)	 	See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for further details on the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders and the calculation of basic and diluted pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders.	
(2)	 	Pro forma consolidated balance sheet data give effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 14,860,171 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering.	
(3)	 	Pro forma as adjusted consolidated balance sheet data give effect to the pro forma adjustment described in footnote 2 above as well as the sale by us of 5,400,000 shares of common stock in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.	
(4)	 	A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ equity by $5.0 million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, an increase (decrease) of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total stockholders’ equity by $13.0 million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The pro forma as adjusted data above is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of our initial public offering determined at pricing.	
(5)	 	We define working capital as current assets less current liabilities.	
 
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Risk Factors
 
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you decide to invest in our common stock, you should consider carefully the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus. We believe the risks described below are the risks that are material to us as of the date of this prospectus. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
 
Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital
 
We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses for at least the next several years and may never achieve or maintain profitability.
 
Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net loss was $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 and $10.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. As of June 30, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of $73.8 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and convertible promissory notes, none of which are currently outstanding. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including clinical trials. We have not completed development of any product candidate and it may be several years, if ever, before we have a product candidate ready for commercialization. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
 
 	•	 	conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, or CRPC, treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the splice variant AR-V7 and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of a new drug application, or NDA, to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for galeterone for this indication;	
 
 	•	 	continue to conduct our ongoing ARMOR2 trial for the treatment of multiple CRPC patient populations;	
 
 	•	 	develop galeterone for the treatment of other indications and patient populations in prostate cancer, including early-stage prostate cancer, and the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents;	
 
 	•	 	explore the use of galeterone for the treatment of other hormonally-driven diseases that are associated with the androgen receptor signaling pathway;	
 
 	•	 	identify and develop compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation;	
 
 	•	 	enter into agreements with third parties to develop an in vitro companion diagnostic test to identify CRPC patients with AR-V7;	
 
 	•	 	enter into agreements with third parties to manufacture galeterone;	
 
 	•	 	establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to support the commercialization of galeterone in the United States;	
 
 	•	 	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;	
 
 	•	 	continue our other research and development efforts;	
 
 	•	 	acquire or in-license additional compounds or technologies for the treatment of hormonally-driven diseases; and	
 
 	•	 	operate as a public company following this offering.	
 
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We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable. To become and remain profitable, we must develop and eventually commercialize a product or products with significant market potential and market acceptance. This development and commercialization will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including successfully completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with truncated androgen receptors such as AR-V7 and other indications and patient populations, as well as preclinical testing and clinical trials of any of our future product candidates, obtaining marketing and regulatory approval for these product candidates, contracting with third parties to develop an  in vitro  companion diagnostic test to identify CRPC patients with AR-V7, partnering with third parties to manufacture our product candidates in commercial quantities, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain regulatory approval and obtaining reimbursement from third-party payors. We may never succeed in these activities and may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability.
 
Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. In any particular quarter or quarters, our operating results could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause our share price to decline. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.
 
We will need substantial additional funding to complete our development of, and to commercialize, galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with AR-V7, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, reduce, terminate or eliminate product development programs, including our commercialization efforts for galeterone for the treatment of these patients and other indications and patient populations and for our future product candidates.
 
As of June 30, 2014, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21.2 million and working capital of $18.1 million. We expect that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will only be sufficient to enable us to continue our ongoing ARMOR2 trial, conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients with AR-V7, and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for these patients, as well as to continue to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first half of 2017. We will need to obtain substantial additional funding in order to submit an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with AR-V7, complete the development of, and commercialize, galeterone for these patients and other indications and patient populations and develop or commercialize any future product candidates. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce, terminate or eliminate our product development programs and our commercialization efforts.
 
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
 
 	•	 	the progress and results of our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients with AR-V7, and our efforts to complete the clinical development of galeterone and submit an NDA to the FDA for this indication;	
 
 	•	 	the progress and results of our ongoing ARMOR2 trial and any additional clinical trials of galeterone that we decide to conduct for the treatment of other indications and patient populations in prostate cancer, including for early-stage prostate cancer, and for the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents;	
 
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 	•	 	the timing and outcome of regulatory review of galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in CRPC patients with AR-V7 and other indications and patient populations, and of any other future product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	the costs under agreements with third parties to develop an in vitro companion diagnostic test for identifying CRPC patients with AR-V7;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of commercialization activities, including product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for galeterone and our future product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval;	
 
 	•	 	the development of future product candidates, including our plans to seek to acquire or in-license additional compounds or technologies for the treatment of hormonally-driven diseases;	
 
 	•	 	revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of galeterone and any future product candidates, should any of our product candidates be approved by the FDA or a similar regulatory authority outside the United States;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to establish collaborations on favorable terms, if at all, particularly arrangements to develop, market and distribute galeterone and any future product candidates outside the United States; and	
 
 	•	 	the cost of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims.	
 
Conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. In addition, galeterone and any future product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for several years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.
 
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations, require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates or divert our management’s attention from our operating activities.
 
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. We will require substantial funding in addition to the net proceeds of this offering to fund our development and commercialization efforts, operating expenses and other activities. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or current or future product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Additional fundraising efforts may also divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may compromise our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.
 
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Risks Related to the Development and Regulatory Approval of Galeterone and Our Future Product Candidates
 
We depend heavily on the success of our lead product candidate, galeterone, which is in clinical development for the treatment of CRPC patients. Any failure to successfully develop galeterone for these patients or for other indications or patient populations, or any future product candidates, or significant delays in doing so, would compromise our ability to generate revenue and become profitable.
 
We currently have no products approved for sale and have only one product candidate, galeterone, in clinical development. We have invested substantially all of our efforts and financial resources in the development of galeterone for the treatment of CRPC. We anticipate initiating a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone in the first half of 2015. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for at least the next several years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of galeterone for CRPC patients with AR-V7. We also may develop galeterone for other indications or patient populations in prostate cancer or for the treatment of other hormonally-driven diseases that are associated with the androgen receptor signaling pathway and compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation. The success of galeterone or other product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:
 
 	•	 	successfully completing clinical trials, including obtaining clinical results that are statistically significant as well as clinically meaningful in the context of the indications for which we are developing galeterone and our future product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	receiving marketing approvals for our products from the FDA and similar regulatory authorities outside the United States;	
 
 	•	 	successfully developing an in vitro companion diagnostic test to identify CRPC patients with AR-V7;	
 
 	•	 	making arrangements with third-party manufacturers for, or establishing, commercial manufacturing capabilities;	
 
 	•	 	obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for galeterone or other product candidates, both in the United States and internationally;	
 
 	•	 	establishing successful sales and marketing arrangements and launching commercial sales of our products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;	
 
 	•	 	obtaining commercial acceptance of our products, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;	
 
 	•	 	obtaining and maintaining adequate reimbursement;	
 
 	•	 	effectively competing with other therapies;	
 
 	•	 	protecting our rights in our intellectual property portfolio; and	
 
 	•	 	maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of our products following regulatory approval.	
 
If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize galeterone and our future product candidates, which would materially harm our business.
 
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If clinical trials of galeterone and our future product candidates, including our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial and our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone, fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States or are not otherwise successful, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of galeterone and our future product candidates.
 
Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of galeterone and our future product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their product candidates.
 
We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone. We anticipate initiating our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in the first half of 2015 and having top-line data from the trial by the end of 2016. However, we may not initiate the trial unless and until we develop an analytically validated assay to detect AR-V7 and submit an investigational device exemption application, or IDE, for the assay to the FDA. In addition, our anticipated time to top-line data is subject to the rates of patient enrollment and disease progression in the trial. The rate of patient enrollment in the trial, however, is difficult to predict as we have no experience recruiting patients with AR-V7 for a clinical trial, and the percentage of CRPC patients with AR-V7 is subject to widely varying projections in published literature. Moreover, because we have not previously conducted a clinical trial of galeterone in patients with AR-V7 and clinical trials of Xtandi in AR-V7 have only been conducted in a limited number of patients, our assumption concerning rates of disease progression could be incorrect. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will initiate, have top-line data from or complete the trial when we anticipate.
 
For drug and biological products, the FDA typically requires the successful completion of two adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to support marketing approval. In the case of galeterone, we intend to seek approval based upon the results of a single pivotal clinical trial. If the results of the trial are not robust, are subject to confounding factors, or are not adequately supported by other study endpoints, the FDA may refuse to approve galeterone based upon a single clinical trial. Thus there can be no guarantee that the FDA will not require additional pivotal clinical trials as a condition for approving galeterone.
 
In August 2014, we met with the FDA to discuss our plans for a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial to support initial new drug approval by the FDA. Based on these discussions, we expect that our ARMOR3-SV trial will be a randomized, open label clinical trial comparing galeterone to Xtandi in up to 170 metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the AR-V7 splice variant. The primary endpoint of the trial will be radiographic progression-free survival and the secondary endpoints of the trial will include reduction of PSA levels, overall survival and safety. We have not conducted any clinical trials of galeterone for patients with AR-V7, comparing galeterone to a comparator drug or using a primary endpoint of radiographic progression-free survival. As a result, the results of the clinical trials that we have conducted may not be predictive of the outcome of our ARMOR3-SV trial.
 
Moreover, we are unaware of any completed or currently ongoing pivotal trials of treatments for prostate cancer for which the sole primary endpoint to support initial FDA drug approval was radiographic progression-free survival. As a result, we cannot be assured as to how the FDA will interpret any radiographic progression-free survival data that we generate in our ARMOR3-SV trial. In connection with our August 2014 meeting with the FDA, the FDA advised us that in its view radiographic progression-free survival and the use of radiographic progression-free survival in the metastatic CRPC context is limited by difficulties in bone scan interpretation and the complexity of the criteria used to define progression, each of which creates uncertainty as to the ability of
 
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radiographic progression-free survival to predict improvements in morbidity or mortality. The FDA also advised us that if we used radiographic progression-free survival as the sole primary endpoint, this uncertainty would need to be overcome by a statistically persuasive large relative and absolute magnitude of improvement in radiographic progression-free survival as well as internal consistency across secondary endpoints, including a supportive result in overall survival.
 
If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of galeterone or of our future product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:
 
 	•	 	be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for galeterone or our future product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	not obtain marketing approval at all;	
 
 	•	 	obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;	
 
 	•	 	obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use restrictions or safety warnings, including boxed warnings;	
 
 	•	 	be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements;	
 
 	•	 	be subject to restrictions on how the product is distributed or used; or	
 
 	•	 	have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.	
 
If we experience any of a number of possible unforeseen events in connection with our preclinical studies or clinical trials, our ability to conduct further clinical trials of, obtain regulatory approval of or commercialize galeterone or our future product candidates could be delayed or prevented.
 
We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical studies or clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to conduct further clinical trials, obtain regulatory approval or commercialization of galeterone or our future product candidates. For instance, we experienced delays following our open label, dose escalation Phase 1 clinical trial of galeterone, which we refer to as our ARMOR1 trial, due to the exposure variability associated with the food effect of administering galeterone in capsule formulation and our efforts to reformulate galeterone, which resulted in the development of the spray dried dispersion formulation of galeterone and required us to conduct additional Phase 1 clinical trials. Unforeseen events that could delay or prevent our ability to conduct clinical trials, obtain regulatory approval or commercialize galeterone and our future product candidates include:
 
 	•	 	regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;	
 
 	•	 	we may have delays in reaching or fail to reach agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective trial sites;	
 
 	•	 	preclinical studies and clinical trials of galeterone or our future product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional preclinical or clinical trials or abandon product development programs;	
 
 	•	 	the number of patients required for clinical trials of galeterone or our future product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, patient enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;	
 
 	•	 	our failure to conduct our clinical trials in accordance with the FDA’s good clinical practices or applicable regulatory requirements in other countries;	
 
 	•	 	our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;	
 
 	•	 	we may decide, or regulators or institutional review boards may require us or our investigators to, suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements,	
 
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 	•	 	a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or the occurrence of serious adverse events associated with galeterone or our future product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of clinical trials of galeterone and our future product candidates may be greater than we anticipate; and	
 
 	•	 	the supply or quality of galeterone or our future product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of such product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate.	
 
In addition, the patients recruited for clinical trials of our product candidates may have characteristics that are different than we expect and different than the clinical trials were designed for, which could adversely impact the results of the clinical trials. For example, our patients could develop genetic mutations that are not responsive or are otherwise resistant to galeterone.
 
Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. In addition to additional costs, significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our product candidates.
 
Galeterone could ultimately prove to be ineffective or unsafe.
 
We have administered galeterone to over 250 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. We are currently conducting our ARMOR2 trial. As of August 15, 2014, we had enrolled 121 patients in the trial and expect to enroll a total of approximately 136 patients in the trial. However, we have yet to fully explore the safety and efficacy of galeterone. Ultimately, the results of our clinical trials to date, in which galeterone has been well tolerated and showed clinically meaningful reductions in levels of prostate specific antigen, a biochemical marker used to evaluate prostate cancer patients for signs of response to therapy, may prove to be incorrect. No assessment of the efficacy, safety or side effects of a product candidate can be considered complete until all clinical trials needed to support a submission for marketing approval are complete, and success in early-stage clinical trials does not mean that subsequent trials will confirm the earlier findings, or that experience with use of a product in large-scale commercial distribution will not identify additional safety or efficacy issues. If we find that galeterone is not safe, or if its efficacy cannot be consistently demonstrated, we may not be able to commercialize, or may be required to cease distribution of, the product. Galeterone may also prove to be substantially identical or inferior to drugs already available, in which case the market for galeterone would be reduced or eliminated.
 
We anticipate initiating a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone in metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients with AR-V7 in the first half of 2015. We believe that patients’ prostate tumor cells may not be responsive to treatment with Zytiga and Xtandi in the presence of C-terminal loss, including AR-V7, but that galeterone, with its mechanism of androgen receptor degradation, may effectively treat these patients. There can be no assurance, however, that our beliefs and assumptions about the effectiveness of galeterone, Zytiga (abiraterone acetate) or Xtandi (enzalutamide) in the treatment of CRPC patients with C-terminal loss or AR-V7 are accurate. Our belief that patients’ prostate tumor cells may not be responsive to treatment with Zytiga and Xtandi in the presence of C-terminal loss or AR-V7 is based on our understanding of the mechanisms of action of these products, data from clinical studies conducted by MD Anderson Cancer Center, or MD Anderson, and Johns Hopkins University, or Johns Hopkins, and data from preclinical studies conducted by us and independent laboratories. However, the clinical studies conducted by MD Anderson and Johns Hopkins only involved a limited number of patients with C-terminal loss or AR-V7 and were conducted in different patient populations, using different protocols and using different and unvalidated assays to identify patients with C-terminal loss or AR-V7. The patient populations, protocols and assays used in the MD Anderson and Johns Hopkins studies may also differ from the patient populations, protocols and assays used in our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial. In
 
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addition, it is possible that other factors were present that caused, or contributed to, the poor responsiveness of Zytiga and Xtandi in the presence of C-terminal loss and AR-V7 in the clinical studies. The outcome of preclinical testing and clinical studies may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials and is often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. If Zytiga and Xtandi are found to be more responsive to C-terminal loss or AR-V7 than we anticipate, any clinical trial designed to compare galeterone to Zytiga and Xtandi for this patient population would be less likely to succeed.
 
Our belief that galeterone may be effective in CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7, is based on data from preclinical studies and a retrospective subset analysis in which seven treatment-naïve CRPC patients in our ARMOR2 trial were identified as having truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss pursuant to an unvalidated assay. We believe that these data support our view that galeterone may be effective in patients without an intact ligand binding domain. However, there can be no assurance that these data will be predictive of the success of our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone. While we are still finalizing the design of the planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, the trial will be the first clinical trial to evaluate galeterone in prospectively identified patients with AR-V7 and will have a design that is different than the design of our ARMOR2 trial, including primary endpoints that, unlike our ARMOR2 trial, are not based on PSA. The failure of our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone in this patient population would have a material adverse impact on our ability to obtain approval for galeterone and on our business, financial condition and prospects.
 
If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in our clinical trials, or patients discontinue their participation in our clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.
 
We may not be able to continue our ARMOR2 trial or conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, or any other clinical trials, if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States.
 
Our competitors may have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that could be competitive with galeterone and our future product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ product candidates.
 
We may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients, or those with required or desired characteristics to achieve diversity in a trial, to complete our clinical trials in a timely manner. Patient enrollment is affected by other factors including:
 
 	•	 	severity of the disease under investigation;	
 
 	•	 	design of the trial protocol;	
 
 	•	 	eligibility criteria for the study in question;	
 
 	•	 	perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study;	
 
 	•	 	trials of other products for similar indications;	
 
 	•	 	efforts to facilitate timely patient enrollment in clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	patient referral practices of physicians;	
 
 	•	 	alternative products for similar indications;	
 
 	•	 	the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and	
 
 	•	 	proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients.	
 
In particular, because we expect that our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone will be focused on CRPC patients with AR-V7, which we expect represents a small percentage of CRPC patients, our ability to
 
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enroll eligible patients may be limited or may result in slower enrollment than we anticipate. We expect that we may need to screen more than 1,000 patients to identify and enroll the target AR-V7 positive patients. However, because we have no experience recruiting patients with AR-V7 for a clinical trial and the percentage of CRPC patients with AR-V7 is subject to widely varying projections in published literature, we cannot be assured our projections for enrollment are accurate. Patient enrollment in our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial may also be adversely affected by data that show little or no activity of Xtandi in patients with AR-V7 as patients in the trial will be randomized to the Xtandi arm and the trial will not provide for crossover to galeterone. Patient enrollment delays in our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial or any of our other future clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates, which would cause the value of our company to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial would result in significant delays. Any significant delays or increases in costs of our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial could result in the need for us to obtain additional funding to complete the trial.
 
In addition, patients enrolled in our clinical trials may discontinue their participation at any time during the trial as a result of a number of factors, including experiencing adverse clinical events that may or may not be associated with our product candidates under evaluation. We are aware that other late stage trials in CRPC have been adversely affected by discontinuations by patients who prematurely leave the trial in response to an increase in their PSA levels during the trial. The discontinuation of patients in any one of our trials may cause us to delay or abandon our clinical trial or may lead to negative or insufficient results to support a filing for marketing and regulatory approval of the applicable product candidate.
 
If serious adverse or unforeseen side effects are identified during the development of galeterone or our future product candidates, we may need to abandon or limit our development of some or all of our product candidates.
 
If galeterone or our future product candidates are associated with undesirable side effects or have characteristics that are unexpected, we may need to abandon their development or limit development to certain indications or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. Adverse or unexpected side effects or characteristics of galeterone, whether discovered by us or independently publicized by third parties during clinical trials, could cause an institutional review board or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials of galeterone or our future product candidates, require us to conduct additional clinical trials or other tests or studies, and could result in a more restrictive label, or the delay or denial of marketing approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.
 
In our ARMOR2 trial, there were three unexpected serious adverse events that were assessed by the investigators as possibly related to treatment with galeterone. These treatment-related serious adverse events involved a case of angioedema in a patient who was taking a medication associated with angioedema, an episode of dizziness and fainting in a patient with a history of nausea, diabetes and hypertension who had discontinued treatment with galeterone four days prior to the episode, and a case of hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism in a patient with a history of hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism. In our ARMOR1 trial, there was only one unexpected serious adverse event assessed by the investigator as possibly related to treatment with galeterone. This treatment-related serious adverse event involved a 77-year old patient who developed rhabdomyolysis, an acute disintegration of muscle tissue, and acute renal failure that occurred while receiving simvastatin, a statin known to be associated with rhabdomyolysis. In addition, the patient had underlying chronic renal insufficiency, renal artery stenosis and hydronephrosis requiring stents and presented after a fall, all of which are risk factors for either acute renal failure or rhabdomyolysis. To date, none of these events resulted in interruptions or delays of our clinical trials.
 
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In order to develop and commercialize galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with AR-V7, we will need to develop and commercialize as an in vitro companion diagnostic test an analytically validated assay that can be used to identify CRPC patients with AR-V7. If this assay is unable to be developed, or if there are significant delays in doing so, our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial and the development of galeterone may be delayed, and we may not achieve marketing approval or realize the full commercial potential of galeterone.
 
We will need to develop an analytically validated assay that sensitively detects AR-V7 in order to proceed with our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial and seek approval of, and commercialize, galeterone for patients with these types of truncated androgen receptors. We plan to contract with third parties to develop the assay for the trial and as an  in vitro  companion diagnostic test and to use widely available methodologies and technologies, if possible, in order to minimize development and regulatory risks. We are currently finalizing our strategy for developing this assay. We have discussed with the FDA our development strategy and plans for identifying AR-V7 in our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, including our plans to develop the assay as an  in vitro  companion diagnostic test. Based on our discussions with the FDA, we will need to develop the assay and submit an IDE for the assay to the FDA before we screen patients in the trial.
 
We do not have experience or capabilities in developing, obtaining regulatory approval, or commercializing companion diagnostic tests and would need to rely in large part on third parties to perform these functions. Companion diagnostic tests are subject to regulation by the FDA and similar regulatory authorities outside of the United States as medical devices and require separate regulatory approval prior to commercialization. We and these third parties may encounter difficulties in developing and obtaining approval for the  in vitro  companion diagnostic test, including issues relating to selectivity/specificity, analytical validation, reproducibility or clinical validation.
 
If we or any of the third parties we engage to assist us are unable to successfully develop and obtain approval of an in vitro companion diagnostic test, or experience delays in doing so:
 
 	•	 	the development of galeterone for use by CRPC patients with AR-V7 will be adversely affected if we are unable to appropriately select patients for enrollment in our clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	galeterone may not receive marketing approval on a timely basis or at all; and	
 
 	•	 	we will not realize the full commercial potential of galeterone if, among other reasons, we are unable to appropriately identify patients with AR-V7.	
 
If any of these events were to occur, our business would be materially harmed.
 
If we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize galeterone, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.
 
Failure to obtain regulatory approval for galeterone for CRPC patients with AR-V7 or other indications and patient populations will prevent us from commercializing galeterone for those indications. Although our management team has experience filing and supporting applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals, we have yet to file for or obtain regulatory approval to market galeterone in any jurisdiction. Securing FDA approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the FDA for each therapeutic indication to establish galeterone’s safety and efficacy. Securing FDA approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the FDA. Galeterone may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining regulatory approval or prevent or limit commercial use.
 
The process of obtaining regulatory approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive, may take many years if additional clinical trials are required, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate involved. Changes
 
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in regulatory approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of galeterone. Any regulatory approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render galeterone commercially unviable.
 
If we experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of galeterone, the commercial prospects for galeterone may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues will be materially impaired.
 
Even if we complete the necessary clinical trials, we cannot predict when or if we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize galeterone or our future product candidates or the approval may be for a more narrow indication than we expect.
 
Even if galeterone or our future product candidates demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials, regulatory agencies may not complete their review processes in a timely manner or grant regulatory approval at all. Additional delays may result if a regulatory authority recommends non-approval or restrictions on approval. In addition, we may experience delays or rejections based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative action, or changes in regulatory agency policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and the review process. Regulatory agencies also may approve a treatment candidate for fewer or more limited indications than requested or may grant approval subject to the performance of post-marketing studies. In addition, regulatory agencies may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our treatment candidates.
 
We have obtained fast track designation from the FDA for galeterone for the treatment of metastatic CRPC. However, fast track designation may not actually lead to a faster development, regulatory review or approval process .
 
If a product is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the product candidate demonstrates the potential to address unmet needs for this condition, the treatment sponsor may apply for FDA fast track designation. If the fast track designation is obtained, the FDA may initiate review of sections of an NDA, before the application is complete. This “rolling review” is available if the applicant provides, and the FDA approves, a schedule for submission of the individual sections of the application. In June 2012, the FDA notified us that we had obtained fast track designation for galeterone for the treatment of metastatic CRPC. Fast track designation does not ensure that we will experience a faster development, regulatory review or approval process compared to conventional FDA procedures or that we will ultimately obtain regulatory approval of galeterone. Additionally, the FDA may withdraw fast track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.
 
In the event we receive FDA approval for galeterone for CRPC patients with AR-V7, we will not be able to expand the indications for which galeterone is approved unless we receive FDA approval for each additional indication. Failure to expand these indications will limit the size of the commercial market for galeterone.
 
We are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of CRPC patients whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor and plan to seek marketing and regulatory approvals for galeterone for this patient population. We also plan to develop galeterone for the treatment of other indications and patient populations in prostate cancer, including early-stage prostate cancer, and the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents. In addition, we plan to explore the use of galeterone for the treatment of other hormonally-driven diseases that are associated
 
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with the androgen receptor signaling pathway. In order to market and sell galeterone in the U.S. for these additional indications, we will need to conduct additional clinical trials and obtain FDA approval for each proposed indication. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining FDA approval for additional indications for the use of galeterone. If we are unsuccessful in expanding the approved indications for the use of galeterone, the size of the commercial market for galeterone will be limited.
 
Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions would prevent galeterone or our future product candidates from being marketed abroad.
 
In order to market and sell our products in jurisdictions outside the United States, we or third parties must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval process varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain foreign approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it is required that the product be separately approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We intend to enter into arrangements with third parties under which they would market our products outside the United States. We or these third parties may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.
 
Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Product Candidates
 
We have no history of commercializing pharmaceutical products, which may make it difficult to evaluate the prospects for our future viability.
 
We have never commercialized a product candidate. Our operations to date have been limited to financing and staffing our company, developing our product candidates and conducting our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We have not completed a pivotal clinical trial, obtained marketing approvals or conducted sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing pharmaceutical products.
 
We may also encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. In the future, we will need to transition from a company with a preclinical and clinical development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.
 
Even if galeterone receives regulatory approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.
 
Even if galeterone receives marketing approval, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community. If galeterone does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of galeterone or any of our future product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:
 
 	•	 	efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;	
 
 	•	 	the ability to offer galeterone and our future product candidates for sale at competitive prices;	
 
 	•	 	convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;	
 
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 	•	 	the strength of sales, marketing and distribution support;	
 
 	•	 	the approval of other products for the same indications;	
 
 	•	 	combinations of existing or newly approved products that alter the standard of care;	
 
 	•	 	availability and amount of reimbursement from government payors, managed care plans and other third- party payors;	
 
 	•	 	adverse publicity about the product or favorable publicity about competitive products;	
 
 	•	 	clinical indications for which the product is approved; and	
 
 	•	 	the prevalence and severity of any side effects.	
 
Even if a potential product candidate displays a favorable efficacy and safety profile in preclinical studies and clinical trials, market acceptance of the product will not be known until after it is launched. Our efforts to educate the medical community, patients and third-party payors on the benefits of galeterone or our other future product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful.
 
If galeterone or any of our future product candidates receives marketing approval and we, or others, later discover that the product is less effective than previously believed or causes undesirable side effects that were not previously identified, our ability to market the product could be compromised.
 
Clinical trials are conducted in carefully defined subsets of patients who have agreed to enter into clinical trials. Consequently, it is possible that our clinical trials may indicate an apparent positive effect of a product candidate that is greater than the actual positive effect in a broader patient population or alternatively fail to identify undesirable side effects. If, following approval of a product candidate, we, or others, discover that the product is less effective than previously believed or causes undesirable side effects that were not previously identified, any of the following adverse events could occur:
 
 	•	 	regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or seize the product;	
 
 	•	 	we may be required to recall the product or change the way the product is administered;	
 
 	•	 	additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of, or the manufacturing processes for, the particular product;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication;	
 
 	•	 	we may be required to create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of the previously unidentified side effects for distribution to patients;	
 
 	•	 	additional restrictions may be imposed on the distribution or use of the product via a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS;	
 
 	•	 	we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;	
 
 	•	 	the product may become less competitive; and	
 
 	•	 	our reputation may suffer.	
 
Any of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our operations and business and could adversely impact our stock price.
 
If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing galeterone or any of our future product candidates if they are approved.
 
We do not have a sales or marketing infrastructure and have no experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any approved product, we must
 
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either outsource these functions to third parties or develop an internal sales and marketing organization. If galeterone is approved in the United States, we intend to build a urology and oncology focused, specialty sales organization in the United States to support the commercialization of galeterone. We intend to commercialize galeterone outside the United States through collaborations with third parties. Such reliance on third parties to market our products, if approved, is risky as these parties may not perform satisfactorily or at all.
 
There are risks involved with both entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services and establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities, neither of which we have pursued previously. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retrain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.
 
Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our products on our own include:
 
 	•	 	our inability to recruit and retain an adequate number of effective sales and marketing personnel;	
 
 	•	 	the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any future products;	
 
 	•	 	the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and	
 
 	•	 	unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.	
 
If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales, marketing and distribution services, our product revenues or the profitability of these products are likely to be lower than if we were to market and sell any products that we develop ourselves. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell and market galeterone or our future product candidates or doing so on terms that are favorable to us. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing galeterone or our future product candidates.
 
We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.
 
The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. Research and discoveries by others may result in breakthroughs which may render our products obsolete even before they generate any revenue. We face competition with respect to our lead product candidate, and will face competition with respect to any products that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of products for the treatment of the disease indications for which we are developing galeterone. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization.
 
Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as or similar to our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches. Many marketed therapies for the indications that we are currently pursuing, or indications that we may in the future seek to address, are widely accepted by physicians, patients and payors, which may make it difficult for us to replace them with any products that we successfully develop and are permitted to market.
 
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We are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of CRPC patients whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor that is truncated. Based on their mechanisms of action, preclinical data and the data from the MD Anderson and Johns Hopkins trials, we believe that Zytiga and Xtandi may be less responsive in this patient population and do not expect that other drugs in development with similar mechanisms of action will be responsive in this patient population. However, we expect that other drugs with alternative mechanisms of action may be developed for the treatment of this patient population.
 
We believe that galeterone may be well suited to treat other prostate cancer patient populations. If galeterone is approved for additional indications, it may compete with other secondary hormonal treatments currently being marketed, such as Zytiga and Xtandi, or with secondary hormonal treatment drug candidates currently in development, such as ARN-509 and ODM-201. Galeterone could compete in the future with products, including secondary hormonal treatments, some of which are marketed by several of the world’s largest and most experienced pharmaceutical companies, who have substantially more financial resources than us and greater flexibility to engage in aggressive price competition to gain revenues and market share. Approved secondary hormonal treatments in the United States for CRPC include Zytiga, marketed by Janssen Biotech, Inc. and Xtandi, marketed by Astellas Pharma US, Inc. and Medivation, Inc. Approved non-hormonal agents for CRPC include Taxotere ®  (docetaxel) and Jevtana ®  (cabazitaxel), marketed by sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC; Provenge ®  (sipuleucel-T), marketed by Dendreon Corporation; and Xofigo ®  (radium-223), marketed by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. It is uncertain whether we could compete with such products, and our failure to compete or decision to reduce the price of galeterone or other future products we may develop in order to compete could severely impact our business.
 
In addition, there are numerous prostate cancer products in clinical development by many public and private biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies targeting numerous different cancer types. A number of these are in late stage development. These include secondary hormonal treatments such as Johnson & Johnson’s ARN-509 and Orion Corporation’s ODM-201. Other compounds that are not secondary hormonal treatments in clinical development include Exelixis, Inc.’s Cometriq and Bavarian Nordic A/S’s Prostvac. If a therapy for prostate cancer were developed that targeted the C-terminal loss or AR-V7 patient populations or altered the standard of care for the treatment of CRPC, such therapy could render galeterone irrelevant.
 
Our competitors may develop products that are more effective, safer, more convenient or less costly than any that we are developing or that would render galeterone or any future product candidates obsolete or non-competitive. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours.
 
Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, medical and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.
 
Even if we are able to commercialize galeterone or any other future product candidates, the products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives.
 
The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. In the United States, recently passed legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial
 
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approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in galeterone or our future product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain regulatory approval.
 
Our ability to commercialize any products successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we receive marketing approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we receive marketing approval.
 
There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs, and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Third- party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.
 
Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.
 
We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of galeterone and our future product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. Galeterone has not been widely used over an extended period of time, and therefore our safety data are limited.
 
If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that galeterone or future product candidates or products we may develop caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
 
 	•	 	decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop;	
 
 	•	 	injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;	
 
 	•	 	withdrawal of clinical trial participants;	
 
 	•	 	significant costs to defend the related litigation;	
 
 	•	 	substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;	
 
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 	•	 	loss of revenue; and	
 
 	•	 	the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.	
 
We currently hold $5 million in product liability insurance coverage, which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We will need to increase our insurance coverage when we begin commercializing galeterone and our future product candidates, if ever. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.
 
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
 
We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials.
 
We do not independently conduct clinical trials of our product candidates. We rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to perform this function. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. We remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory approvals for galeterone or other product candidates we may develop in the future and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates.
 
We may enter into collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of galeterone and future product candidates we may develop. If those collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of these product candidates.
 
We may enter into collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of galeterone and future product candidates we may develop. Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner, or at all. We will likely have limited control under any additional arrangements we may enter into with third parties over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.
 
Collaborations involving our product candidates would pose the following risks to us:
 
 	•	 	collaborators may have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborator’s strategic focus or available funding, or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;	
 
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 	•	 	collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our products or product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products	
 
 	•	 	are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product or products;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may have the right to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates without our consent and could conduct trials with flawed designs that result in data that adversely affect our clinical trials, our ability to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates or market acceptance of our product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;	
 
 	•	 	disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our products or product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; and	
 
 	•	 	collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates.	
 
In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. If a present or future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program could be delayed, diminished or terminated.
 
If we are not able to establish collaborations, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.
 
We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators if we determine to do so. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend upon, among other things, our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Such factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge, and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available for collaboration and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for galeterone. We may also be restricted under existing license agreements from entering into agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all.
 
If we are not able to obtain such funding or enter into collaborations for galeterone, we may have to curtail the development of galeterone, reduce or delay our development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop galeterone or other future candidates or bring these product candidates to market and generate product revenue.
 
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Failure of third parties to successfully develop or commercialize an in vitro companion diagnostic test to prospectively identify prostate cancer patients with AR-V7 could harm our ability to commercialize galeterone.
 
We do not plan to internally develop an in vitro companion diagnostic test to prospectively identify prostate cancer patients with AR-V7 and, as a result, we will be dependent on the efforts of the third parties that we engage to successfully develop and commercialize these tests. The third parties:
 
 	•	 	may not perform their obligations as expected;	
 
 	•	 	may encounter production difficulties that could constrain the supply of the in vitro companion diagnostic test;	
 
 	•	 	may have difficulties gaining acceptance of the use of the in vitro companion diagnostic test in the clinical community;	
 
 	•	 	may not pursue commercialization of the in vitro companion diagnostic test even if they receive any required regulatory approvals;	
 
 	•	 	may elect not to continue the development of the in vitro companion diagnostic test based on changes in the third parties’ strategic focus or available funding, or external factors such as an acquisition, that divert resources or create competing priorities;	
 
 	•	 	may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of the in vitro companion diagnostic test; and	
 
 	•	 	may terminate their relationship with us.	
 
If the in vitro companion diagnostic test that is developed to prospectively identify prostate cancer patients with AR-V7 fails to gain market acceptance, our ability to derive revenues from sales from galeterone would be harmed. If the third parties we engage fail to commercialize the  in vitro companion diagnostic test, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with another diagnostic company to obtain supplies of an alternative test for use in connection with galeterone or do so on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect and delay the development or commercialization of galeterone.
 
If galeterone is approved, we intend to rely on third parties to perform many necessary services related to the sale and distribution of galeterone, and expect to do so for any future product candidates.
 
If galeterone is approved, we intend to retain third-party service providers to perform a variety of functions related to the sale and distribution of galeterone, key aspects of which are out of our direct control. For example, we intend to rely on third parties to provide key services related to logistics, warehousing and inventory management, distribution, contract administration and chargeback processing, accounts receivable management, and storage, including entrusting our inventories of galeterone to their care and handling. If these third-party service providers fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or otherwise do not carry out their contractual duties to us, or encounter physical damage or natural disaster at their facilities, our ability to deliver galeterone to meet commercial demand would be significantly impaired. In addition, we intend to utilize third parties to perform various other services for us relating to sample accountability and regulatory monitoring, including adverse event reporting, safety database management and other product maintenance services. If the quality or accuracy of the data maintained by these service providers is insufficient, our ability to market galeterone could be jeopardized or we could be subject to regulatory sanctions. We do not currently have the internal capacity to perform these important commercial functions, and we may not be able to maintain commercial arrangements for these services on reasonable terms.
 
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Risks Related to the Manufacturing of Galeterone and Our Future Product Candidates
 
We contract with third parties for the manufacture of galeterone for clinical trials and expect to continue to do so in connection with the commercialization of galeterone and for clinical trials and commercialization of any other product candidates that we develop. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.
 
We do not currently have nor do we plan to build the internal infrastructure or capability to manufacture galeterone. We currently rely on and expect to continue to rely on third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture clinical supplies of galeterone and any other product candidates we may develop. We expect to continue to rely upon third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture commercial quantities of galeterone and any other product candidates that we commercialize following approval for marketing by applicable regulatory authorities. Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks, including:
 
 	•	 	manufacturing delays if our third-party manufacturers give greater priority to the supply of other products over our product candidates or otherwise do not satisfactorily perform according to the terms of the agreement between us;	
 
 	•	 	the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us;	
 
 	•	 	the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;	
 
 	•	 	the failure of the third-party manufacturer to comply with applicable regulatory requirements; and	
 
 	•	 	the possible misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how.	
 
We currently rely on a small number of third-party contract manufacturers for all of our required raw materials, drug substance and finished product for our clinical trials. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these third parties. If any of our existing manufacturers should become unavailable to us for any reason, we may incur some delay in our clinical trials as we identify or qualify replacements.
 
We currently rely on a single third-party contract manufacturer, with which we do not have a long-term agreement, to supply us with the spray dried dispersion formulation of galeterone. If this third-party manufacturer fails to fulfill orders or should become unavailable to us for any reason, we likely would incur some delay in our clinical trials for galeterone and added costs and delays in identifying or qualifying such replacements. In addition, we may be unable to establish any agreements with such a replacement manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms or at all. Even if we could transfer manufacturing to a different third party, the shift would likely be expensive and time-consuming.
 
If galeterone or any other product candidate that we may develop in the future is approved by any regulatory agency, we intend to enter into agreements with third-party contract manufacturers for the commercial production of those products. This process is difficult and time-consuming and we may face competition for access to manufacturing facilities as there are a limited number of contract manufacturers operating under current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, that are capable of manufacturing our product candidates. As a result, we may be unable to reach agreement with third-party manufacturers on satisfactory terms or at all, which could delay our commercialization.
 
Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of galeterone and any other product candidate that we develop may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.
 
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If our third-party manufacturing facilities are damaged or destroyed, or production at one of these facilities is otherwise interrupted, our business and prospects would be negatively affected.
 
If any manufacturing facilities owned by third parties who manufacture galeterone or any of our future product candidates are damaged or destroyed, we likely would not be able to quickly or inexpensively replace our manufacturing capacity and possibly would not be able to replace it at all. Any new facility needed to replace these facilities would need to comply with the necessary regulatory requirements and need to be tailored to our specialized manufacturing requirements. We would need FDA approval before selling any products manufactured at a new facility. Such an event could delay our clinical trials or, if any of our product candidates are approved by the FDA, reduce or eliminate our product sales.
 
While we maintain insurance coverage to cover damage to our property and equipment and to cover business interruption and research and development restoration expenses, if we have underestimated our insurance needs with respect to an interruption in our clinical manufacturing of our product candidates, we may not be able to adequately cover our losses.
 
We rely on our third-party manufacturers for compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. This may increase the risk of sanctions being imposed on us or on a manufacturer of our products or product candidates, which could result in our inability to obtain sufficient quantities of these products or product candidates.
 
Our manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMPs, regulations or other regulatory requirements or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including:
 
 	•	 	fines;	
 
 	•	 	injunctions;	
 
 	•	 	civil penalties;	
 
 	•	 	failure of regulatory authorities to grant marketing approval of our product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals;	
 
 	•	 	suspension of manufacturing operations;	
 
 	•	 	license revocation;	
 
 	•	 	seizures or recalls of products or product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	operating restrictions; and	
 
 	•	 	criminal prosecutions.	
 
Any of these sanctions could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products and product candidates.
 
Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.
 
Because we rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and because we collaborate with various organizations and academic institutions on the advancement of our technology, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, such as trade secrets. Despite these contractual provisions,
 
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the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by potential competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, discovery by a third party of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our intellectual property rights and protections in our product candidates.
 
In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Our academic collaborators typically have rights to publish data, provided that we are notified in advance and may delay publication for a specified time in order to secure our intellectual property rights arising from the collaboration. In other cases, publication rights are controlled exclusively by us, although in some cases we may share these rights with other parties. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of these agreements, independent development or publication of information including our trade secrets in cases where we do not have proprietary or otherwise protected rights at the time of publication.
 
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
 
If we fail to comply with our obligations under our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.
 
We are a party to a Master License Agreement with UMB under which we license certain patents and patent applications to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell and import certain anti-androgen compounds, including galeterone. We may enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our license agreement with UMB imposes, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under these licenses, our licensors may have the right to terminate these license agreements, in which event we might not be able to market any product that is covered by these agreements, or our licensors may convert the license to a non-exclusive license, which could materially adversely affect the value of the product candidate being developed under the license agreement. Termination of these license agreements or reduction or elimination of our licensed rights may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated licenses with less favorable terms.
 
Restrictions on our patent rights relating to our drug candidates may limit our ability to prevent third parties from competing against us.
 
As of July 31, 2014, we owned two issued U.S. patents, ten U.S. provisional and non-provisional patent applications, one issued foreign patent and 34 foreign applications in our galeterone patent portfolio. We also had exclusive rights under our license agreement with UMB to five issued U.S. patents and 42 issued foreign patents as well as three U.S. patent applications and 11 foreign applications. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for galeterone and other product candidates, preserve our trade secrets, prevent third parties from infringing upon our proprietary rights and operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others.
 
Patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time until they are published, and publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature typically lags actual discoveries by several months or more. As a result, we cannot be certain that we and the inventors of the intellectual property for which we have submitted patent applications or in-license issued patents and applications, were the first to conceive of the inventions covered by such patents and pending patent applications or that we and those inventors were the first to file patent applications covering such inventions. Also, the patent protection of our numerous issued and pending patent applications may lapse before we manage to obtain commercial value from them, which might result in increased competition and materially affect our position in the market.
 
We have an exclusive license from UMB for a U.S. patent covering compositions and methods of use of a class of compounds encompassing galeterone, which expires in 2017. Given its expiration date and the
 
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anticipated timing of development and commercialization of galeterone, we do not believe this patent will provide significant protection for galeterone. We have no patent protection specifically covering the chemical structure of galeterone. As a result, a third party that obtains regulatory approval of a product with the same active ingredient as galeterone may be able to market such product so long as the third party does not infringe any other patents owned or licensed by us with respect to galeterone. For this reason, we have filed for or licensed patents and patent applications relating to galeterone covering methods of use, pharmaceutical compositions, combination treatments, prodrugs, metabolites and analogs of galeterone and their use.
 
Our owned and licensed patents and patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire on various dates from 2017 through 2034. Upon the expiration of these patents, we and UMB will lose the right to exclude others from practicing the inventions claimed by such patents. As a result, the expiration of these patents could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
 
If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products, or if our licensors are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for the technology or products that we license from them, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be adversely affected.
 
Our success depends in large part on our and UMB’s ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. We and UMB have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and products that are important to our business. This process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development efforts before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, prior to April 10, 2012, we did not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology or products that we license from UMB, and we were and still are reliant on UMB. Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and applications were prosecuted in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If we or UMB fail to maintain such patents, or lose rights to those patents, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated.
 
The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our and UMB’s patent rights are highly uncertain. Our and UMB’s pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.
 
Third parties could practice our inventions in territories where we do not have patent protection. Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. A U.S. patent may be infringed by anyone who, without authorization, practices a patented process in the United States or imports a product made by a process covered by the U.S. patent. In foreign countries, however, importation of a product made by a process patented in that country may not constitute an infringing activity, which would limit our ability to enforce process patents against importers in that country. Furthermore, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights. If competitors are able to use our technologies, our ability to compete effectively could be harmed.
 
Assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention is entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is
 
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generally entitled to the patent. Under the America Invents Act, or AIA, enacted in September 2011, the United States moved to a first inventor to file system in March 2013. The United States Patent and Trademark Office recently finalized the rules relating to these changes and courts have yet to address the new provisions. These changes could increase the costs and uncertainties surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of patent rights. Furthermore, we may become involved in interference proceedings, opposition proceedings, or other post-grant proceedings, such as reexamination or  inter partes  review proceedings, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights.
 
Even if our owned and licensed patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges, including through opposition or other post-grant proceedings, may result in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to or stop or prevent us from stopping others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.
 
The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:
 
 	•	 	others may be able to make or use compounds that are similar to galeterone but that are not covered by the claims of our patents;	
 
 	•	 	the galeterone compound may become generic, and no patent protection will be available without regard to formulation or method of use;	
 
 	•	 	we or our licensors, as the case may be, may not be able to detect infringement against our owned or in-licensed patents, which may be especially difficult for manufacturing processes or formulations;	
 
 	•	 	we or our licensors, as the case may be, might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by our owned or in-licensed issued patents or pending patent applications;	
 
 	•	 	we or our licensors, as the case may be, might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions;	
 
 	•	 	others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies;	
 
 	•	 	this may be especially likely for manufacturing processes or formulations;	
 
 	•	 	it is possible that our pending patent applications will not result in issued patents;	
 
 	•	 	it is possible that our owned or in-licensed issued patents or pending patent applications are not Orange-Book eligible;	
 
 	•	 	it is possible that there are dominating patents to galeterone of which we are not aware;	
 
 	•	 	it is possible that there are prior public disclosures that could invalidate our or our licensors’ inventions, as the case may be, or parts of our or their inventions of which we or they are not aware;	
 
 	•	 	it is possible that others may circumvent our owned or in-licensed patents;	
 
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 	•	 	it is possible that there are unpublished applications or patent applications maintained in secrecy that may later issue with claims covering our products or technology similar to ours;	
 
 	•	 	it is possible that the U.S. government may exercise any of its statutory rights to our owned or in-licensed patents or patent applications that was developed with government funding;	
 
 	•	 	the laws of foreign countries may not protect our or our licensors’, as the case may be, proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States;	
 
 	•	 	the claims of our owned or in-licensed issued patents or patent applications, if and when issued, may not cover our system or product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	our owned or in-licensed issued patents may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be narrowed in scope, be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges by third parties; or	
 
 	•	 	we may not develop additional proprietary technologies for which we can obtain patent protection.	
 
We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time- consuming and unsuccessful.
 
Competitors may infringe our patents. To counter such infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims against third parties, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, during an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that the patent rights we are asserting are invalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, our licensors may have rights to file and prosecute such claims, and we are reliant on them.
 
Claims that galeterone or the manufacture, use or sale of galeterone infringe the patent rights of third parties could result in costly litigation or could require substantial time and money to resolve, even if litigation is avoided.
 
We cannot guarantee that galeterone, its manufacture, use or sale, does not and will not infringe third-party patents. Third parties might allege that we are infringing their patent rights or that we have misappropriated their trade secrets. Such third parties might resort to litigation against us. The basis of such litigation could be existing patents or patents that issue in the future.
 
It is also possible that we failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, certain U.S. patent applications that will not be filed outside the United States may remain confidential until patents issue. Furthermore, patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing, which is referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering galeterone, its manufacture, use or sale, could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover galeterone or its use.
 
We are aware of two issued U.S. patents having broad claims relating to a composition of matter or its use in regulating cellular differentiation or proliferation. We are also aware of certain third-party pending U.S. patent applications that have broad generic disclosures and disclosure of certain compounds possessing structural similarities to galeterone. Although we believe that it is unlikely that such applications will lead to issued claims that would cover galeterone and its use and still be valid, patent prosecution is inherently unpredictable and an application could be allowed. Based on our analyses, if any of the above third-party patents or patent applications, if issued, were asserted against us, we do not believe our proposed products or activities would be found to infringe any valid claims of these patents. If we were to challenge the validity of an issued U.S. patent in
 
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court, we would need to overcome a statutory presumption of validity that attaches to every U.S. patent. This means that in order to prevail, we would have to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of the patent’s claims. There is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on questions of infringement or validity.
 
In order to avoid or settle potential claims with respect to any patent rights of third parties, we may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and be required to pay license fees or royalties or both. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing galeterone, or be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent infringement claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. This could harm our business significantly.
 
Defending against claims of patent infringement or misappropriation of trade secrets could be costly and time-consuming, regardless of the outcome. Most of our competitors are larger than we are and have substantially greater resources. They are, therefore, likely to be able to sustain the costs of complex patent or trade secret litigation longer than we could. Thus, even if we were to ultimately prevail, or to settle at an early stage, such litigation could burden us with substantial unanticipated costs. In addition, litigation or threatened litigation could result in significant demands on the time and attention of our management team, distracting them from the pursuit of other company business. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our internal research programs, in-license needed technology, or enter into strategic partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market.
 
We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
 
Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.
 
Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.
 
Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.
 
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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
 
In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and products, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.
 
Risks Related to Legal Compliance Matters
 
Any product candidate for which we receive marketing approval could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, if any of them are approved.
 
Any product candidate for which we receive marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents. Even if regulatory approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we do not market our products for their approved indications, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing.
 
In addition, later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may have adverse consequences, including:
 
 	•	 	restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;	
 
 	•	 	restrictions on the marketing of a product;	
 
 	•	 	restrictions on product distribution;	
 
 	•	 	requirements to conduct post-marketing clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	warning or untitled letters;	
 
 	•	 	withdrawal of the products from the market;	
 
 	•	 	refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;	
 
 	•	 	recall of products;	
 
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 	•	 	fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue;	
 
 	•	 	suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals;	
 
 	•	 	refusal to permit the import or export of our products;	
 
 	•	 	product seizure; or	
 
 	•	 	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.	
 
Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, program exclusion, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
 
Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we receive marketing approval. Our future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute our products for which we receive marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, include the following:
 
 	•	 	the federal healthcare anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid;	
 
 	•	 	the federal False Claims Act imposes civil penalties, including civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;	
 
 	•	 	the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;	
 
 	•	 	the federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services;	
 
 	•	 	the federal transparency requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the PPACA, require manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to physician payments and other transfers of value and physician ownership and investment interests; and	
 
 	•	 	analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, and some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other health care providers or marketing expenditures.	
 
Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and may
 
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require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures. State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.
 
Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.
 
Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize galeterone or other future products candidates and affect the prices we may obtain.
 
In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of galeterone or other future products candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we receive marketing approval.
 
In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or Medicare Modernization Act, changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly and introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for physician administered drugs. In addition, this legislation provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class in certain cases. Cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this and other more recent legislation could decrease the coverage and reimbursement that is provided for any approved products. While the Medicare Modernization Act applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates. Therefore, any reduction in reimbursement that results from the Medicare Modernization Act or other more recent legislation may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.
 
In March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Health Care Reform Law, a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for health care and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. Effective October 1, 2010, the Health Care Reform Law revises the definition of “average manufacturer price” for reporting purposes, which could increase the amount of Medicaid drug rebates to states. Further, the new law imposes a significant annual fee on companies that manufacture or import branded prescription drug products. Substantial new provisions affecting compliance have also been enacted, which may affect our business practices with health care practitioners. We will not know the full effects of the Health Care Reform Law until applicable federal and state agencies issue regulations or guidance under the new law. Although it is too early to determine the effect of the Health Care Reform Law, the new law appears likely to continue the pressure on pharmaceutical pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs.
 
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Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of galeterone or our other future products candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements.
 
If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
 
We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and radioactive and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.
 
Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials.
 
In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.
 
Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth
 
Our future success depends on our ability to retain our chief executive officer and other key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.
 
We are highly dependent on Jodie Morrison, our President and Chief Executive Officer, John McBride, our Chief Operating Officer, Karen Ferrante, our Chief Medical Officer and Head of Research and Development, and Lee Kalowski, our Chief Financial Officer, as well as the other principal members of our management and scientific teams. Although we have formal employment agreements with each of our executive officers, these agreements do not prevent our executives from terminating their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. The loss of the services of any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives.
 
Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.
 
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We expect to expand our research and development, manufacturing and sales and marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.
 
We expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of research and development, manufacturing and sales and marketing. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.
 
Risks Related to Our Common Stock and this Offering
 
After this offering, our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders will maintain the ability to control all matters submitted to stockholders for approval.
 
Upon the closing of this offering, our executive officers, directors and our existing stockholders who owned more than 5% of our outstanding common stock before this offering will, in the aggregate, beneficially own shares representing approximately 68.21% of our common stock (65.69% if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares). In addition, certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Based on the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, if these existing parties purchase all the shares they have indicated an interest in purchasing in this offering, our executive officers, directors and existing principal stockholders will, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 74.55% of our outstanding common stock upon the closing of this offering (71.80% if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares). In addition, Novo A/S has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. If Novo A/S purchases all the shares it has indicated an interest in purchasing in this offering, it will beneficially own approximately 6.88% of our outstanding common stock upon the closing of this offering (6.62% if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares). As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these persons, if they choose to act together, would control the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire.
 
In addition, upon the closing of this offering, our two largest stockholders, Apple Tree Partners and Novartis BioVentures, will beneficially own shares representing approximately 36.36% and 20.80% of our common stock, respectively. Apple Tree Partners and Novartis BioVentures have also indicated an interest in purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. If Apple Tree Partners and Novartis BioVentures purchase additional shares in this offering, their respective beneficial ownership of our common stock may increase. Each stockholder acting individually, as well as together, will exercise significant control over our management and affairs.
 
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
 
Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws that will become effective upon the closing of this offering may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares.
 
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These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:
 
 	•	 	establish a classified board of directors such that not all members of the board are elected at one time;	
 
 	•	 	allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;	
 
 	•	 	limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from the board;	
 
 	•	 	establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to our board of directors;	
 
 	•	 	require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent;	
 
 	•	 	limit who may call stockholder meetings;	
 
 	•	 	authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a “poison pill” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors; and	
 
 	•	 	require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our charter or bylaws.	
 
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.
 
If you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.
 
The initial public offering price of our common stock is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per share after this offering. To the extent outstanding options are exercised, you will incur further dilution. Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, you will experience immediate dilution of $9.79 per share, representing the difference between our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering and the assumed initial public offering price. In addition, purchasers of common stock in this offering will have contributed approximately 44.9% of the aggregate price paid for all purchases of our stock but the shares purchased in this offering will represent an aggregate of only approximately 26.0% of our total common stock outstanding after this offering. In addition, future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.
 
An active trading market for our common stock may not develop.
 
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined through negotiations with the underwriters. Although we plan to apply to have our common stock approved for listing on The NASDAQ Global Market, an active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained following this offering. If an active market for our common stock does not develop, it may be difficult for you to sell shares you purchase in this offering without depressing the market price for the shares or at all.
 
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If our stock price is volatile, purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.
 
Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology companies in particular has experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, you may not be able to sell your common stock at or above the initial public offering price. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:
 
 	•	 	results of clinical trials of galeterone and our future product candidates or those of our competitors;	
 
 	•	 	the success of competitive products or technologies;	
 
 	•	 	potential approvals of galeterone or other future product candidates for marketing by the FDA or equivalent foreign regulatory authorities or our failure to obtain such approvals;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;	
 
 	•	 	the results of our efforts to commercialize galeterone or other future products candidates;	
 
 	•	 	developments or disputes concerning patents or other proprietary rights;	
 
 	•	 	the recruitment or departure of key personnel;	
 
 	•	 	the level of expenses related to galeterone or any of our future product candidates or clinical development programs;	
 
 	•	 	the results of our efforts to discover, develop, acquire or in-license additional product candidates or products;	
 
 	•	 	actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts;	
 
 	•	 	variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;	
 
 	•	 	changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;	
 
 	•	 	market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors and issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports or recommendations;	
 
 	•	 	general economic, industry and market conditions; and	
 
 	•	 	the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.	
 
In addition, pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant share price volatility in recent years, and securities class action litigation often follows a decline in the market price of a company’s securities. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.
 
We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, and if we are unable to do so, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.
 
We must maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in order to accurately and timely report our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, once we are a public company, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, will require, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures quarterly and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at the end of each fiscal year. We anticipate being first required to issue management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in connection with issuing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ending December 31, 2015.
 
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In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year December 31, 2012 and with the audit of those financial statements, a material weakness in internal control was identified relating to our accounting for complex stockholders’ equity transactions. During 2013, we engaged resources with significant financial and accounting technical experience. These additional resources have enabled us to remediate the material weakness. Based on our assessment of the impact of the additional resources, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2013, we had remediated the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described above.
 
The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. These standards require that our audit committee be advised and regularly updated on management’s review of internal control over financial reporting. Our management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that will be applicable to us as a public company. If we fail to staff our accounting and finance function adequately or maintain internal control over financial reporting adequate to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our business and reputation may be harmed and our stock price may decline. Furthermore, investor perceptions of us may be adversely affected, which could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock.
 
We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.
 
As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. We expect that we will need to hire additional accounting, finance and other personnel in connection with our becoming, and our efforts to comply with the requirements of being, a public company and our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time towards maintaining compliance with these requirements. These requirements will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that the rules and regulations applicable to us as a public company may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors. Overall, we estimate that our incremental costs resulting from operating as a public company may be between $2.0 million and $4.0 million per year. The rules and regulations associated with being a public company are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.
 
We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.
 
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and may remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and plan to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s
 
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report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In this prospectus, we have not included all of the executive compensation related information that would be required if we were not an emerging growth company. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.
 
In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
 
We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.
 
Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of galeterone and our future product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.
 
Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.
 
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of existing or any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
 
A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future, which could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
 
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. After this offering, we will have outstanding 20,761,740 shares of common stock based on the number of shares outstanding as of July 31, 2014. Of these shares of our common stock, the 5,400,000 shares to be sold in this offering (or approximately 3,817,860 shares if certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, who have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of this offering, are allocated and purchase all such shares at an assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), plus any shares sold upon exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, will be freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market immediately following this offering, unless purchased by our affiliates. All of the remaining 15,361,740 shares are currently restricted, and any shares purchased in this offering by our existing stockholders and their affiliates will be restricted, as a result of securities laws or lock-up agreements but will be able to be sold after the offering as described in the “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” section of this prospectus. Moreover, after this offering, holders of an aggregate of shares of our common stock will have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us
 
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to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. We also intend to register all shares of our common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates and the lock-up agreements described in the “Underwriting” section of this prospectus.
 
If equity research analysts do not publish research reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.
 
The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. The price of our common stock could decline if we do not obtain research analyst coverage, or one or more securities analysts downgrade our common stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.
 
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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Industry Data
 
This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management and expected market growth are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.
 
These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about:
 
 	•	 	the anticipated timing, cost and conduct of our ongoing ARMOR2 trial and our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial and our efforts to complete the clinical development of galeterone for CRPC patients with C-terminal loss generally and AR-V7 specifically;	
 
 	•	 	the outcome of regulatory review of galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in CRPC patients with AR-V7 or other indications or patient populations and any other future product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	the development of future product candidates, including compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation;	
 
 	•	 	our plans to enter into collaborations for the commercialization of galeterone and any other future product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	the potential benefits of any future collaboration;	
 
 	•	 	the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of our products;	
 
 	•	 	our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;	
 
 	•	 	our intellectual property position and strategy;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to identify additional products or product candidates with significant commercial potential;	
 
 	•	 	our expectations related to the use of proceeds from this offering;	
 
 	•	 	our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;	
 
 	•	 	developments relating to our competitors and our industry; and	
 
 	•	 	the impact of government laws and regulations.	
 
We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this prospectus, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section, that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures or investments that we may make or enter into.
 
You should read this prospectus, the documents that we reference in this prospectus and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.
 
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This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe these industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies are reliable, we have not independently verified such data.
 
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Use of Proceeds
 
We estimate that the net proceeds from our issuance and sale of 5,400,000 shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $67.6 million, assuming an initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, we estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $78.1 million.
 
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the net proceeds from this offering by approximately $5.0 million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
 
As of June 30, 2014, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21.2 million. We currently estimate that we will use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, as follows:
 
 	•	 	approximately $45.0 million to fund our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for CRPC patients with AR-V7 and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for this indication;	
 
 	•	 	approximately $4.5 million to fund our ongoing ARMOR2 trial;	
 
 	•	 	approximately $2.0 million to fund our initial research of compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation;	
 
 	•	 	the greater of $0.5 million and 1% of the gross proceeds of this offering to pay a fee to a financial advisor in connection with strategic and financial advisory services unrelated to this offering; and	
 
 	•	 	the remainder for working capital and other general corporate purposes.	
 
The expected use of net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the progress of our development, the status of and results from clinical trials, as well as any collaborations that we may enter into with third parties for our product candidates and any unforeseen cash needs. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering.
 
Based on our planned use of the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash and cash equivalents described above, as well as the anticipated timing of our clinical trials, we estimate that such funds will be sufficient to enable us to complete our ongoing ARMOR2 trial, conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for CRPC patients with AR-V7 and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for this indication, as well as to continue to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first half of 2017. We do not expect that the net proceeds from this offering and our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to enable us to submit an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for this indication, complete the development of galeterone for this indication, commercialize galeterone for this indication and develop or commercialize any future product candidates.
 
Pending our use of the net proceeds from this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation investments, including short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments and U.S. government securities.
 
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Dividend Policy
 
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay any cash dividends to the holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future.
 
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Capitalization
 
The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of June 30, 2014:
 
 	•	 	on an actual basis;	
 
 	•	 	on a pro forma basis, after giving effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 14,860,171 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering; and	
 
 	•	 	on a pro forma as adjusted basis, after giving effect to the pro forma adjustment listed above as well as the sale by us of 5,400,000 shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and the filing and effectiveness of our restated certificate of incorporation upon the closing of this offering.	
 
The pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only, and our capitalization following the closing of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read the following table in conjunction with the sections of this prospectus entitled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 	  	As of June 30, 2014	 	
 	  	  Actual  	 	 	  Pro Forma  	 	 	  Pro  Forma
As Adjusted (1)	 	
 	  	(in thousands, except share and per share
data)	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	21,150	  	 	$	21,150	  	 	$	89,237	 	

Redeemable convertible preferred stock (Series A, B-1, B-2, C, D-1, D-2, D-3 and E), $0.001 par value; 155,586,141 shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted	  	$	85,345	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	 	 	 	
Stockholders’ equity (deficit):	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; no shares authorized, issued or outstanding, actual; 5,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued or outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 178,408,438 shares authorized, 501,569 shares issued and outstanding, actual; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 15,361,740 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 20,761,740 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted	  	 	1	  	 	 	15	  	 	 	21	  	
Additional paid-in capital	  	 	8,139	  	 	 	93,470	  	 	 	161,042	  	
Deficit accumulated during the development stage	  	 	(73,753	) 	 	 	(73,753	) 	 	 	(73,753	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	 	(65,613	) 	 	 	19,732	  	 	 	87,310	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total capitalization	  	$	19,732	  	 	$	19,732	  	 	$	87,310	  	

(1)	 	A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, total stockholders’ equity and total capitalization by $5.0 million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, an increase (decrease) of	
 
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 	1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, total stockholders’ equity and total capitalization by $13.0 million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.	
 
The number of shares of common stock shown as issued and outstanding on a pro forma as adjusted basis in the table above is based on 501,569 shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2014 and excludes:
 
 	•	 	1,634,275 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of June 30, 2014, at a weighted average exercise price of $2.86 per share;	
 
 	•	 	43,945 shares of our common stock available for future issuance under our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, or the 2007 Plan, as of June 30, 2014;	
 
 	•	 	an additional 1,700,000 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan, upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which includes the grant of an option to purchase 207,617 shares of our common stock and 51,904 shares subject to a restricted stock unit award; and	
 
 	•	 	an additional 225,000 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the 2014 ESPP, upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.	
 
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Dilution
 
If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.
 
Our historical net tangible book value (deficit) as of June 30, 2014 was $(67.1) million, or $(133.85) per share of common stock. Our historical net tangible book value (deficit) is the amount of our total tangible assets less our total liabilities and redeemable convertible preferred stock, which is not included within stockholders’ equity (deficit). Historical net tangible book value per share is our historical net tangible book value (deficit) divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2014.
 
Our pro forma net tangible book value as of June 30, 2014 was $18.2 million, or $1.19 per share of common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value represents the amount of our total tangible assets less our total liabilities, after giving effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 14,860,171 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents pro forma net tangible book value divided by the pro forma number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2014, after giving effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 14,860,171 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering.
 
After giving effect to our issuance and sale of 5,400,000 shares of common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2014 would have been $87.3 million, or $4.21 per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $3.02 per share to existing stockholders. The initial public offering price per share will significantly exceed the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share. Accordingly, new investors who purchase shares of common stock in this offering will suffer an immediate dilution of their investment of $9.79 per share. The following table illustrates this per share dilution to the new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering, without giving effect to the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters:

Assumed initial public offering price per share	  	 	 	 	 	$	14.00	  	
Historical net tangible book value (deficit) per share as of June 30, 2014	  	$	(133.85	) 	 	 	 	 	
Increase per share attributable to the conversion of all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding	  	 	135.04	  	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2014	  	 	1.19	  	 	 	 	 	
Increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share attributable to sale of shares of common stock in this offering	  	 	3.02	  	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering	  	 	 	 	 	 	4.21	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering	  	 	 	 	 	$	9.79	  	

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma net tangible book value by $5.0 million, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $0.24 per share and the dilution to investors in this offering by $0.76 per share, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
 
An increase of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by
 
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$0.40 and decrease the dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering by $0.40, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. A decrease of 1,000,000 shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would decrease the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $0.45 and increase the dilution per share to new investors participating in this offering by $0.45, assuming the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The information discussed above is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.
 
If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering will increase to $4.54 per share, representing an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to existing stockholders of $3.35 per share and an immediate dilution of $9.46 per share to new investors.
 
The following table summarizes, as of June 30, 2014, on a pro forma as adjusted basis as described above, the differences between the number of shares of common stock purchased from us, the total consideration paid to us and the average price per share paid to us by existing stockholders and by new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering. The calculation below is based on an assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us:

 	 	Shares Purchased	 	 	Total Consideration	 	 	Average
Price  Per
Share	 	
 	 	Number	 	  	Percent	 	 	Amount	 	  	Percent	 	 	 	 	
Existing stockholders	 	 	15,361,740	  	  	 	74.0	% 	 	$	92,754,707	  	  	 	55.1	% 	 	$	6.04	  	
New investors	 	 	5,400,000	  	  	 	26.0	  	 	 	75,600,000	  	  	 	44.9	  	 	$	14.00	  	
 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total	 	 	20,761,740	  	  	 	100.0	% 	 	$	168,354,707	  	  	 	100.0	% 	 	 	 	 	

The table above assumes no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option to purchase additional shares in this offering. If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares from us in full, the number of shares of our common stock held by new investors will increase to 6,210,000, or 28.8% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering, and the percentage of shares held by existing stockholders will decrease to 71.2% of the total shares outstanding number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering.
 
A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the total consideration paid by new investors by $5.4 million and, in the case of an increase, would increase the percentage of total consideration paid by new investors by 1.7 percentage points and, in the case of a decrease, would decrease the percentage of total consideration paid by new investors by 1.8 percentage points, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same.
 
The above discussion and tables are based on 501,569 shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2014, gives effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into an aggregate of 14,860,171 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering, assumes no exercise of any outstanding stock options and excludes:
 
 	•	 	1,634,275 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of June 30, 2014, at a weighted average exercise price of $2.86 per share;	
 
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 	•	 	43,945 shares of our common stock available for future issuance under our 2007 Plan as of June 30, 2014;	
 
 	•	 	an additional 1,700,000 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under our 2014 Plan upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which includes the grant of an option to purchase 207,617 shares of our common stock and 51,904 shares subject to a restricted stock unit award; and	
 
 	•	 	an additional 225,000 shares of common stock that will become available for future issuance under our 2014 ESPP upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.	
 
In addition, certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. In addition, Novo A/S has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Assuming an initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, these parties would purchase an aggregate of up to approximately 3,010,710 shares of the 5,400,000 shares offered in this offering based on these indications of interest. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters may determine to sell more, fewer or no shares in this offering, or any of these parties may determine to purchase more, fewer or no shares in this offering. The foregoing discussion and tables do not reflect any potential purchases by these parties or their affiliates.
 
To the extent that outstanding options are exercised, you will experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities may result in further dilution to our stockholders.
 
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Selected Consolidated Financial Data
 
You should read the following selected consolidated financial data together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this prospectus. We have derived the consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated statement of operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 and for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) through June 30, 2014 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of June 30, 2014 have been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial data reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information in those statements. The selected consolidated financial data in this section are not intended to replace our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that should be expected in the future, and results for the six months ended June 30, 2014 are not necessarily indicative of the results that should be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2014.

 	 	Year Ended
December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	Cumulative Period
from Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
June 30, 2014	 	
 	 	2012	 	 	2013	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	 	 	
 	 	(in thousands, except per share data)	 	
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	 	 	7,370	  	 	 	12,201	  	 	 	5,148	  	 	 	7,948	  	 	 	57,314	  	
General and administrative	 	 	2,279	  	 	 	3,548	  	 	 	1,687	  	 	 	2,829	  	 	 	16,286	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	 	 	9,649	  	 	 	15,749	  	 	 	6,835	  	 	 	10,777	  	 	 	73,600	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(15,749	) 	 	 	(6,835	) 	 	 	(10,777	) 	 	 	(73,600	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	216	  	
Interest expense	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	(302	) 	
Other income (expense), net	 	 	—  	  	 	 	24	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	342	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other income, net	 	 	—  	  	 	 	24	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	256	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(15,725	) 	 	 	(6,835	) 	 	 	(10,698	) 	 	 	(73,344	) 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	(34	) 	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	(79	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(3,359	) 	
Accrual of dividend on redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(347	) 	
Modifications of redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	9,925	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	 	$	(9,683	) 	 	$	(15,819	) 	 	$	(6,914	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	 	$	(67,125	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (1)	 	$	(31.09	) 	 	$	(38.02	) 	 	$	(20.49	) 	 	$	(21.48	) 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (1)	 	 	311	  	 	 	416	  	 	 	337	  	 	 	498	  	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited) (1)	 	 	 	 	 	$	(1.29	) 	 	 	 	 	 	$	(0.70	) 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (unaudited) (1)	 	 	 	 	 	 	12,230	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	15,358	  	 	 	 	 	

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 	  	As of December 31,	 	 	As of
June 30,
2014	 	
 	  	2012	 	 	2013	 	 	 	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	11,691	  	 	$	31,753	  	 	$	21,150	  	
Working capital(2)	  	 	9,908	  	 	 	29,969	  	 	 	18,051	  	
Total assets	  	 	11,962	  	 	 	32,287	  	 	 	23,420	  	
Redeemable convertible preferred stock	  	 	49,845	  	 	 	85,345	  	 	 	85,345	  	
Total stockholders’ deficit	  	 	(39,901	) 	 	 	(55,267	) 	 	 	(65,613	) 	
 
(1)	 	See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for further details on the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders and the calculation of basic and diluted pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders.	
 
(2)	 	We define working capital as current assets less current liabilities.	
 
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
You should read the following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations together with the section entitled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements regarding our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions and projections. Our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by these forward-looking statements as a result of many important factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus.
 
Overview
 
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel proprietary therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases. Our lead drug candidate, galeterone, is a highly selective, multi-targeted, oral small molecule drug candidate that we believe has advantages over existing prostate cancer therapies. We have administered galeterone to over 250 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In these trials, galeterone was well tolerated and, in multiple prostate cancer populations, showed clinically meaningful reductions in levels of prostate specific antigen, a biochemical marker used to evaluate prostate cancer patients for signs of response to therapy. We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone based on discussions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. We anticipate initiating the trial in the first half of 2015.
 
We are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of patients with castration resistant prostate cancer, or CRPC, whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor that is truncated. These truncated androgen receptors are missing the end of the receptor that contains the ligand binding domain. We describe patients with these truncated androgen receptors as having C-terminal loss. An example of one such truncated androgen receptor with C-terminal loss is the splice variant AR-V7, which is the most prevalent of the splice variants that cause C-terminal loss. We intend to conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone in CRPC patients with AR-V7.
 
In addition to our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, we are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial of galeterone for the treatment of multiple CRPC populations, which we refer to as our ARMOR2 trial. Subject to the results of the ARMOR2 trial and to the availability of resources, we anticipate continuing the clinical development of galeterone in multiple CRPC populations, as well as in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. In June 2012, the FDA designated galeterone for fast track review. We have exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to galeterone.
 
Since our inception in March 2004, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing our product candidates, building our intellectual property portfolio, business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. Prior to 2007, we focused our efforts on the development of women’s health products. In 2007, we changed our focus and began developing novel proprietary therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases, including our lead drug candidate, galeterone. To date, we have funded our operations primarily through private placements of redeemable convertible preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, through the issuances of convertible promissory notes, none of which are currently outstanding. From our inception through June 30, 2014, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of $92.5 million from such transactions.
 
We are a development stage company and have not generated any revenue. We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception, and we have an accumulated deficit of $73.8 million as of June 30, 2014. Our net loss was $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 and $10.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. These losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities, general and administrative costs associated with
 
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our operations and in-licensing our product candidates. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next several years.
 
We expect our expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, if and as we:
 
 	•	 	conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the splice variant AR-V7 and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of a new drug application, or NDA, to the FDA for galeterone for this indication;	
 
 	•	 	continue to conduct our ongoing ARMOR2 trial for the treatment of multiple CRPC patient populations;	
 
 	•	 	develop galeterone for the treatment of other indications and patient populations in prostate cancer, including early-stage prostate cancer, and the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents;	
 
 	•	 	explore the use of galeterone for the treatment of other hormonally-driven diseases that are associated with the androgen receptor signaling pathway;	
 
 	•	 	identify and develop compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation;	
 
 	•	 	enter into agreements with third parties to develop an in vitro companion diagnostic test to identify CRPC patients with AR-V7;	
 
 	•	 	enter into agreements with third parties to manufacture galeterone;	
 
 	•	 	establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to support the commercialization of galeterone in the United States;	
 
 	•	 	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;	
 
 	•	 	continue our other research and development efforts;	
 
 	•	 	acquire or in-license additional compounds or technologies for the treatment of hormonally-driven diseases; and	
 
 	•	 	operate as a public company following this offering.	
 
Our ability to generate product revenue, which we do not expect will occur for at least the next several years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of galeterone and other product candidates that we may develop in the future. As a result, we will need additional financing to support our continuing operations. Until such time that we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other marketing and distribution arrangements. We may be unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, which would force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research and development programs or commercialization efforts. We will need to generate significant revenue to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.
 
As of June 30, 2014, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21.2 million. We expect that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient to enable us to continue our ongoing ARMOR2 trial, conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for CRPC patients with AR-V7 and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for this indication, as well as to continue to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first half of 2017. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
 
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Financial Operations Overview
 
Revenue
 
To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future. If our development efforts for galeterone or other product candidates that we may develop in the future are successful and result in regulatory approval or license or collaboration agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from a combination of product sales or payments from collaboration or license agreements that we may enter into with third parties.
 
Operating Expenses
 
The majority of our operating expenses since inception have consisted primarily of research and development activities and general and administrative costs.
 
Research and Development Expenses
 
Research and development expenses, which consist primarily of costs associated with our product research and development efforts, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of:
 
 	•	 	third-party contract costs relating to research, formulation and manufacturing, preclinical studies and clinical trial activities;	
 
 	•	 	personnel costs, including salaries, related benefits and stock-based compensation for personnel engaged in research and development functions;	
 
 	•	 	consulting fees paid to third parties;	
 
 	•	 	costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and	
 
 	•	 	payments made under our third-party licensing agreements.	
 
We typically use our employee and infrastructure resources across our development programs. We track outsourced development costs by product candidate or development program, but we do not allocate personnel costs, payments made under our licensing agreements or other internal costs to specific development programs or product candidates. These costs are included in unallocated research and development expenses in the table below.
 
The following table summarizes our research and development expenses by program:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,	 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	  	Cumulative Period
from Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
June 30, 2014	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	  	    2013    	 	  	    2013    	 	  	    2014    	 	  	 	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Galeterone for prostate cancer	  	$	5,417	  	  	$	10,257	  	  	$	4,185	  	  	$	6,481	  	  	$	39,476	  	
Other early-stage development programs and additional indications for galeterone	  	 	18	  	  	 	40	  	  	 	17	  	  	 	49	  	  	 	2,371	  	
Unallocated research and development expenses	  	 	1,935	  	  	 	1,904	  	  	 	946	  	  	 	1,418	  	  	 	15,467	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total research and development expenses	  	$	7,370	  	  	$	12,201	  	  	$	5,148	  	  	$	7,948	  	  	$	57,314	  	

Research and development activities are central to our business. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as we pursue later stages of clinical development of galeterone and other product candidates that we may develop in the future.
 
We cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of the current or future clinical trials of our product candidates or if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and
 
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sale of any of our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. The duration, costs and timing of clinical studies and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:
 
 	•	 	the scope, rate of progress, expense and results of our ongoing clinical trials as well as any additional clinical trials and other research and development activities that we may conduct;	
 
 	•	 	future clinical trial results;	
 
 	•	 	uncertainties in clinical trial design and patient enrollment rate;	
 
 	•	 	significant and changing government regulation and regulatory guidance;	
 
 	•	 	the timing and receipt of any regulatory approvals; and	
 
 	•	 	the expense of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights.	
 
A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in patient enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.
 
We are currently conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial of galeterone for the treatment of CRPC, which we refer to as our ARMOR2 trial. We anticipate initiating a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone in the first half of 2015. Our current estimate for the costs associated with funding our ongoing ARMOR2 trial, conducting our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for CRPC patients whose prostate tumors express the splice variant AR-V7 and conducting other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for this indication is approximately $49.5 million.
 
General and Administrative Expenses
 
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, related benefits and stock-based compensation expense, of our executive, finance, business and corporate development and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include professional fees for auditing, tax and legal services, including legal expenses to pursue patent protection of our intellectual property, travel expenses and facility-related costs.
 
We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in future periods as we continue the development and potential commercialization of galeterone for the treatment of CRPC and any future product candidates and as a result of increased payroll, expanded infrastructure, increased consulting, legal, accounting and investor relations expenses associated with being a public company and costs incurred to seek collaborations with respect to galeterone and any other product candidates that we may develop in the future.
 
Other Income (Expense)
 
Interest Income. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and, for years prior to 2012, marketable securities. Our interest income has not been significant due to nominal investment balances and low interest earned on those balances. We anticipate that our interest income will increase in the future due to anticipated cash proceeds from this offering.
 
Interest Expense. Interest expense consists of interest expense on our convertible promissory notes at the stated interest rates and interest expense related to the amortization of deferred financing costs associated with our issuances of the convertible promissory notes. Prior to 2012, all of our convertible promissory notes and
 
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accrued interest had been converted into shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock. As a result, we no longer incur interest expense related to this debt.
 
Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income (expense), net, primarily consists of other income for the year ended December 31, 2010 related to the Qualifying Therapeutic Discovery Project, or QTDP, reimbursement program of the United States government, which provided for reimbursement of certain qualifying costs. We do not anticipate any further income related to the QTDP program. Other income (expense), net also consists of small amounts of miscellaneous income and expense unrelated to our core operations.
 
Income Taxes
 
Since our inception in 2004, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned research and development tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2013, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $10.5 million and $8.1 million respectively. Our federal and state net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2024 and 2014, respectively. We also had federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $0.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2013, which begin to expire in 2025 and 2023, respectively. Our federal and state net operating loss carryforwards do not yet include the effect of research and development expenses of $49.0 million that we have capitalized for income tax purposes as of December 31, 2013. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Net Operating Loss Carryforwards and Other Deferred Tax Assets.”
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
 
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures. We believe that the estimates and assumptions involved in the accounting policies described below may have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements and, therefore, consider these to be our critical accounting policies. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. See also Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for information about these critical accounting policies as well as a description of our other significant accounting policies.
 
Accrued Research and Development Expenses
 
As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual costs. The majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advanced payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to:
 
 	•	 	clinical research organizations in connection with clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	investigative sites or other providers in connection with clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	vendors in connection with preclinical development activities; and	
 
 	•	 	vendors related to product manufacturing, development and distribution of clinical supplies.	
 
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We base our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple clinical research organizations and investigative sites that manage and conduct clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the clinical expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed, enrollment of patients, number of sites activated and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or amount of prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, we have not made any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.
 
Stock-Based Compensation
 
We measure the fair value of stock-based awards granted to employees and directors on the date of grant and recognize the corresponding compensation expense of those awards, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Our stock-based awards typically vest over four years. Generally, we issue stock options and restricted stock awards with service-based vesting conditions and record the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. We have historically granted stock options with exercise prices equivalent to the fair value of our common stock as of the date of grant.
 
We measure the fair value of stock-based awards granted to non-employees on the date at which the related service is complete. Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which services are rendered by such non-employee consultants until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards is re-measured using, for options, the then-current fair value of our common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and using, for restricted stock, the then-current fair value of our common stock.
 
The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and assumptions for volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield, determined as follows:
 
 	•	 	Fair Value of Common Stock.    Because our common stock is not publicly traded, we must estimate its fair value, as discussed in “—Determination of the Fair Value of Common Stock” below.	
 
 	•	 	Volatility.    We historically have been a private company and lack company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, we estimate our expected volatility based on the historical volatility of our publicly traded peer companies and expect to continue to do so until such time as we have adequate historical data regarding the volatility of our traded stock price.	
 
 	•	 	Expected Term.    We use the simplified method prescribed by Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment , to calculate the expected term of options granted to employees and directors, and we determine the expected term of options granted to non-employees based on the contractual term of the options.	
 
 	•	 	Risk-Free Interest Rate.    The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award.	
 
 	•	 	Dividend Yield.    Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.	
 
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The following table sets forth the assumptions we used to determine the fair value of stock options granted, presented on a weighted average basis:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	    2014    	 	
Risk-free interest rate	  	 	0.79	% 	 	 	1.72	% 	 	 	1.71	% 	 	 	1.87	% 	
Expected term (in years)	  	 	6.07	  	 	 	5.98	  	 	 	5.99	  	 	 	5.89	  	
Expected volatility	  	 	65.5	% 	 	 	79.7	% 	 	 	79.6	% 	 	 	79.2	% 	
Expected dividend yield	  	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	
 
The assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock-based awards represent our best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.
 
We recognize compensation expense for only the portion of awards that are expected to vest. In developing a forfeiture rate estimate for pre-vesting forfeitures, we have considered our historical experience of actual forfeitures. If our future actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, our stock-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what we have recorded in the current period.
 
The following table summarizes the classification of our stock-based compensation expenses recognized in our consolidated statements of operations:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,	 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	  	    2013    	 	  	    2013    	 	  	    2014    	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Research and development	  	$	87	  	  	$	91	  	  	$	41	  	  	$	136	  	
General and administrative	  	 	123	  	  	 	147	  	  	 	49	  	  	 	204	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	210	  	  	$	238	  	  	$	90	  	  	$	340	  	

Determination of the Fair Value of Common Stock
 
We are a privately held company with no active public market for our common stock. Therefore, our board of directors has estimated the fair value of our common stock at various dates, with input from management, considering our most recently available third-party valuations of common stock and its assessment of additional objective and subjective factors that it believed were relevant and which may have changed from the date of the most recent valuation through the date of the grant. Once a public trading market for our common stock has been established in connection with the closing of this offering, it will no longer be necessary for our board of directors to estimate the fair value of our common stock in connection with our accounting for granted stock options.
 
In the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, our determination of the fair value of our common stock was performed using methodologies, approaches and assumptions consistent with the  American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Audit and Accounting Practice Aid Series: Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation , which we refer to as the Practice Aid. We performed these contemporaneous valuations, with the assistance of a third-party specialist, as of December 31, 2012, May 13, 2013, December 1, 2013, February 12, 2014 and April 3, 2014, which resulted in valuations of our common stock of $1.37, $1.58, $3.67, $4.19 and $6.50 per share, respectively, as of those dates. In addition, our board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors, along with input from management, to determine its best estimate of the fair value of our common stock as of each grant date, including the following:
 
 	•	 	the prices of shares of our preferred stock that we had sold and the rights, preferences and privileges of that preferred stock relative to our common stock;	
 
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 	•	 	the progress of our research and development programs, including the status of clinical trials for our product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	our stage of development and business strategy;	
 
 	•	 	our financial condition, including cash on hand;	
 
 	•	 	our historical and forecasted performance and operating results;	
 
 	•	 	the composition of, and changes to, our management team and board of directors;	
 
 	•	 	the lack of an active public market for our common stock as a private company;	
 
 	•	 	the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as a sale of our company or an initial public offering, or IPO, given prevailing market conditions;	
 
 	•	 	the analysis of initial public offerings and the market performance of similar companies in the biopharmaceutical industry; and	
 
 	•	 	external market conditions affecting the biopharmaceutical industry.	
 
There are significant judgments and estimates inherent in these valuations. These judgments and estimates include assumptions regarding our future operating performance, the stage of development of our product candidates, the timing of a potential IPO or other liquidity event and the determination of the appropriate valuation methodology at each valuation date. If we had made different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense, net loss attributable to common stockholders and net loss per share attributable to common stockholders could have been significantly different.
 
Valuation Methodologies
 
Our common stock valuations as of December 31, 2012 and May 13, 2013 were prepared utilizing the option-pricing method, or OPM, as described in the Practice Aid, to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock. Our common stock valuations as of December 1, 2013, February 12, 2014 and April 3, 2014 were prepared utilizing the probability-weighted expected return method, or PWERM, as described in the Practice Aid, to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock. The method selected was based on availability and the quality of information to develop the assumptions for the methodology.
 
OPM. The OPM treats common stock and preferred stock as call options on the total equity value of a company, with exercise prices based on the value thresholds at which the allocation among the various holders of a company’s securities changes. Under this method, the common stock has value only if the funds available for distribution to stockholders exceed the value of the preferred stock liquidation preference at the time of a liquidity event, such as a strategic sale or merger. The common stock is modeled as a call option on the underlying equity value at a predetermined exercise price. In the model, the exercise price is based on a comparison with the total equity value rather than, as in the case of a regular call option, a comparison with a per share stock price. Thus, common stock is considered to be a call option with a claim on the enterprise at an exercise price equal to the remaining value immediately after the preferred stock liquidation preference is paid.
 
The OPM uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to price the call options. This model defines the securities’ fair values as functions of the current fair value of a company and uses assumptions such as the anticipated timing of a potential liquidity event and the estimated volatility of the equity securities.
 
We estimated enterprise value used in the OPM using either the guideline public company method and the guideline transaction method or the OPM backsolve method. The guideline public company method includes comparisons to companies with several years of trading history as well as recent IPOs. The guideline transaction method evaluates market multiples indicated by recent acquisitions of companies in the relevant industry. The OPM backsolve method uses the OPM to calculate the implied equity value for one type of security based on
 
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recent sales transaction involving another type of the company’s equity securities. In the OPM, the assumed volatility factor was based on the historical trading volatility of our publicly traded peer companies. At each valuation date, a determination was made by us as to the appropriate volatility to be used, considering such factors as the expected time to a liquidity event and our stage of development.
 
To derive the fair value of the common stock using the OPM, the proceeds to the common stockholders were calculated based on the preferences and priorities of the preferred and common stock, including the participation features of certain series of the preferred stock. We then applied a discount for lack of marketability to the common stock to account for the lack of access to an active public market. The aggregate value of the common stock derived from the OPM is then divided by the number of shares of common stock outstanding to arrive at a per-share value.
 
PWERM. The PWERM is a scenario-based methodology that estimates the fair value of common stock based upon an analysis of future values for the company, assuming various outcomes. We considered four scenarios for the valuation of our common stock determined using the PWERM methodology: an IPO scenario, a longer-term strategic sale scenario, a near-term sale scenario and a low-value sale scenario.
 
For the IPO, near-term and low-value sale scenarios, the enterprise value was determined using the guideline public company method, which considered the pricing of recent IPOs by comparable clinical-stage biopharmaceutical companies. In determining the enterprise value for these scenarios, we considered the multiples of paid-in capital indicated by these IPOs as well as the pricing of each IPO relative to the pricing of the most recent preferred round preceding comparable biopharmaceutical companies that were acquired from 2011 through January 2014.
 
The common stock value is based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns considering each of the possible outcomes available as well as the rights of each class of stock. The future value of the common stock under each outcome is discounted back to the valuation date at an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate and probability weighted to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock. We applied a discount for lack of marketability to the common stock to account for the lack of access to an active public market.
 
Option Grants
 
The following table summarizes by grant date the number of shares subject to options granted between January 1, 2013 and July 31, 2014, the per share exercise price of the options, the fair value of common stock underlying the options on date of grant and the per share estimated fair value of the options:

Grant Date	  	Number of Shares
Subject to
Options Granted	 	  	Per Share
Exercise
Price of
Options (1)	 	  	Fair Value of
Common Stock
on Date of
Option Grant	 	  	Per Share
Estimated Fair
Value of
Options (2)	 	
June 26, 2013 (non-employee award)	  	 	8,262	  	  	$	1.58	  	  	$	1.58	  	  	$	1.26	(3) 	
June 26, 2013	  	 	716,577	  	  	$	1.58	  	  	$	1.58	  	  	$	1.05	  	
December 11, 2013	  	 	61,693	  	  	$	3.67	  	  	$	3.67	  	  	$	2.51	  	
February 25, 2014	  	 	209,178	  	  	$	4.19	  	  	$	4.19	  	  	$	2.83	  	
March 17, 2014	  	 	2,387	  	  	$	4.19	  	  	$	4.19	  	  	$	2.83	  	
April 8, 2014	  	 	312,568	  	  	$	6.50	  	  	$	6.50	  	  	$	4.40	  	
 
(1)	 	The per share exercise price of options represents the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant, as determined by our board of directors after taking into account our most recently available contemporaneous valuations of our common stock as well as additional factors that may have changed since the date of such contemporaneous valuation through the date of grant.	
(2)	 	The per share estimated fair value of options reflects the weighted average fair value of options granted on each grant date as estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model	
 
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 	estimates the fair value using as inputs the exercise price of the option and assumptions of the risk-free interest rate, expected term of the option, expected share price volatility of the underlying common stock, expected dividends on the underlying common stock and the per share fair value of the underlying common stock.	
(3)	 	For the purposes of recording stock-based compensation, we measure the fair value of options on the service completion date (vesting date). At the end of each reporting period prior to completion of the services, we re-measure the value of the unvested portion of the outstanding options at the then-current fair value of our common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.	
 
JOBS Act
 
In April 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, was enacted. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
 
In addition, we are in the process of evaluating the benefits of relying on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if we choose to rely on such exemptions, for so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to, among other things:
 
 	•	 	provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002;	
 
 	•	 	provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act;	
 
 	•	 	comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements; and	
 
 	•	 	comply with certain disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.	
 
We may take advantage of some or all these exemptions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1 billion in annual revenue, we have more than $700 million in market value of our stock held by non-affiliates or we issue more than $1 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.
 
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Results of Operations
 
Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2013 and 2014
 
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014:

 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	    2013    	 	 	    2014    	 	 	 	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Revenue	  	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	5,148	  	 	 	7,948	  	 	 	2,800	  	
General and administrative	  	 	1,687	  	 	 	2,829	  	 	 	1,142	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	  	 	6,835	  	 	 	10,777	  	 	 	3,942	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	  	 	(6,835	) 	 	 	(10,777	) 	 	 	(3,942	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income	  	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	79	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other income, net	  	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	79	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(6,835	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	 	$	(3,863	) 	

Research and development expenses

 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	    2013    	 	  	    2014    	 	  	 	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Galeterone for prostate cancer	  	$	4,185	  	  	$	6,481	  	  	$	2,296	  	
Other early-stage development programs and additional indications for galeterone	  	 	17	  	  	 	49	  	  	 	32	  	
Unallocated research and development expenses	  	 	946	  	  	 	1,418	  	  	 	472	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total research and development expenses	  	$	5,148	  	  	$	7,948	  	  	$	2,800	  	

Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2013 were $5.1 million, compared to $7.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. The increase was primarily due to increased costs of $2.3 million associated with our galeterone for prostate cancer program and an increase in unallocated research and development expenses of $0.5 million. The increase in costs of our galeterone for prostate cancer program consisted primarily of increased costs of clinical trials of $2.6 million, partially offset by decreased manufacturing costs of $0.5 million. The increase in clinical trial costs was due to an increased number of patients and sites in our ARMOR2 trial in the six months ended June 30, 2014 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2013. The decrease in manufacturing costs primarily consisted of decreased drug product cost, reflecting the purchase of raw materials in the three months ended June 30, 2013, partially offset by increased manufacturing costs as we increased our manufacturing of galeterone in the six months ended June 30, 2014 for our ARMOR2 trial and in anticipation of our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone. The increase in unallocated research and development costs of $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014 from the six months ended June 30 2013 was due to increased personnel related costs as a result of increased headcount in our research and development function, including the additions of our Chief Medical Officer and our Vice President of Medical Affairs in the three months ended June 30, 2014.
 
General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2013 were $1.7 million, compared to $2.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. The increase of $1.1 million in general and administrative
 
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expenses was primarily due to an increase in professional fees of $0.8 million as well as an increase in personnel related costs of $0.2 million. The increase in professional fees primarily consisted of a $0.8 million increase in accounting, audit and legal fees associated with ongoing business activities and our preparations to operate as a public company. Personnel related costs increased by $0.2 million primarily due to an increase in headcount in our general and administrative function in the six months ended June 30, 2014, including the addition of our Chief Operating Officer in the three months ended March 31, 2014, partially offset by a decrease in personnel related costs due to severance paid to our former Chief Executive Officer in the six months ended June 30, 2013.
 
Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2012 and 2013
 
The following table summarizes our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2013:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,	 	 	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	 	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Revenue	  	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	7,370	  	 	 	12,201	  	 	 	4,831	  	
General and administrative	  	 	2,279	  	 	 	3,548	  	 	 	1,269	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	  	 	9,649	  	 	 	15,749	  	 	 	6,100	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	  	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(15,749	) 	 	 	(6,100	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income	  	 	—  	 	 	 	24	  	 	 	24	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other income, net	  	 	—  	 	 	 	24	  	 	 	24	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(9,649	) 	 	$	(15,725	) 	 	$	(6,076	) 	

Research and development expenses

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,	 	  	Increase
(Decrease)	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	  	    2013    	 	  	 	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Galeterone for prostate cancer	  	$	5,417	  	  	$	10,257	  	  	$	4,840	  	
Other early-stage development programs and additional indications for galeterone	  	 	18	  	  	 	40	  	  	 	22	  	
Unallocated research and development expenses	  	 	1,935	  	  	 	1,904	  	  	 	(31	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total research and development expenses	  	$	7,370	  	  	$	12,201	  	  	$	4,831	  	

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2012 were $7.4 million, compared to $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily due to increased costs of $4.8 million associated with our galeterone for prostate cancer program, consisting primarily of increased manufacturing costs of $2.8 million and increased costs of clinical trials of $2.0 million. These increases were due to the higher costs associated with our ARMOR2 trial of galeterone, manufacturing galeterone for use in our ARMOR2 trial and further developing the manufacturing process for our spray dried dispersion formulation. During 2012, we focused our research and development efforts on the reformulation of galeterone from our product in capsule formulation to our spray dried dispersion formulation and a bridging Phase 1 clinical trial.
 
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General and administrative expenses
 
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2012 were $2.3 million, compared to $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase of $1.2 million in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in professional fees of $0.6 million and an increase in personnel related costs of $0.5 million year over year. The increase in professional fees consisted of a $0.4 million increase in accounting, audit and legal fees due to ongoing business activities and our preparations to operate as a public company as well as an increase of $0.2 million related to business development activities. Personnel related costs increased by $0.5 million year over year primarily due to severance costs of $0.4 million in 2013 paid to our former Chief Executive Officer.
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue and have incurred recurring net losses. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for at least the next several years. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may obtain from additional financings, research funding, collaborations, contract and grant revenue or other sources.
 
We have funded our operations since inception primarily through private placements of redeemable convertible preferred stock and, to a lesser extent, through the issuances of convertible promissory notes, none of which are currently outstanding. From our inception through June 30, 2014, we have received aggregate gross proceeds of $92.5 million from such transactions.
 
As of June 30, 2014, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21.2 million. We invest our cash equivalents in money market accounts in order to preserve principal.
 
Cash Flows
 
The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	    2014    	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Cash used in operating activities	  	$	(9,333	) 	 	$	(15,476	) 	 	$	(5,674	) 	 	$	(10,197	) 	
Cash used in investing activities	  	 	(8	) 	 	 	(53	) 	 	 	(33	) 	 	 	(18	) 	
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities	  	 	18,779	  	 	 	35,591	  	 	 	20,136	  	 	 	(388	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	  	$	9,438	  	 	$	20,062	  	 	$	14,429	  	 	$	(10,603	) 	

Net cash used in operating activities. During the six months ended June 30, 2013, cash used in operating activities was $5.7 million, resulting primarily from our net loss of $6.8 million, partially offset by net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.1 million. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities related to galeterone and our general and administrative expenses, as we had no revenue in the period. Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2013 consisted primarily of a $1.0 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Our accounts payable and accrued expenses balances were affected by the timing of vendor invoicing and payments.
 
During the six months ended June 30, 2014, cash used in operating activities was $10.2 million, resulting from our net loss of $10.7 million, partially offset by net non-cash charges of $0.3 million and by net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $0.2 million. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities related to galeterone and our general and administrative expenses, as we
 
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had no revenue in the period. Our net non-cash charges during the period consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million. Cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities consisted primarily of a net increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $0.5 million, partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.2 million. Our prepaid expenses and other current assets and accounts payable and accrued expense balances were affected by the timing of vendor invoicing and payments.
 
During the year ended December 31, 2012, cash used in operating activities was $9.3 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $9.6 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $0.2 million and by cash provided from changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $0.1 million. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities related to galeterone and our general and administrative expenses, as we had no revenue in the period. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2012 consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million.
 
During the year ended December 31, 2013, cash used in operating activities was $15.5 million, resulting from our net loss of $15.7 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $0.2 million. Our net loss was primarily attributable to research and development activities related to galeterone and our general and administrative expenses, as we had no revenue in the period. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2013 consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million.
 
Net cash used in investing activities. We used a small amount of cash during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2014 related to purchases of property and equipment.
 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities. During the six months ended June 30, 2013, cash provided by financing activities was $20.1 million, consisting of the net proceeds from the sale and issuance of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock of $19.9 million and proceeds of $0.2 million from the exercise of stock options.
 
During the six months ended June 30, 2014, cash used in financing activities was $0.4 million, consisting primarily of payments of deferred offering costs of $0.5 million related to our anticipated initial public offering of common stock, partially offset by the collection of cash related to our outstanding note receivable from a stockholder.
 
During the year ended December 31, 2012, net cash provided by financing activities was $18.8 million, resulting from net proceeds from the sale and issuance of our Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
During the year ended December 31, 2013, net cash provided by financing activities was $35.6 million, resulting from net proceeds of $35.4 million from the sale and issuance of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock, as well as $0.2 million received from the exercise of stock options.
 
Funding Requirements
 
Galeterone is still in clinical development. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
 
 	•	 	conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the splice variant AR-V7 and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for this indication;	
 
 	•	 	continue to conduct our ongoing ARMOR2 trial for the treatment of multiple CRPC patient populations;	
 
 	•	 	develop galeterone for the treatment of other indications and patient populations in prostate cancer, including early-stage prostate cancer, and the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents;	
 
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 	•	 	explore the use of galeterone for the treatment of other hormonally-driven diseases that are associated with the androgen receptor signaling pathway;	
 
 	•	 	identify and develop compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation;	
 
 	•	 	enter into agreements with third parties to develop an in vitro companion diagnostic test to identify CRPC patients with AR-V7;	
 
 	•	 	enter into agreements with third parties to manufacture galeterone;	
 
 	•	 	establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to support the commercialization of galeterone in the United States;	
 
 	•	 	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;	
 
 	•	 	continue our other research and development efforts;	
 
 	•	 	acquire or in-license additional compounds or technologies for the treatment of hormonally-driven diseases; and	
 
 	•	 	operate as a public company following this offering.	
 
As of June 30, 2014, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21.2 million. We expect that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient to enable us to continue our ongoing ARMOR2 trial, conduct our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients with AR-V7 and conduct other clinical trials and non-clinical studies to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for galeterone for this indication, as well as to continue to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first half of 2017. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, as we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect or our clinical trials may take longer than we anticipate. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of galeterone and because the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for development of this product candidate is unknown, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the research and development of our product candidate. Our future capital requirements for galeterone will depend on many factors, including:
 
 	•	 	the progress and results of our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients with AR-V7 and the completion of the clinical development of galeterone for this indication;	
 
 	•	 	the progress and results of our ongoing ARMOR2 trial and any additional clinical trials of galeterone that we decide to conduct for the treatment of other indications and patient populations in prostate cancer, including early-stage prostate cancer, and the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents;	
 
 	•	 	the timing and outcome of regulatory review of galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in CRPC patients with AR-V7 and other indications and patient populations, and of any other future product candidates;	
 
 	•	 	the costs under agreements with third parties to develop an in vitro companion diagnostic test for identifying CRPC patients with AR-V7;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of commercialization activities, including product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for galeterone and our future product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval;	
 
 	•	 	revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of galeterone and any future product candidates, should any of our product candidates be approved by the FDA or a similar regulatory authority outside the United States;	
 
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 	•	 	our ability to establish collaborations on favorable terms, if at all, particularly arrangements to develop, market and distribute galeterone and any future product candidates outside the United States;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and	
 
 	•	 	the extent to which we expand our product pipeline by acquiring or in-licensing additional compounds or technologies for the treatment of hormonally-driven diseases.	
 
Until such time, if ever, that we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other marketing and distribution arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may require the issuance of warrants, which could potentially dilute your ownership interest. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or research programs of galeterone or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market galeterone that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
 
Net Operating Loss Carryforwards and Other Deferred Tax Assets
 
Since our inception, we have not recorded any U.S. federal or state income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or our earned research and development tax credits, due to our uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2013, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $10.5 million, which begin to expire in 2024. As of December 31, 2013, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of $8.1 million, which began to expire in 2014. As of December 31, 2013, we also had federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $0.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Our federal and state net operating loss carryforwards do not yet include the effect of research and development expenses of $49.0 million that we have capitalized for income tax purposes. We expect to begin to amortize this capitalized asset for tax purposes, which will increase our net operating loss carryforwards, over a period of five years, commencing once we begin to recognize product or collaboration revenue. Ownership changes, as defined in Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards we can use each year to offset future taxable income and taxes payable. We have not completed a study to assess whether a change in ownership, as defined under Section 382 of the Code, has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes in ownership since our inception due to the significant costs and complexities associated with such studies. Accordingly, our ability to utilize our tax carryforwards may be limited. Additionally, U.S. federal and state tax laws limit the time during which these carryforwards may be utilized against future taxes. As a result, we may be unable to take full advantage of these carryforwards for U.S. federal and state tax purposes.
 
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
 
As of June 30, 2014, we did not have any significant contractual obligations or commitments.
 
We lease office space and obtain office support services in Cambridge, Massachusetts under a 30-day cancelable operating service agreement under which a small minimum monthly amount is required.
 
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We are party to a license agreement with UMB. In consideration for the rights granted to us, we made an upfront payment to UMB of $20,000 following the execution of the license agreement and a payment of $10,000 following the execution of each of the March 2009, April 2012 and October 2013 amendments. We are obligated to pay UMB an annual maintenance fee of $10,000 each year until the first commercial sale. In addition, we paid UMB a $50,000 milestone payment upon the submission of our investigational new drug application, or IND, for galeterone and a $40,000 milestone payment upon the issuance of the first patent related to UMB’s prodrug patent application. We are obligated to make an additional $50,000 milestone payment to UMB for each additional IND we file for a licensed product and a $100,000 milestone payment upon the approval of each NDA for a licensed product by the FDA. We must also pay UMB low-single digit percentage royalties on aggregate worldwide net sales of licensed products, including sales by our sublicensees, on a licensed product-by-licensed product and country-by-country basis until the later of the expiration of the last-to-expire applicable licensed patent or ten years after first commercial sale of the applicable licensed product, in each case in the applicable country. Our royalty obligations are subject to specified reductions in the event that we are required to obtain additional licenses from third parties or in the event of specified competition from third-party products licensed by UMB. Our minimum annual royalty payment to UMB is $50,000 beginning in the year following the year in which the first commercial sale occurs. We must also pay UMB 10% of all non-royalty sublicense income received from sublicensees. Finally, as of April 10, 2012, we assumed responsibility for all patent expenses related to the prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents. As of June 30, 2014, we have not yet developed a commercial product using the licensed technologies and we have not entered into any sublicense agreements for the technologies.
 
In November 2010, we assigned rights to develop and commercialize certain compounds that were unrelated to our core operations to Diotima Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Diotima, which was then our wholly owned subsidiary, and then spun off Diotima to our existing stockholders. In connection with various agreements between us and Diotima, we funded certain license and license maintenance fees during the period from the spin-off in 2010 through June 30, 2014. In February and April 2014, we terminated the license agreements relating to these compounds on behalf of Diotima and believe that no further payments are due to these licensors. In April 2014, the board of directors and stockholders of Diotima approved the dissolution of Diotima, and Diotima was dissolved.
 
We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations for clinical trials, preclinical research studies and testing, manufacturing and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination upon notice, and therefore we believe that our non-cancelable obligations under these agreements are not material.
 
We previously agreed to pay a fee to a financial advisor upon the closing of this offering equal to the greater of $0.5 million and 1% of the gross proceeds of this offering for strategic and financial advisory services unrelated to this offering.
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under Securities and Exchange Commission rules.
 
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
 
In June 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-10, Development Stage Entities (Topic 915): Elimination of Certain Financial Reporting Requirements, Including an Amendment to Variable Interest Entities Guidance in Topic 810, Consolidation . The amendments in this guidance remove all incremental financial reporting requirements for development stage entities. Among other changes, this guidance will no longer require development stage entities to present inception-to-date information about income statement line items, cash flows, and equity transactions. These presentation and disclosure requirements will no longer be required for the first annual period beginning after
 
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December 15, 2014 for public companies. Early application is permitted for interim and annual periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. Effective upon our adoption of this guidance, we will no longer disclose inception-to-date information currently included in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of cash flows, and of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit and the related notes thereto.
 
Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
 
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
 
Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk
 
Our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2014 consisted of cash and money market accounts. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, because of the short-term nature of the instruments in our portfolio, a sudden change in market interest rates would not be expected to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
 
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Business
 
Overview
 
We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel proprietary therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases. Our lead drug candidate, galeterone, is a highly selective, multi-targeted, oral small molecule drug candidate that we believe has advantages over existing prostate cancer therapies. We have administered galeterone to over 250 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In these trials, galeterone was well tolerated and in multiple prostate cancer patient populations showed clinically meaningful reductions in levels of prostate specific antigen, or PSA, a biochemical marker used to evaluate prostate cancer patients for signs of response to therapy. We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone based on discussions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. We anticipate initiating the trial in the first half of 2015.
 
We are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of patients with castration resistant prostate cancer, or CRPC, whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor that is truncated. We intend to conduct our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in these patients who we believe may not be effectively treated by the therapies approved by the FDA in recent years. We believe that one of galeterone’s multiple mechanisms of action, androgen receptor degradation, provides an opportunity to treat this population of patients. In our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial of galeterone, which we refer to as our ARMOR2 trial, we observed clinically meaningful PSA reductions in patients that were identified as having altered androgen receptors that were truncated in a retrospective subset analysis of seven patients. Six of these patients showed clinically meaningful PSA reductions of at least 50%. Although our initial development focus is on galeterone for the treatment of this population of patients, we are conducting our Phase 2 ARMOR2 trial of galeterone in multiple CRPC patient populations.
 
Galeterone acts by disrupting the androgen receptor signaling pathway, which is the primary pathway that drives prostate cancer growth. The pathway is ordinarily activated by the binding of male hormones, or androgens, such as testosterone and the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone, or DHT, to the ligand binding domain of androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells. Galeterone disrupts the activation of the pathway through multiple mechanisms of action:
 
 	•	 	inhibition of the enzyme CYP17, which blocks the synthesis of testosterone;	
 
 	•	 	androgen receptor antagonism, which blocks the binding of testosterone or DHT with the androgen receptor; and	
 
 	•	 	androgen receptor degradation, which reduces the amount of androgen receptor protein in the tumor cells.	
 
We believe that, in comparison to therapies that act solely through CYP17 inhibition or androgen receptor antagonism, galeterone’s unique combination of mechanisms of action may provide galeterone with advantages in efficacy in the treatment of CRPC and may reduce the risk of or delay the development of resistance to therapy and provide efficacy in patients with tumors resistant to other treatments.
 
The truncated androgen receptors for which we are developing galeterone are missing the end of the receptor that contains the ligand binding domain. We describe patients with these truncated androgen receptors as having C-terminal loss. An example of one such truncated androgen receptor with C-terminal loss is the splice variant AR-V7, which is the most prevalent of the splice variants that cause C-terminal loss. We plan to conduct our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in patients with AR-V7. In patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7, the lack of a functional ligand binding domain causes the truncated androgen receptor to be constitutively active, or continuously signaling, meaning that activation of the androgen receptor pathway and tumor growth occurs even in the absence of androgens and androgen binding. In clinical studies conducted by researchers at MD Anderson Cancer Center, or MD Anderson, and Johns Hopkins University, or Johns Hopkins, the presence in patients of truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss and AR-V7 was associated with poor responsiveness of patients’ prostate tumors to treatment with Zytiga (abiraterone acetate) and Xtandi (enzalutamide), two of the highest selling therapies for
 
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CRPC with aggregate reported worldwide 2013 sales of more than $2.1 billion. We believe that these studies indicate that there is a need for effective treatments for CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7.
 
We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone, which we refer to as our ARMOR3-Splice Variant, or SV, trial. In August 2014, we met with the FDA to discuss our plans for a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial to support initial new drug approval by the FDA. Based on these discussions, we expect that our ARMOR3-SV trial will be a randomized, open label clinical trial comparing galeterone to Xtandi in up to 170 metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the AR-V7 splice variant. The primary endpoint of the trial will be radiographic progression-free survival and the secondary endpoints of the trial will include reduction of PSA levels, overall survival and safety. We expect to commence the trial in the first half of 2015 and, subject to patient enrollment rates and the rates of disease progression in patients in the trial, to have top-line data from the trial by the end of 2016. We also plan to establish an independent data monitoring committee.
 
In addition to our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, we are conducting our ARMOR2 trial of galeterone for the treatment of multiple CRPC populations. Subject to the results of the ARMOR2 trial and to the availability of resources, we anticipate continuing the clinical development of galeterone in multiple CRPC populations, as well as in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. We have exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to galeterone.
 
In June 2012, the FDA designated galeterone for the treatment of CRPC for fast track review. The FDA may designate a product for fast track review if it is intended, whether alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and it demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such a disease or condition. For fast track products, sponsors may have more frequent interactions with the FDA, and the FDA may initiate review of sections of a fast track product’s new drug application, or NDA, on a rolling basis before the application is complete. In addition, sponsors may request and be granted priority review of their application.
 
According to the American Cancer Society, in the United States, prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men other than skin cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that, in the United States during 2014, approximately 233,000 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed, and approximately 29,000 men will die from the disease. Prostate cancer drugs represent a large and growing market. According to Decision Resources Group, an independent research firm, sales of prostate cancer drugs are expected to increase from $6.0 billion in 2013 to more than $9.0 billion in 2021, due to a growing aged population, a rising incidence of cancer and the introduction of new drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer. These new drugs include Zytiga and Xtandi, which are approved for the treatment of CRPC. Although Zytiga was only approved in 2011 and Xtandi in 2012, both of these drugs have experienced rapid sales growth, with reported worldwide 2013 sales of $1.7 billion for Zytiga and $445 million for Xtandi. Despite their success, the need for new treatment options remains as each of these drugs has treatment limitations in CRPC patients and may not be effective in CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7.
 
The growth and survival of prostate cancer tumor cells depend primarily on the functioning of the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Ordinarily, the pathway and tumor growth are activated by the binding of testosterone and DHT to the ligand binding domain of androgen receptors. As a result, therapies that block this binding can be effective in disrupting the pathway and tumor cell growth. Zytiga blocks this binding by reducing the synthesis of testosterone through the inhibition of the enzyme CYP17. Xtandi blocks the binding of testosterone or DHT with the androgen receptor through androgen receptor antagonism. However, the effectiveness of Zytiga, Xtandi and other therapies based solely on one of these mechanisms of action requires a functional ligand binding domain. In the case of prostate tumor cells that express truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7, there is no functional ligand binding domain, which causes the truncated androgen receptor to be constitutively active. As a result, we believe that patients with truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss may not be effectively treated by these therapies.
 
In contrast, galeterone disrupts the androgen receptor signaling pathway at multiple points by combining the mechanisms of action of CYP17 inhibition and androgen receptor antagonism with the mechanism of androgen
 
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receptor degradation. Unlike CYP17 inhibition and androgen receptor antagonism, androgen receptor degradation does not require a functional ligand binding domain to disrupt the activation of the pathway and tumor growth. As a result, we believe that, based on galeterone’s multiple mechanisms of action, data from a subset of patients in our ARMOR2 trial and data from preclinical studies conducted by us and independent laboratories, galeterone may have the ability to treat both patients with full-length androgen receptors and patients with C-terminal loss. To our knowledge, there are no approved drugs or drugs in clinical development, other than galeterone, that disrupt the androgen receptor signaling pathway through androgen receptor degradation.
 
Interim Clinical Trial Results. In May 2014, we announced interim data from our ARMOR2 trial at The American Society of Clinical Oncology 2014 Annual Meeting, or ASCO. The interim data included patients who had not previously undergone chemotherapy and had not received treatment with Zytiga or Xtandi, whom we refer to as CRPC treatment-naïve patients, and patients whose disease progressed during treatment with Zytiga, whom we refer to as Zytiga-refractory patients. We reported that, as of May 12, 2014, our cut-off date for our data presentation at ASCO, in 51 evaluable CRPC treatment-naïve patients, galeterone showed clinically meaningful reductions in levels of PSA. Specifically, we reported the following:
 
 	•	 	Non-metastatic and metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients at the selected Phase 2 dose of 2550 mg/day: During the first 12 weeks of dosing, 82% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%, and 75% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 50%.	
 
 	•	 	Metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients at the selected Phase 2 dose of 2550 mg/day: During the first 12 weeks of dosing, 85% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%, and 77% of patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 50%.	
 
We also reported 12-week data for 15 Zytiga-refractory patients, two of whom had a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%.
 
In addition, we presented data from a retrospective subset analysis in which four treatment-naïve CRPC patients in ARMOR2 were identified as having truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss. All four of these patients had maximal reductions in PSA levels of at least 50%. These data are consistent with galeterone’s mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation, which does not require a functional ligand binding domain.
 
We plan to announce additional interim data from our ARMOR2 trial in September 2014 at the European Society for Medical Oncology, or ESMO, 2014 Congress in Madrid, Spain. We believe these data are consistent with the efficacy and safety data that we reported at ASCO. Specifically, we expect to report, among other data, that as of August 15, 2014, our cut-off date for our data presentation at the ESMO 2014 Congress, seven treatment-naïve CRPC patients had been identified in the retrospective subset analysis as having truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss. Six of these patients had maximal reductions in PSA levels of at least 50%. The seventh patient, who did not show any PSA reduction, discontinued therapy due to an adverse event unrelated to galeterone after approximately six weeks in the trial and did not receive the full treatment regimen.
 
Advantages of Galeterone. Although Zytiga and Xtandi have improved survival of CRPC patients, they have limitations in terms of safety, dosing, patient compliance and the development of resistance. In addition, Zytiga and Xtandi may not be effective in treating CRPC patients with prostate tumors that express altered androgen receptors with C-terminal loss. As a result, there remains an unmet medical need for therapies that address populations that are resistant to therapy and will further improve overall survival while providing a more favorable risk benefit profile.
 
We believe that galeterone has advantages over Zytiga and Xtandi because of the following key differentiating attributes:
 
 	•	 	Potential for improved efficacy.    We believe that galeterone, which combines the mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation with the mechanisms of action of CYP17 inhibition and androgen receptor antagonism, may further improve progression-free survival and overall survival beyond that of products that depend on only a single mechanism of action.	
 
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 	•	 	Potential for lower risk of resistance.    We believe that galeterone may reduce the risk of or delay the development of resistance to therapy because galeterone addresses multiple mechanisms of action simultaneously.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for broad utility in prostate cancer.    We believe that galeterone may be well suited to treat different prostate cancer patient populations, from early-stage prostate cancer patients to end-stage salvage metastatic CRPC patients, because of its efficacy, safety and tolerability.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for efficacy in CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7.    Because galeterone’s distinct mechanism of androgen receptor degradation does not require an intact ligand binding domain for efficacy, we believe galeterone may be effective in prostate cancer tumors that express altered androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7. In contrast, the mechanisms of action of Zytiga and Xtandi and other similar drugs in development all require the presence of a functional ligand binding domain in order to be effective.	
 
 	•	 	Favorable safety profile.    We have administered galeterone to over 250 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In these trials, galeterone demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile.	
 
 	•	 	No requirement for steroids.    Zytiga must be co-administered with the steroid prednisone to minimize the risk of mineralocorticoid excess, a potentially fatal syndrome characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, fluid retention and edema. Unlike Zytiga, galeterone has not been shown in clinical trials to cause mineralocorticoid excess and, as a result, does not require co-administration of steroids.	
 
 	•	 	No associated seizure risk.    Xtandi has shown a risk of grand mal seizures in clinical trials. Unlike Xtandi, galeterone is not in a class of therapeutics that has shown a risk of seizures. We have not had any reports of seizures in clinical trials of galeterone.	
 
 	•	 	Ease of dosing.    Galeterone is dosed orally once per day, does not require the co-administration of steroids and can be taken with or without food. We believe that this convenient dosing regimen will enhance patient compliance. In contrast, Zytiga must be taken in a fasted state to avoid large increases in absorption, which may cause side effects. Zytiga must also be co-administered with steroids. The steroid co-administered with Zytiga must be taken with food, resulting in a staggered dosing regimen of pills three times per day.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for use as part of combination therapy.    We believe that galeterone may prove to be well suited for use in combination with other therapies used across all patient populations of prostate cancer because of its favorable safety profile, ease of administration and highly selective, multiple mechanisms of action.	
 
Our Strategy
 
Our goal is to become a leading biopharmaceutical company that develops and commercializes products for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases. Our strategy includes the following components:
 
 	•	 	Complete the clinical development of and seek marketing approval for galeterone for the treatment of CRPC patients with prostate cancer tumors that express the AR-V7 splice variant.     Based on discussions with the FDA, we expect that our ARMOR3-SV trial will be a randomized, open label clinical trial comparing galeterone to Xtandi in up to 170 metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the AR-V7 splice variant. We expect to commence the trial in the first half of 2015 and, subject to patient enrollment rates and the rates of disease progression in patients in the trial, to have top-line data from the trial by the end of 2016.	
 
 	•	 	Develop galeterone for other prostate cancer indications and patient populations.    Although we are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of patients with CRPC whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor, we are conducting our ARMOR2 trial of galeterone for	
 
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 	the treatment of multiple CRPC patient populations. Subject to the results of the ARMOR2 trial and to the availability of resources, we anticipate continuing the clinical development of galeterone in multiple CRPC populations, as well as in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. We also plan to develop galeterone for the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies and novel targeted agents.	
 
 	•	 	Explore the use of galeterone for other hormonally-driven diseases.    We plan to explore the use of galeterone for the treatment of other hormonally-driven diseases that are associated with the androgen receptor signaling pathway.	
 
 	•	 	Maximize the commercial potential of galeterone.    We have worldwide development and commercialization rights to galeterone. If galeterone is approved in the United States, we intend to build a urology- and oncology-focused specialty sales organization in the United States to support the commercialization of galeterone. We intend to commercialize galeterone outside the United States through collaborations with third parties.	
 
 	•	 	Advance the development of our platform of androgen receptor degradation agents.    We plan to identify and develop novel compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation under an exclusive license from the University of Maryland, Baltimore, or UMB. We believe that such compounds may have utility as monotherapies or in combination with existing therapies in treating patients with androgen receptor signaling diseases, including prostate cancer patients with primary or acquired resistance to existing therapies.	
 
The Treatment of Prostate Cancer
 
Prostate Cancer Overview
 
According to the American Cancer Society, in the United States, prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men other than skin cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that, in the United States during 2014, approximately 233,000 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed, and approximately 29,000 men will die from the disease. Overall, in the United States, about one in seven men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime, and about one in 36 men will die from the disease.
 
Prostate cancer is most frequently diagnosed at an early stage, when it is confined to the prostate gland and its immediate surroundings. Advances in screening and diagnosis, including the widespread use of PSA screening, have allowed detection of the disease in its early stages in approximately 85% of all cases diagnosed in the United States. Patients with early-stage disease are typically treated with surgery or radiation therapy, or in limited circumstances, with both. For the majority of men, these procedures are successful in curing the disease. However, for others, these procedures are not curative and their prostate cancer ultimately recurs. Men with recurrent prostate cancer are considered to have advanced prostate cancer. In addition, about 15% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Men with metastatic disease are also considered to have advanced prostate cancer. Men with advanced prostate cancer are most often treated with drug therapy. Decision Resources Group estimates that approximately 310,000 men in the United States currently have advanced prostate cancer and are eligible for treatment with drug therapy.
 
Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer
 
The growth and survival of prostate cancer tumor cells depend primarily on the functioning of the androgen receptor signaling pathway. The pathway is ordinarily activated by the binding of androgens, such as testosterone and DHT, to the ligand binding domain of androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells. Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes, adrenal glands and, to a lesser extent, in prostate cancer tumor cells. DHT is a product of enzymatic conversion of testosterone. Once binding has occurred, the bound androgen/androgen receptor complex passes into the nucleus of the tumor cell where it binds to DNA in the cancer cell, triggering abnormal cell growth and tumor progression.
 
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Because testosterone fuels prostate cancer growth, first-line therapy for advanced prostate cancer typically entails androgen deprivation therapy, or ADT, with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, or LHRH, analogs such as the drug Lupron (leuprolide). ADT reduces testosterone to levels that are commensurate with the levels of a male who has had surgical castration to minimize the testosterone that would otherwise fuel prostate cancer growth. Early-stage patients who receive and respond to this treatment are considered to have hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. ADT has been the principal option for the initial treatment of advanced prostate cancer for more than 50 years.
 
Most advanced prostate cancer patients initially respond to ADT. However, after initiation of ADT, almost all advanced prostate cancer patients experience a recurrence in tumor growth despite the reduction of testosterone to castrate levels. These patients are considered to be “castration resistant,” and cancer that has reached this state is considered to be CRPC. The development of CRPC following initiation of ADT is due in part to tumor cells that have adapted to the hormone-deprived environment of the prostate and is generally diagnosed based on either rising levels of PSA or disease progression as evidenced by imaging tests or clinical symptoms. Decision Resources Group estimates that approximately 180,000 men in the United States currently have CRPC and are eligible for treatment with drug therapy. Patients treated with LHRH analogs typically remain on those drugs for the remainder of their lives in order to maintain castrate levels of testosterone.
 
During the course of ADT or following diagnosis of CRPC, most patients are treated with anti-androgens, which block the binding of androgens to the androgen receptor. An example of an anti-androgen marketed in the United States is the drug Casodex (bicalutamide). Like LHRH analogs, the anti-androgens suppress tumor growth for a period of time in many CRPC patients. However, almost all CRPC patients develop resistance to anti-androgen therapy. Unlike LHRH analogs, however, patients do not typically remain on these drugs because these drugs have been shown to cause tumor growth once the cancer becomes resistant to the treatment. We refer to initial hormonal treatments like LHRH analogs and Casodex as primary hormonal treatments.
 
Patients with CRPC may have metastatic or non-metastatic disease. Metastatic cancer is cancer that has spread from the organ of origin to one or more locations in the body. Approximately 90% of CRPC patients have radiologic evidence of metastases in the bone, which can cause pain, bone fracture, decreased quality of life and death. Approximately 30% of patients will develop metastases to solid organs, which can cause pain, decreased quality of life and potentially death. Metastases in the organs are referred to as visceral metastases. The liver and the lungs are the most common sites of visceral metastases.
 
Prior to 2010, the next line of treatment for patients who became resistant to primary hormonal treatment with LHRH analogs and anti-androgens was chemotherapy. At that time, the chemotherapy drug Taxotere (docetaxel) was the primary FDA-approved treatment used for CRPC patients who were resistant to primary hormonal treatments, and there were no effective FDA-approved treatments for CRPC patients following chemotherapy. Since 2010, the FDA has approved five new agents for the treatment of patients with CRPC. These new treatments have provided patients with alternatives to chemotherapy and have resulted in differentiation of disease stages and new patient populations for which treatments can be developed.
 
Of these new agents, the two with the highest worldwide sales in 2013 were Zytiga and Xtandi. Zytiga was reported to have worldwide 2013 sales of $1.7 billion, and Xtandi was reported to have worldwide 2013 sales of $445 million. Zytiga and Xtandi are members of a class of new drugs that act by disrupting the androgen receptor signaling pathway. We refer to this class of drugs as secondary hormonal treatments.
 
Zytiga is an oral secondary hormonal treatment approved by the FDA in April 2011 for use in combination with prednisone to treat men with post-chemotherapy metastatic CRPC. In December 2012, the FDA expanded the approval of Zytiga in combination with prednisone to include treatment of pre-chemotherapy metastatic CRPC patients. Zytiga disrupts the androgen receptor signaling pathway by inhibiting CYP17 and reducing production of testosterone in the testes, adrenal glands and prostate cancer tumor cells.
 
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Xtandi is an oral secondary hormonal treatment approved by the FDA in August 2012 to treat men with post-chemotherapy metastatic CRPC. In March 2014, a supplemental new drug application was submitted to the FDA seeking to expand the label for Xtandi to include treatment of pre-chemotherapy metastatic CRPC patients. Xtandi is an androgen receptor antagonist that disrupts the androgen receptor signaling pathway by blocking the binding of testosterone or the androgen DHT with the androgen receptor.
 
Other new agents include Jevtana (cabazitaxel), a chemotherapeutic agent for use in combination with prednisone to treat men with metastatic CRPC following first-line chemotherapy, Provenge (sipuleucel-T), a prostate cancer immunotherapy to treat men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic CRPC, whether pre-chemotherapy or post-chemotherapy, and Xofigo (radium-223), a bone targeting radiopharmaceutical for the treatment of CRPC patients with symptomatic bone metastases and no visceral metastases that are detectable upon imaging.
 
Prior to the approval of the new agents, patients had no effective treatment alternatives following chemotherapy. Each of the new agents, however, has been approved for use following first-line chemotherapy. Patients who have undergone chemotherapy treatment and treatment with Zytiga or Xtandi and whose disease has progressed are referred to as salvage patients. There are only limited treatment options for salvage patients.
 
The treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer varies depending on the status of the disease, including whether it is metastatic, and depending on the prior treatments that patients have undergone. Figure 1 below identifies the various patient populations within advanced prostate cancer and the treatments that are approved by the FDA for these populations.
 
Figure 1: Summary of FDA Approved Treatments for Advanced Prostate Cancer Populations

 
In addition to Zytiga and Xtandi, we are aware of a number of additional therapies that are in late stage clinical trials for prostate cancer, including additional secondary hormonal treatment candidates, which are designed to act by the same mechanisms of action of Zytiga and Xtandi.
 
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Despite the new therapies, including Zytiga and Xtandi and the additional secondary hormonal treatment candidates, we believe that there continues to be an unmet need as there are patient populations that are not effectively addressed by these therapies, such as CRPC patients with C-terminal loss. Zytiga and Xtandi also have treatment limitations, including efficacy limitations, risk of resistance, risks associated with the co-administration of prednisone with Zytiga, a potential seizure risk observed with Xtandi and a complicated dosing regimen for Zytiga that may limit the ability to use it in combination therapies.
 
Unmet Need in Prostate Cancer Patients with C-Terminal Loss
 
The growth and survival of prostate cancer tumor cells depend primarily on the functioning of the androgen receptor signaling pathway. The pathway and tumor cell growth is ordinarily activated by the binding of androgens, such as testosterone and DHT, to the ligand binding domain of androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells. All proteins, including androgen receptors, are made up of a chain of amino acids that has an N-terminus at one end of the chain and a C-terminus at the other end of the chain as shown in the full-length androgen receptor depicted in Figure 2 below. In the case of androgen receptors, the C-terminus contains the ligand binding domain. The effectiveness of therapies like Zytiga and Xtandi, which act solely through CYP17 inhibition or androgen receptor antagonism, requires a functional ligand binding domain. As depicted in Figure 2 below, in the case of prostate tumor cells that express truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, there is no functional ligand binding domain. This lack of a functional ligand binding domain causes the truncated androgen receptor to be constitutively active, or continuously signaling, meaning that activation of the androgen receptor pathway and tumor growth occurs even in the absence of androgens and androgen binding. As a result, we believe that patients with truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss may not be effectively treated by these therapies.
 
Figure 2: Full-Length Androgen Receptor and Androgen Receptor with C-Terminal Loss

 
These limitations of CYP17 inhibitors and androgen receptor antagonists have been supported by recent research from MD Anderson and Johns Hopkins, in which the presence of C-terminal loss and AR-V7 in patients was associated with poor responsiveness of patients’ prostate tumors to Zytiga and Xtandi.
 
MD Anderson. At ASCO, researchers from MD Anderson presented data from a clinical study in which 60 CRPC patients with bone metastases were treated with a sequential combination regimen of Zytiga and Xtandi. In the study, the researchers defined primary resistance as discontinuation of therapy due to symptomatic and/or imaging evidence of disease progression within four months of initiating treatment and benefit as discontinuation of therapy due to symptomatic and/or imaging evidence of disease progression at least four months after initiating treatment. In a subset of 15 patients who were evaluable for C-terminal loss, four patients were identified as having C-terminal loss, including two who were identified as having AR-V7. In this study, the researchers used antibody-based assays to identify the presence of C-terminal loss and AR-V7. All four, or 100%, of these patients showed primary resistance. Of the 11 patients in the subset that did not have C-terminal loss or AR-V7, nine patients, or 82%, showed benefit. These data are set forth in Table 1 below.
 
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Table 1: Summary of MD Anderson C-Terminal Loss and AR-V7 Findings (ASCO)

 	  	N	  	Primary
Resistance	  	Benefit	
AR-V7 positive	  	2	  	100% (2/2)	  	  0% (0/2)	
C-terminal loss (excluding AR-V7)	  	2	  	100% (2/2)	  	  0% (0/2)	
Negative for AR-V7 and C-terminal loss	  	11	  	18% (2/11)	  	82% (9/11)	
 
In addition, researchers from MD Anderson presented the results of a second study in an article in European Urology accepted for publication in May 2014. In the study, the researchers evaluated bone biopsy specimens from CRPC patients with bone metastases that had been treated with Xtandi to evaluate the effects of Xtandi on cancer and to associate these effects with clinical observations. In the study, the researchers defined resistance and benefit as follows:
 
 	•	 	primary resistance, as discontinuation of therapy due to symptomatic and/or imaging evidence of disease progression within four months of initiating Xtandi treatment;	
 
 	•	 	moderate benefit, as discontinuation of therapy due to symptomatic and/or imaging evidence of disease progression within four to six months of initiating Xtandi treatment; and	
 
 	•	 	prolonged benefit, as discontinuation of therapy due to symptomatic and/or imaging evidence of disease progression at least six months after initiating Xtandi treatment.	
 
The researchers evaluated a population of 23 patients who had two evaluable biopsies for AR-V7. As shown in Table 2 below, based on identification of AR-V7 at baseline, 86% of the patients with AR-V7 showed primary resistance, and 38% of the patients that did not have AR-V7 showed primary resistance.
 
Table 2: Summary of MD Anderson AR-V7 Baseline (European Urology)

Outcome	  	N	  	Primary
Resistance	  	Moderate
Benefit	  	Prolonged
Benefit	
AR-V7 positive	  	7	  	86% (6/7)	  	14% (1/7)	  	0% (0/7)	
AR-V7 negative	  	16	  	38% (6/16)	  	31% (5/16)	  	31% (5/16)	
 
Johns Hopkins. In a clinical trial conducted by Johns Hopkins, researchers prospectively evaluated the effect of AR-V7 in patients with metastatic CRPC on tumor responsiveness to treatment with Xtandi and Zytiga. In the trial, 31 patients received Xtandi, and 31 patients received Zytiga. In the trial, the presence of AR-V7 was determined by an analysis of circulating tumor cells isolated from the patient’s blood. In the Xtandi-treated group, 12 of the 31 patients were identified as having AR-V7. None of these 12 patients with AR-V7 achieved the trial’s primary endpoint of maximal PSA reduction of at least 50%. Eleven of the 12 patients with AR-V7 did not achieve any PSA reduction. Ten of the 19 patients who did not have AR-V7 achieved a maximal PSA reduction of at least 50%. In addition, the median radiographic progression-free survival of the patients with AR-V7 was 2.1 months, compared to 6.1 months in the patients without AR-V7. The differences between the AR-V7 and non-AR-V7 groups in terms of the number of patients achieving a maximal PSA reduction of 50% and the improvement in median radiographic progression-free survival were statistically significant.
 
In the Zytiga-treated group, six of the 31 patients were identified as having AR-V7. None of the six patients with AR-V7 achieved any PSA reduction during treatment. Seventeen of the 25 patients who did not have AR-V7 achieved a maximal PSA reduction of at least 50%. The median radiographic progression-free survival of the patients with AR-V7 was 2.3 months and had not yet been reached in the patients without AR-V7. The differences between the AR-V7 and non-AR-V7 groups in terms of the number of patients achieving a maximal PSA reduction of 50% and the improvement in median radiographic progression-free survival were statistically significant.
 
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The data from the Johns Hopkins trial are summarized in Table 3 below.
 
Table 3: Summary of Johns Hopkins Data

  	    	 	 	  	 	    	Results	 	
Treatment	    	N	 	  	AR-V7+	    	AR-V7 Status	    	PSA50	 	P-value*	    	rPFS	    	P-value*	 	
Xtandi	    	 	31	  	  	38% (12/31)	    	+	    	0%	 	0.004	    	2.1 months	    	<0.001	 	
 	    	 	 	 	  	 	    	-	    	52%	 	 	    	6.1 months	    	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Zytiga	    	 	31	  	  	19% (6/31)	    	+	    	0%	 	0.004	    	2.3 months	    	<0.001	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	    	 	 	 	  	 	    	-	    	68%	 	 	    	Not Reached	    	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
*	 	Results are considered statistically significant if they have a p-value of 0.05 or less, meaning that there is less than a one-in-20 likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance.	
 
The Johns Hopkins researchers also reported the prevalence of AR-V7 in different patient groups participating in the trial based on the prior treatment the patient had received. Table 4 below sets out the percentage of patients in each prior treatment group who had AR-V7.
 
Table 4: Prevalence of AR-V7 in CRPC in the Johns Hopkins Trial

Treatment Status Prior to Entry Into Johns Hopkins Trial	  	Percentage of Patients in
Pre-Treatment Group who had  AR-V7	 	
Pre-enzalutamide and pre-abiraterone acetate	  	 	11.6	% 	
Post-enzalutamide only	  	 	25.0	% 	
Post-abiraterone acetate only	  	 	51.2	% 	
Post-enzalutamide and post-abiraterone acetate	  	 	66.7	% 	
 
Based on these data, we believe that treatment with Xtandi and Zytiga may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of AR-V7, causing cross-resistance to sequential therapy and leaving patients who are treated with either Xtandi or Zytiga with no currently available secondary hormonal treatment options. By contrast, we believe galeterone has the potential to reduce the prevalence of AR-V7 through its mechanism of androgen receptor degradation.
 
Galeterone
 
Overview
 
Our lead product candidate, galeterone, is a highly selective, multi-targeted, oral small molecule drug candidate that, like Zytiga and Xtandi, acts by disrupting the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Zytiga and Xtandi each disrupt the pathway at a single point using a single mechanism of action. In contrast, galeterone disrupts the pathway at multiple points by combining the mechanisms of action of Zytiga (CYP17 inhibition) and Xtandi (androgen receptor antagonism) with the additional mechanism of androgen receptor degradation. Unlike CYP17 inhibition and androgen receptor antagonism, the mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation does not require a functional ligand binding domain. We believe that there are no approved drugs or drugs in clinical trials, other than galeterone, with the mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation. We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone and expect to initiate the trial in the first half of 2015.
 
In addition to our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, we are conducting our ARMOR2 trial of galeterone for the treatment of multiple CRPC populations. Subject to the results of the ARMOR2 trial and to the availability of resources, we anticipate continuing the clinical development of galeterone in multiple CRPC populations, as well as in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. We have exclusive worldwide development and commercialization rights to galeterone.
 
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Our initial development strategy for galeterone focusing on the treatment of patients with CRPC whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor that is truncated is consistent with the increasing focus in drug development of precision medicine therapies for the treatment of cancers caused by genetic and other alterations. We are not aware of any precision medicine therapies in clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer that are targeting C-terminal loss splice variants other than galeterone.
 
Key Differentiating Attributes of Galeterone
 
Based on preclinical and clinical data, we believe that galeterone has advantages over Zytiga and Xtandi because of the following key differentiating attributes:
 
 	•	 	Potential for improved efficacy.    We believe that galeterone, which combines the mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation with the mechanisms of action of Zytiga (CYP17 inhibition) and Xtandi (androgen receptor antagonism), may further improve progression-free survival and overall survival beyond that of products that depend on only a single mechanism of action. At ASCO, we reported efficacy data from a total of 115 CRPC patients in our ARMOR1 and our ARMOR2 trials across a number of dose levels that showed meaningful reductions in maximal PSA in patients in the trials.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for lower risk of resistance.    We believe that galeterone may reduce the risk of or delay the development of resistance to therapy because galeterone addresses multiple mechanisms of action simultaneously. We believe that reducing resistance may delay the development of disease progression.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for broad utility in prostate cancer.    We believe that galeterone may be well suited to treat different prostate cancer patient populations, from early-stage prostate cancer patients to end-stage salvage metastatic CRPC patients, because of its efficacy, safety and tolerability.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for efficacy in CRPC patients with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7.    Because galeterone’s distinct mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation does not require an intact ligand binding domain to be effective against prostate cancer tumors, we believe galeterone may be effective in prostate cancer tumors that express altered androgen receptors with C-terminal loss, including AR-V7. In contrast, the mechanisms of action of Zytiga and Xtandi and other similar drugs in development all require the presence of the ligand binding domain in order to be effective.	
 
 	•	 	Favorable safety profile.    We have administered galeterone to over 250 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In these trials, galeterone demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile. In our ARMOR2 trial, approximately 90% of all treatment-emergent adverse events reported as of August 15, 2014 were grade 1 or 2 in severity and were generally manageable and reversible.	
 
 	•	 	No requirements for steroids.    Unlike Zytiga, galeterone has not been shown in clinical trials to cause mineralocorticoid excess and does not require co-administration of steroids. Because Zytiga has been shown in clinical trials to cause mineralocorticoid excess, a potentially fatal syndrome characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, fluid retention and edema, Zytiga is required to be administered with prednisone to reduce the frequency of patients exhibiting mineralocorticoid excess. Despite the co-administration of prednisone, however, approximately 30% of patients treated with Zytiga in a pivotal Phase 3 trial developed symptoms of mineralocorticoid excess. In addition, the chronic use of prednisone poses other safety concerns. Side effects associated with chronic use of prednisone include muscle weakness, osteoporosis, diabetes and increased risk of infection.	
 
 	•	 	No associated seizure risk.    Unlike Xtandi, we have not had any reports of seizures in clinical trials of galeterone. A 0.9% risk of grand mal seizures was reported in the Xtandi pivotal Phase 3 trial in post-chemotherapy CRPC patients. These seizures have been linked to the inhibition or antagonism by Xtandi of GABA A , a receptor associated with the nervous system. Galeterone is not a GABA A  antagonist.	
 
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 	•	 	Ease of dosing.    Unlike the complicated dosing regimen for Zytiga, galeterone is dosed orally once per day, does not require the co-administration of steroids and can be taken with or without food. We believe that this convenient dosing regimen will enhance patient compliance. In contrast, Zytiga must be taken in a fasted state to avoid large increases in absorption, which may cause side effects. Zytiga also must be co-administered with steroids. Prednisone, the steroid co-administered with Zytiga, must be taken with food in order to avoid potential development of gastric ulcers. As a result, Zytiga and prednisone cannot be taken together and dosing must be carefully coordinated with food intake, resulting in a staggered dosing regimen of pills three times per day.	
 
 	•	 	Potential for use as part of combination therapy.    Combination therapy using drugs with different mechanisms of action has been an important component of cancer treatment. Combination therapy makes it possible to simultaneously attack different mechanisms responsible for the replication, progression and survival of tumor cells. This is important because of the genetic diversity within a tumor population and because not all cells are equally sensitive to a particular mechanism of action or drug. Because of galeterone’s multiple mechanisms of action, galeterone acts as if it were a combination therapy. Moreover, because of galeterone’s favorable safety profile, ease of administration and highly selective, multiple mechanisms of action, we believe that it may prove to be well suited for use in combination with other therapies.	
 
Galeterone Clinical Development
 
In August 2009, we submitted an investigational new drug application, or IND, to the FDA for galeterone for the treatment of CRPC, and in November 2009, we commenced clinical trials of galeterone. As of August 15, 2014, our cut-off date for our data presentation at the ESMO 2014 Congress, we had administered galeterone to a total of 254 prostate cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. In the Androgen Receptor Modulation Optimized for Response, or ARMOR, program, we had treated 121 CRPC patients in our ongoing ARMOR2 trial and 49 CRPC patients in our ARMOR1 trial. In four additional Phase 1 clinical trials, we also administered galeterone to 84 healthy volunteers.
 
ARMOR2 Trial
 
In December 2012, we initiated our ARMOR2 trial, an open label Phase 2 clinical trial of galeterone. The trial is designed as a two-part trial. Part 1 of the trial is a dose escalation phase designed to confirm the dose of galeterone to be evaluated in Part 2 of the trial. Part 2 of the trial is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of galeterone at the dose selected in Part 1 in distinct CRPC patient populations. The trial is being conducted at 28 sites in the United States and Canada. In addition, galeterone had been well tolerated and had shown clinically meaningful reductions in levels of PSA.
 
The primary efficacy endpoints of our ARMOR2 trial are based on a decrease in PSA levels. In setting the primary endpoints of the trial, we considered the standard, accepted use of monitoring PSA levels to determine if a patient’s prostate cancer is responding to therapy as well as the use of reductions in PSA levels as a key efficacy endpoint in Phase 2 clinical trials of other prostate cancer agents, as set forth in guidelines developed by the Prostate Cancer Working Group 2, or PCWG2. PCWG2 is an international group of prostate cancer investigators who published guidelines for the design and evaluation of prostate cancer trials.
 
Part 1 of ARMOR2 Trial. In Part 1 of the trial, we enrolled 25 CRPC treatment-naïve patients with progressive disease and three patients whose disease progressed during treatment with Zytiga, whom we refer to as Zytiga-refractory patients. The CRPC treatment-naïve patients were enrolled in one of three escalating dose cohorts: 1700 mg/day, 2550 mg/day or 3400 mg/day. The Zytiga-refractory patients all received doses of 2550 mg/day. All patients in Part 1 of the trial received treatment for up to an initial period of 12 weeks followed by optional continued dosing for those patients who tolerated treatment and did not show signs of disease progression. Treatment was continued until disease progression or patient withdrawal due to adverse events or other reasons.
 
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At least 50% of patients at all dose levels achieved a 30% or greater decrease in PSA. Based on the recommendation of the monitoring committee for the trial following review of safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic results of the three dose groups, we chose the 2550 mg/day dose for further study in Part 2 of the ARMOR2 trial.
 
Part 2 of ARMOR2 Trial. The protocol for Part 2 of the trial provides for a 2550 mg/day dose of galeterone to be evaluated in a total of up to 108 patients in the following advanced prostate cancer populations:
 
 	•	 	non-metastatic and metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients in a combined cohort of up to 48 patients;	
 
 	•	 	patients whose disease progressed during treatment with Zytiga, whom we refer to as Zytiga-refractory patients, in a cohort of up to 30 patients; and	
 
 	•	 	patients whose disease progressed during treatment with Xtandi, whom we refer to as Xtandi-refractory patients, in a cohort of up to 30 patients.	
 
Table 5 below summarizes the patient populations and primary endpoints for Part 2 of the ARMOR2 trial:
 
Table 5: Patient Populations and Primary Endpoints for Part 2 of the ARMOR2 Trial

Patient Population	 	Number of
Patients	  	Primary Endpoint	 	
 	 	 	 	
Non-metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients	 	Up to 48	  	Percentage of patients with a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30% from baseline to the end of the primary treatment phase	 	
Metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients

Zytiga-refractory patients	 	Up to 30	  	Percentage of change in PSA levels from baseline to the end of the primary treatment phase	 	
Xtandi-refractory patients
 	 	Up to 30

Additional endpoints include incidence of adverse events, change from baseline in safety parameters, response rate and circulating tumor cell, or CTC, enumeration and characterization, including for the evaluation of C-terminal androgen receptor expression in relation to N-terminal androgen receptor expression to identify C-terminal loss and the lack of a functional ligand binding domain.
 
As of August 15, 2014, we had enrolled 93 patients in Part 2 of the trial. All patients in Part 2 of the trial receive treatment for an initial period of 12 weeks followed by optional continued dosing for those patients who tolerated treatment and did not show signs of disease progression. Treatment will be continued until disease progression or patient withdrawal due to adverse events or other reasons.
 
Clinical Data Presented at ASCO. In May 2014 at ASCO, we presented interim efficacy and safety data from our ARMOR2 trial for patients who received the 2550 mg/day dose of galeterone. In 51 evaluable CRPC treatment-naïve patients in Part 1 and Part 2 of the trial who received the 2550 mg/day dose of galeterone, during the first 12 weeks of dosing, 82% had a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%, and 75% had a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 50%, as described in Figure 3 below.
 
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Figure 3: ARMOR2: Maximal PSA Response Waterfall Plot in All Pre-Chemotherapy CRPC Treatment-Naïve Patients (n=51) (2550 mg dose)

 
In 39 metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients who received the 2550 mg/day dose, during the first 12 weeks of dosing, 85% had a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%, and 77% had a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 50%, as described in Figure 4 below.
 
Figure 4: ARMOR2: Maximal PSA Response Waterfall Plot in Pre-Chemotherapy Metastatic CRPC Treatment-Naïve Patients Treated (n=39) (2550 mg dose)

 
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We also reported 12-week data for 15 Zytiga-refractory patients, two of whom had a maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%. Of the eight Zytiga-refractory patients evaluable by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, or RECIST, five patients had stable disease and three patients had progressive disease as measured by CT/MRI scans by modified RECIST criteria and as measured by bone scans by PCWG2 guidelines. As measured by RECIST criteria, stable disease is achieved when the tumor has not increased in size by 20% and has not decreased by 30%, a partial response occurs when the tumor has decreased in size by at least 30%, and progressive disease occurs when the tumor has increased in size by at least 20% or new tumor lesions are identified.
 
Our ARMOR2 trial included CTC enumeration and characterization. At ASCO, we presented data from a retrospective subset analysis in which four treatment-naïve CRPC patients in ARMOR2 were identified as having C-terminal loss as determined by the evaluation of C-terminal androgen receptor expression in relation to N-terminal androgen receptor expression. All four of these patients had maximal reductions in PSA levels of at least 50%. We believe that these data support our view that androgen receptor degradation may be active in patients without an intact ligand binding domain and are consistent with our preclinical studies of galeterone.
 
At ASCO, we also presented interim safety results from all 87 patients treated as of May 12, 2014 in ARMOR2. In these patients, galeterone was well tolerated. Approximately 90% of all treatment-emergent adverse events reported were grade 1 or 2 in severity and were generally manageable and reversible. The majority of these events were assessed as not related or unlikely related to galeterone. In addition, there were no reported cases of seizure or mineralocorticoid excess. The most common adverse events were nausea, decreased appetite, fatigue, diarrhea, pruritus and increased aminotransferase indicating elevated liver enzyme levels. Six of these patients (7%) experienced a grade 3 or grade 4 treatment-emergent increase in aminotransferase indicating elevated liver enzyme levels. These events were asymptomatic, transient and all six of these patients recovered following temporary drug withdrawal. Four of the six patients have been re-challenged at a reduced dose level with none showing a recurrence of a grade 3 or higher adverse event. There were three unexpected serious adverse events in the trial that were assessed by the investigators as possibly related to treatment with galeterone. These treatment-related serious adverse events involved a case of angioedema in a patient who was taking a medication associated with angioedema, an episode of dizziness and fainting in a patient with a history of nausea, diabetes and hypertension who had discontinued treatment with galeterone four days prior to the episode, and acase of hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism in a patient with a history of hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism. Under the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events established by the National Cancer Institutes, adverse events are reported by grade. Grades 1 or 2 indicate mild to moderate adverse events, grade 3 indicates a severe but not life threatening event with required hospitalization, grade 4 indicates that the event is life threatening and a grade 5 event is death.
 
Clinical Data to be Presented at ESMO 2014 Congress. We plan to announce additional interim data from our ARMOR2 trial in September 2014 at the ESMO 2014 Congress. We believe that these data are consistent with the efficacy and safety data that we reported at ASCO. Specifically, we expect to report, among other data, the following data collected as of August 15, 2014:
 
 	•	 	C-terminal Loss. Seven treatment-naïve CRPC patients had been identified in the retrospective subset analysis as having truncated androgen receptors with C-terminal loss. Six of these patients had maximal reductions in PSA levels of at least 50%. The seventh patient, who did not show any PSA reduction, discontinued therapy due to an adverse event unrelated to galeterone after approximately six weeks in the trial and did not receive the full treatment regimen.	
 
 	•	 	Non-metastatic and metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients at the selected Phase 2 dose of 2550 mg/day. During the first 12 weeks of dosing, 83% of the 60 patients in this treatment group showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 30%, and 70% of these patients showed maximal reduction in PSA levels of at least 50%.	
 
 	•	 	Safety. In 107 patients treated in our ARMOR2 trial, galeterone was well tolerated.	
 
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Reformulation of Galeterone
 
The ARMOR2 trial uses a proprietary spray dried dispersion formulation of galeterone in tablet form that we developed after we completed the ARMOR1 trial. Spray dried dispersion is a manufacturing technology used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve dissolution rates and enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds such as galeterone. During the spray dried dispersion manufacturing process, galeterone and an inert polymer are dissolved in organic solvents and spray dried to produce solid dispersion powder, which is then tableted. The final drug product is an oral tablet.
 
We developed the tableted spray dried dispersion formulation as a result of findings of exposure variability due to a pronounced food effect with the original drug product used in the ARMOR1 trial. The original formulation was micronized active pharmaceutical ingredient in capsule, which we refer to as the PIC formulation. The spray dried dispersion formulation minimizes the food effect, decreases the exposure variability and increases the exposure levels. We anticipate using our tableted spray dried dispersion formulation in all subsequent clinical trials for galeterone and, if approved for marketing, commercial sales of galeterone.
 
ARMOR1 Trial
 
In November 2009, we initiated our ARMOR1 trial, an open label, dose escalation Phase 1 clinical trial of galeterone. We conducted the ARMOR1 trial in 49 CRPC patients at eight sites in the United States using our prior PIC formulation of galeterone. The trial enrolled metastatic and non-metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients.
 
Patients were enrolled in the trial in eight cohorts based on dose level and dosing schedule. Escalating doses of galeterone were administered from 650 mg/day through 2600 mg/day as a single daily dose or a split dose twice daily. The monitoring committee for the trial reviewed all safety data prior to escalation. Galeterone was taken with a patient choice of meal or with a food supplement. Patients received treatment for an initial period of 12 weeks followed by optional continued dosing for those patients who tolerated treatment and did not show signs of disease progression. Treatment was continued until disease progression or patient withdrawal due to adverse events or other reasons.
 
The trial was designed as a dose finding trial. The primary endpoints for the trial were to assess incidence of adverse events and change from baseline in safety parameters. Secondary endpoints included the percentage of patients with a 50% or greater decrease in PSA during the period from baseline to the earlier of the end of the 12-week treatment period or PSA nadir and changes in disease status from baseline in CT/MRI scans and bone scans over the 12-week treatment period.
 
A total of 49 patients were enrolled in ARMOR1, of whom 37 patients completed the 12-week treatment period, and 22 patients entered the extension phase of the trial. Of the 12 patients who did not complete the 12-week treatment period, five discontinued treatment due to disease progression, five discontinued treatment due to adverse events and two voluntarily withdrew from the trial.
 
Safety. Galeterone was well tolerated in the trial. Patients in the trial, as a group, were dosed with galeterone, in the aggregate, for approximately 8,000 days, with individual patients receiving galeterone for up to 20 months. Approximately 90% of treatment-emergent adverse events reported for the first 12 weeks of treatment were grade 1 or grade 2 in severity and were generally manageable and reversible. The majority were assessed as not related or unlikely related to galeterone. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events reported for the first 12 weeks of treatment were fatigue, increased aminotransferase, nausea, diarrhea and pruritus. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was comparable between cohorts and was not dose related. A total of eight patients (or 16%) experienced a grade 3 treatment-emergent increase in aminotransferase indicating elevated liver enzyme levels. These events were asymptomatic and transient. Of the eight patients, two patients voluntarily withdrew from the trial, and six patients restarted at the same dose level or one dose level below with no recurrence of a grade 3 or higher adverse event. A maximum tolerated dose was not reached in the
 
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trial. In our ARMOR1 trial, there was only one unexpected serious adverse event assessed by the investigator as possibly related to treatment with galeterone: a case involving a 77-year old patient who developed rhabdomyolysis, an acute disintegration of muscle tissue, and acute renal failure that occurred while receiving simvastatin, a statin known to be associated with rhabdomyolysis. In addition, the patient had underlying chronic renal insufficiency, renal artery stenosis and hydronephrosis requiring stents and presented after a fall, all of which are risk factors for either acute renal failure or rhabdomyolysis.
 
Efficacy. Patients in each of the doses tested experienced reductions in PSA. In the 12 patients who received the highest dose in the study, 2600 mg/day, maximal PSA decreases of at least 30% were observed in 75% of the patients, and maximal PSA decreases of at least 50% were observed in 42% of the patients. Of the 49 patients in the trial, 22% experienced maximal PSA decreases of at least 50%, and 49% experienced maximal PSA decreases of at least 30%. We believe that these results, while favorable, were adversely impacted by the exposure variability associated with the food effect of the PIC formulation. Radiographic evidence of tumor shrinkage and overall tumor stabilization was seen in multiple patients as assessed by CT/MRI scans and bone scans as measured by RECIST. Thirty-nine patients had measurable disease at baseline, including five patients receiving the 2600 mg/day dose. Of the five patients, two had partial responses, and a third patient had a near partial response with a reduction in maximal PSA levels of 28%. Of the 39 patients, 22 had stable disease at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
 
Phase 1 Trials in Healthy Volunteers in Connection with Galeterone Reformulation
 
During the course of the ARMOR1 trial, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data from the trial which suggested that the PIC formulation of galeterone used in the trial had a food effect, which may have introduced variability into the drug exposure levels. On the basis of this data, we conducted two Phase 1 trials (TOK-200-06 and TOK-200-07) in a total of 36 healthy volunteers to further evaluate the food effect of the PIC formulation of galeterone. In these trials, volunteers received a 975 mg/day dose of galeterone in a fed state with an FDA standardized high calorie/high fat meal or food supplement or in a fasted state in a cross-over design with a seven day washout between treatments. Treatment with galeterone was well tolerated by all volunteers in the trials. The pharmacokinetic results from the trials showed a substantial food effect with increased absorption of 10 to 12 fold in the fed versus the fasted volunteers. As a result, we pursued development of a new formulation to eliminate this food effect. In a Phase 1 clinical trial of galeterone (TOK-200-08), we explored the use of a coated tablet using the active ingredient of the PIC formulation but decided not to take this formulation forward.
 
We evaluated the proprietary spray dried dispersion formulation, in both capsule and tablet form, in a Phase 1 clinical trial (TOK-200-09) in 24 healthy volunteers. This trial was designed to assess single dose pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of the spray dried dispersion formulation under fed and fasted conditions as compared to the PIC formulation of galeterone under fed conditions. Treatment with galeterone was well tolerated by all volunteers in this trial. In addition, the new formulation eliminated the food effect observed with the PIC formulation, reduced drug exposure variability and increased drug exposure levels. We are using our proprietary spray dried dispersion formulation in tablet form in the ongoing ARMOR2 trial and plan to use it in all future trials and, if approved for marketing, commercial sales of galeterone.
 
Pivotal Phase 3 Clinical Trial
 
We are currently finalizing our plans for our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of galeterone, which we refer to as our ARMOR3-Splice Variant, or SV, trial. In August 2014, we met with the FDA to discuss our plans for a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial to support initial new drug approval by the FDA. Based on these discussions, we expect that our ARMOR3-SV trial will be a randomized, open label clinical trial comparing galeterone to Xtandi in up to 170 metastatic CRPC treatment-naïve patients whose prostate tumors express the AR-V7 splice variant. We expect that the trial will be conducted at approximately 60 to 80 sites worldwide.
 
Under the trial protocol, patients will be randomized to receive either galeterone or the control arm treatment, Xtandi. Patients in the galeterone arm will receive a dose of 2550 mg/day, and patients in the Xtandi arm will receive a dose of 60 mg/day. All patients will continue to receive treatment until they have radiographic
 
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evidence of disease progression or patient withdrawal due to adverse events or other reasons. Other details of the trial design, such as the randomization ratio, stratification factors and plans for a futility analysis, are still under consideration and will be contained in the final protocol submitted to the FDA. We also plan to establish an independent data monitoring committee and, although the trial is planned to be an open label trial, to have the data collected and analyzed in a manner that leaves us blind to the data.
 
We expect that in the trial patients with the AR-V7 splice variant will be identified by a central laboratory using a CTC-based AR-V7 specific assay. Based on our discussions with the FDA, we will need to develop an analytically validated assay and submit an investigational device exemption application, or IDE, for the assay to the FDA before we screen patients in the trial. We are currently finalizing our strategy for developing this assay. Delays in developing this assay could delay the initiation of the trial. We expect that we may need to screen more than 1,000 patients to identify and enroll the target AR-V7 positive patients.
 
The primary endpoint of the trial will be radiographic progression-free survival measured from the time of patient randomization to the time of radiographic evidence of disease progression or time of death from any cause. The secondary endpoints of the trial will include reduction in PSA levels, overall survival and safety. In order to achieve the primary endpoint, results from the trial must demonstrate an 82% increase in median radiographic progression-free survival in the galeterone arm as compared to the Xtandi arm. Such a result would be statistically significant and would likely be considered a clinically relevant outcome.
 
We expect to commence the trial in the first half of 2015 and to have top-line data from the trial by the end of 2016. However, we may not initiate the trial unless and until we develop an analytically validated assay to detect AR-V7 and submit an IDE for the assay to the FDA. In addition, our anticipated time to top-line data is subject to the rates of patient enrollment and disease progression in the trial. The rate of patient enrollment in the trial, however, is difficult to predict as we have no experience recruiting patients with AR-V7 for a clinical trial, and the percentage of CRPC patients with AR-V7 is subject to widely varying projections in published literature. Moreover, because we have not previously conducted a clinical trial of galeterone in patients with AR-V7 and clinical trials of Xtandi in AR-V7 have only been conducted in a limited number of patients, our assumption concerning rates of disease progression could be incorrect. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will initiate, have top-line data from or complete the trial when we anticipate.
 
Prospective Identification of AR-V7
 
We will need to develop an analytically validated assay that sensitively detects AR-V7 in order to proceed with our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial and seek approval of, and commercialize, galeterone for patients with these types of truncated androgen receptors. We plan to contract with third parties to develop the assay for the trial and as an  in vitro  companion diagnostic test and to use widely available methodologies and technologies, if possible, in order to minimize development and regulatory risks. We are currently finalizing our strategy for developing this assay. We have discussed with the FDA our development strategy and plans for identifying AR-V7 in our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, including our plans to develop the assay as an  in vitro  companion diagnostic test. Based on our discussions with the FDA, we will need to develop the assay and submit an IDE for the assay to the FDA before we screen patients in the trial. In addition, based on those discussions, we believe that the  in vitro  companion diagnostic test will need to be approved by the FDA through its Premarket Approval, or PMA, process.
 
Other Development Activities
 
We plan to explore galeterone’s utility in other indications and patient populations in prostate cancer, including early-stage prostate cancer and the treatment of prostate cancer in combination with currently marketed prostate cancer therapies, including with Xofigo, and novel targeted agents, and in other diseases in which the androgen receptor signaling pathway plays a role.
 
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Galeterone Mechanisms of Action
 
The androgen receptor signaling pathway is the primary pathway that drives prostate cancer growth and has been implicated in other hormonally driven diseases. The pathway is ordinarily activated by the binding of androgens, such as testosterone and DHT, to the ligand binding domain of androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells. Galeterone disrupts the activation of the pathway through multiple mechanisms of action:
 
 	•	 	inhibition of the enzyme CYP17, which blocks the synthesis of testosterone;	
 
 	•	 	androgen receptor antagonism, which blocks the binding of testosterone or DHT with the androgen receptor; and	
 
 	•	 	androgen receptor degradation, which reduces the amount of androgen receptor protein in the tumor cells.	
 
In order to demonstrate galeterone’s multiple mechanisms of action, we conducted preclinical studies with respect to each mechanism.
 
CYP17 Lyase Inhibition
 
Like Zytiga, galeterone is an inhibitor of CYP17, a protein with two enzymatic functions: hydroxylase and lyase. Because CYP17 plays a central role in synthesizing the androgens that drive tumor cell growth, CYP17 inhibitors have been developed to treat patients with CRPC. Selectively blocking CYP17 lyase reduces the production of key androgen precursors. However, inhibition of the CYP17 hydroxylase causes an accumulation of certain steroids, such as progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone, and a reduction in cortisol, which can result in mineralocorticoid excess. An ideal CYP17 inhibitor will selectively block the lyase function of CYP17 relative to hydroxylase so that these steroids do not accumulate to the extent that they cause mineralocorticoid excess.
 
We conducted preclinical studies of galeterone and abiraterone to evaluate their relative selectivity with respect to the inhibition of the hydroxylase and lyase functions of CYP17. In these studies, galeterone was shown to selectively block the lyase function of CYP17 relative to the hydroxylase function. In contrast, abiraterone more selectively blocked the hydroxylase function relative to the lyase function, consistent with its published risk for mineralocorticoid excess.
 
Consistent with these findings, in further preclinical studies in cell cultures, we observed that galeterone inhibited testosterone synthesis comparable to abiraterone, but that abiraterone significantly lowered cortisol levels as compared to galeterone. We believe that this difference is due in part to galeterone’s selective inhibition of the lyase function of CYP17.
 
Androgen Receptor Antagonism
 
Like Xtandi, galeterone blocks androgens from binding to the androgen receptor. This results in reduced translocation of the androgen receptor into the cell nucleus, which prevents the androgen receptor from acting as a transcription factor and decreases the expression of androgen-responsive genes that drive tumor growth. In  in vitro  studies, galeterone has shown potency of antagonism greater than or comparable to other androgen receptor antagonists, including enzalutamide.
 
Androgen Receptor Degradation
 
Galeterone decreases the amount of androgen receptor protein in prostate tumor cells by enhancing degradation of the androgen receptor. This reduces the number of androgen receptors in the tumor cells to which androgen can bind and decreases the sensitivity of androgen responsive cells to androgens. The effect of galeterone to reduce androgen receptor levels has been observed in tumor cell lines and a xenograft model in mice. We have observed this effect of galeterone in varying degrees in prostate cancer cell lines that express non-mutated full-length androgen receptors and multiple forms of androgen receptor alterations. These alterations
 
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include splice variants, such as AR-V7, that are missing large portions of the protein sequence of the androgen receptor in the C-terminus and point mutations, which are single amino acid mutations in the protein sequence of the androgen receptor. In contrast to galeterone, which has been shown to lower androgen receptor levels, in independent preclinical studies and our preclinical studies, reductions in androgen receptor levels have not been observed using  in vitro  or  in vivo  models of prostate cancer treated with abiraterone, bicalutamide or enzalutamide. Abiraterone is the active ingredient in Zytiga, bicalutamide is the active ingredient in Casodex and enzalutamide is the active ingredient in Xtandi. To our knowledge, there are no approved drugs or drugs in clinical development, other than galeterone, with the mechanism of action of androgen receptor degradation.
 
Preclinical Development
 
We have conducted in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies to evaluate galeterone’s effect on prostate cancer, including the efficacy of galeterone in hormone-sensitive tumor cell lines, in tumors expressing AR-V7 and other splice variants, in tumors expressing androgen receptor point mutations and in combination with novel targeted agents.
 
Activity in Hormone Treatment-Resistant Prostate Cancer
 
We believe that galeterone has the potential to treat tumors that are resistant to hormone treatments because of its differentiated mechanisms of action. In preclinical studies, others have reported key mechanisms of resistance in hormone treatment-resistant prostate cancer, which include:
 
 	•	 	increased CYP17 enzyme levels;	
 
 	•	 	increased production of testosterone and DHT;	
 
 	•	 	increased wild type or mutant androgen receptor levels;	
 
 	•	 	alterations in the androgen receptor, such as splice variants and point mutations;	
 
 	•	 	mutations in the androgen receptor that result in activation by steroids, such as prednisone and progesterone; and	
 
 	•	 	androgen receptor mutations which convert androgen antagonists into agonists thus leading to activation of the receptor.	
 
Activity in Tumors Expressing Splice Variants, including AR-V7
 
Androgen receptor splice variants are produced in tumor cells due to an aberrant RNA splicing event. As a result, a truncated androgen receptor protein is synthesized that lacks the C-terminal end of the protein, the region of the protein responsible for androgen binding. Tumor cells that express altered androgen receptors that lack the C-terminal end of the protein are not responsive to agents whose activity requires a functional ligand binding domain. In addition, the lack of the ligand binding domain causes the remaining splice variants to be constitutively active, or continuously signaling, meaning that activation of the androgen receptor pathway and tumor growth occurs even in the absence of androgens and androgen binding. This indicates the importance of androgen receptor degradation to the prevention of tumor growth.
 
As a follow-up to preclinical studies in which galeterone had caused degradation of full-length androgen receptors, preclinical studies were conducted in independent laboratories to determine whether galeterone also causes androgen receptor degradation in splice variant proteins.
 
In preclinical studies, we measured androgen receptor degradation using cell lines that expressed full-length and splice variant androgen receptors. These cells model the expression patterns described in human tumor samples where full-length and splice variant androgen receptor proteins are co-expressed. As shown in Figure 5 below, levels of both full-length androgen receptor and AR-V7 were reduced in a dose dependent fashion following galeterone treatment. In the figures below, we use as a control beta-actin (ß-Actin), a protein commonly used as a control in these types of experiments.
 
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Figure 5: Galeterone Causes Decreased Levels of Both Full-Length Androgen Receptor (AR) and AR-V7
 
Galeterone Concentration (72 hr)

 
To demonstrate that galeterone would degrade the AR-V7 protein alone, in the absence of the full-length androgen receptor, we studied galeterone in a prostate cancer cell line that only expresses AR-V7, and not the full-length androgen receptor. As shown in Figure 6 below, in this study, AR-V7 protein levels were reduced in a dose dependent fashion in cells that only express AR-V7 and not the full-length androgen receptor, confirming that galeterone can act directly on the AR-V7.
 
Figure 6: Galeterone Causes Decreased Levels of Androgen Receptor in Cell Line Only Expressing AR-V7
 
Galeterone Concentration (24 hr)

 
In addition, together with the Vancouver Prostate Centre, we examined whether degradation of androgen receptors translated into reduced androgen receptor signaling and reduced tumor growth in prostate cancer tumor cells which express AR-V7. The Vancouver Prostate Centre conducted a series of studies evaluating the anti-tumor activity of galeterone and enzalutamide in AR-V7 expressing cells. In these studies, galeterone reduced tumor cell proliferation, reduced androgen receptor levels, and decreased nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor, while enzalutamide was only weakly effective in these measures of anti-tumor activity. In these studies, the effect of galeterone or enzalutamide on androgen responsive gene expression was also evaluated by measuring the activity of luciferase, a fluorescent marker, inserted into tumor cells, with lower luciferase activity indicating greater inhibition of androgen signaling. As shown in Figure 7 below, in these studies, the tumor cell line that did not express AR-V7 (V16D) had reduced luciferase activity when treated with enzalutamide or galeterone. However, the enzalutamide-resistant tumor cell lines that did express AR-V7 (49C and 49F) only had reduced luciferase activity when treated with galeterone. When treated with enzalutamide, these tumor cells had increased luciferase activity or only a minimal reduction in luciferase activity, indicating a lower inhibition of androgen signaling relative to galeterone in enzalutamide-resistant tumor cells with AR-V7.
 
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Figure 7: Comparison of Luciferase Activity of Galeterone and Enzalutamide in Enzalutamide-Resistant Tumor Cell Lines

 
We also evaluated the in vivo activity of galeterone in a LuCaP136 xenograft model of human prostate cancer tumor cells grown in castrated mice. LuCaP136 is a prostate cancer cell line that expresses AR-V7. As shown in Figure 8 below, the tumors grew in control animals. However, castrated animals treated with galeterone showed a pronounced tumor growth inhibition.
 
Figure 8: Galeterone Shows Tumor Growth Inhibition in LuCaP136 (AR-V7 Positive) Castration-Resistant Xenograft Model

 
We have also evaluated galeterone against a second splice variant, ARv567es. ARv567es, like AR-V7, is a truncated androgen receptor with C-terminal loss. To demonstrate that galeterone would degrade the AR v567es  protein alone, in the absence of a full-length androgen receptor, we studied galeterone in a prostate cancer cell line that only expresses AR v567es , and not the full-length androgen receptor. As shown in Figure 9 below, in this study, AR v567es  protein levels were reduced in a dose dependent fashion in cells that only express AR v567es  and not the full-length androgen receptor, confirming that galeterone can act directly on the AR v567es .
 
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Figure 9: Galeterone Causes Decreased Levels of Androgen Receptor in Cell Line Only Expressing ARv567es
 
Galeterone Concentration (24 hrs)

 
Activity in Androgen Receptor Point Mutations
 
Patients treated with Xtandi and Zytiga eventually develop resistance such that their tumors continue to grow despite continued treatment. In addition, some patients never respond to initial treatment with Zytiga or Xtandi. Preclinical studies have shown that this resistance may be caused by androgen receptor point mutations such as AR-F876L and AR-T878A. In preclinical studies, galeterone was active against prostate cancer cells that expressed these point mutations.
 
Galeterone in Combination with Other Therapeutic Drugs
 
The activation of the Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway is one of the most frequent alterations observed in human tumor cells. There is growing evidence that the Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway plays a significant role in prostate cancer tumor progression. Recent scientific publications have shown that there may be a linkage between the androgen receptor signaling pathway and the Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway such that blocking androgen-dependent signaling may lead to a compensatory upregulation of the Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway and thus enhanced tumor cell growth. As a result, combination therapies that target both the androgen receptor signaling pathway and the Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway may have enhanced therapeutic benefit relative to monotherapy.
 
As part of our exploration of possible therapies to combine with galeterone, we have conducted in vitro studies to evaluate whether galeterone acts additively or synergistically with inhibitors of the Akt/PI3K/mTOR pathway, a signaling pathway associated with tumor cell survival, proliferation and invasiveness. In these preclinical studies, we observed that galeterone is synergistic with certain Akt, mTOR and PI3K inhibitors in suppressing prostate cancer cell proliferation. We plan to conduct  in vivo  studies to test drug combinations of galeterone with Akt, mTOR and PI3K inhibitors in xenograft models.
 
Androgen Receptor Degradation Compounds
 
We plan to identify and develop novel compounds that are designed to disrupt androgen receptor signaling through enhanced androgen receptor degradation under an exclusive license from UMB. We plan to develop these compounds for use as monotherapies or in combination with existing therapies. We plan to target these compounds for patients with androgen receptor signaling diseases, including prostate cancer patients with primary or acquired resistance to existing therapies.
 
Manufacturing
 
Galeterone is a small molecule drug candidate that is manufactured through a reproducible synthetic process from readily available raw materials. Galeterone is manufactured in a proprietary formulation based on spray dried dispersion technology that is designed to produce a product that can provide consistent drug exposure and can be administered with or without food.
 
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We believe that we have sufficient supply of formulated drug to complete the ARMOR2 trial and have completed the production of formulated drug for use in our planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial using manufacturers operating under cGMP to manufacture pivotal clinical trial materials.
 
We do not have our own manufacturing facilities. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on a limited number of third-party contract manufacturers for all of our required raw materials, drug substance and finished product for our preclinical research and clinical trials. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these third parties. We also do not have any current contractual relationships for the manufacture of commercial supplies of any of our product candidates after they are approved. If any of our products are approved by any regulatory agency, we intend to enter into agreements with third-party contract manufacturers and one or more backup manufacturers for the commercial production of those products. We believe that there are a number of qualified manufacturers with which we could enter into commercial supply arrangements. Further, we believe that the process to manufacture galeterone can be scaled up to commercial levels without any unusual equipment.
 
Commercialization Strategy
 
We have worldwide development and commercialization rights to galeterone. To maximize the value of these rights, we intend to build a urology- and oncology-focused specialty sales and marketing organization in the United States to support the commercialization of galeterone. We believe that a specialty sales force will be able to target the key prescribing physicians in urology and oncology that treat CRPC. We currently do not have any sales or marketing capabilities or experience. We plan to establish the required capabilities within an appropriate time frame ahead of any product approval and commercialization to support a product launch. To develop the appropriate internal commercial infrastructure in the United States, we will have to invest financial and management resources, some of which will have to be deployed prior to any confirmation that galeterone will be approved. We intend to commercialize galeterone outside the United States through collaborations with third parties.
 
Competition
 
The biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by intense competition and rapid innovation. Our potential competitors include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and generic drug companies. Many of our potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do, as well as greater experience in the discovery and development of product candidates, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of products and the commercialization of those products. Accordingly, our potential competitors may be more successful than us in obtaining FDA approval for drugs and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our potential competitors’ drugs may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than any product candidate we may commercialize and may render our product candidates obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of their development and commercialization. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs enter the market and advanced technologies become available. Finally, the development of new treatment methods for the diseases we are targeting could render our product candidates non-competitive or obsolete.
 
We are focusing our initial development of galeterone on the treatment of CRPC patients whose prostate tumor cells express an altered androgen receptor that is truncated. Based on their mechanisms of action, preclinical data and the data from the MD Anderson and Johns Hopkins trials, we believe that Zytiga and Xtandi are less responsive in this patient population and do not expect that other drugs in development with similar mechanisms of action will be responsive in this patient population. However, we expect that other drugs with alternative mechanisms of action may be developed for the treatment of this patient population.
 
We believe that galeterone may be well suited to treat other prostate cancer patient populations. If galeterone is approved for additional indications, it may compete with other secondary hormonal treatments currently being marketed, such as Zytiga and Xtandi, or with secondary hormonal treatment drug candidates
 
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currently in development, such as ARN-509 and ODM-201. Zytiga is marketed in the United States by Johnson & Johnson, and Xtandi is marketed in the United States by Astellas Pharma Inc. and Medivation, Inc. ARN-509 is being developed by Johnson & Johnson and ODM-201 is being developed by Bayer Healthcare and Orion Corporation. In addition, depending on the indication for which galeterone is approved, galeterone may compete with chemotherapy and other compounds that are not secondary hormonal treatments, including Jevtana and Provenge, and compounds that are in clinical development, such as Exelixis, Inc.’s Cometriq and Bavarian Nordic A/S’s Prostvac.
 
We believe the key competitive factors that will affect the development and commercial success of galeterone, if approved, will be efficacy, safety and tolerability profile, probability of drug resistance, convenience of the dosing regimen, price, the level of generic competition and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors.
 
Intellectual Property
 
We strive to protect the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patent protection intended to cover the composition of matter of our product candidates, their methods of use, related technology and other inventions that are important to our business. In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trade secrets and careful monitoring of our proprietary information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.
 
Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, maintain our licenses to use intellectual property owned by third parties, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and other proprietary rights of third parties.
 
A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights, that is important or necessary to commercialize our products. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize our products, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms. We may not be able to obtain such licenses on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, in which case our business could be harmed, possibly materially.
 
We plan to continue to expand our intellectual property estate by filing patent applications directed to dosage forms, methods of treatment and additional compounds and their derivatives. Specifically, we seek patent protection in the United States and internationally for novel compositions of matter covering the compounds, the chemistries and processes for manufacturing these compounds and the use of these compounds in a variety of therapies.
 
The patent positions of biopharmaceutical companies like us are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Consequently, we do not know whether any of our product candidates will be protectable or remain protected by enforceable patents. We cannot predict whether the patent applications we are currently pursuing will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will provide sufficient proprietary protection from competitors. Any patents that we hold may be challenged, circumvented or invalidated by third parties.
 
Because patent applications in the United States and certain other jurisdictions are maintained in secrecy for 18 months, and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain of the priority of inventions covered by pending patent applications. Moreover, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, to determine priority of invention or in post-grant challenge proceedings at the USPTO or at a
 
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foreign patent office, such as inter partes review and post grant review proceedings at the USPTO and opposition proceedings at the European Patent Office, that challenge priority of invention or other features of patentability. Such proceedings could result in substantial cost, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.
 
We generally file a provisional patent application with the USPTO first and then subsequently file a corresponding non-provisional patent application, which enables us to establish an earlier effective filing date in the subsequently filed non-provisional patent application. In order to benefit from the earlier effective filing date, we must file a corresponding non-provisional patent application, such as a utility application in the United States or an international application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, within 12 months of the date of the provisional patent application filing. Based on the PCT filing, we may file national and regional patent applications in the United States, the European Union, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, South Africa or the Eurasian Patent Organization. To date, we have not filed for patent protection in all national and regional jurisdictions where such protection may be available, and we may decide to abandon national and regional patent applications before a patent is granted. In addition, the patent grant proceeding for each national or regional patent application that we file is an independent proceeding. As a result, it is possible for a patent application to be granted in one jurisdiction and denied in another jurisdiction, and depending on the jurisdiction, the scope of patent protection may vary.
 
Galeterone Patent Portfolio
 
As of July 31, 2014, we owned two issued U.S. patents, ten U.S. provisional and non-provisional patent applications, one issued foreign patent and 34 foreign applications in our galeterone patent portfolio. We also had rights under our license agreement with UMB to five issued U.S. patents and 42 issued foreign patents as well as three U.S. patent applications and 11 foreign applications. Our owned and licensed patent and patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire on various dates from 2017 through 2034, without taking into account any possible patent term extensions.
 
We have an exclusive license from UMB for a U.S. patent covering compositions and methods of use of a class of compounds encompassing galeterone, which expires in 2017. Given its expiration date and the anticipated timing of development and commercialization of galeterone, we do not believe this patent will provide significant protection for galeterone. We have no patent protection specifically covering the chemical structure of galeterone. As a result, a third party that obtains regulatory approval of a product with the same active ingredient as galeterone may be able to market such product so long as the third party does not infringe any other patents owned or licensed by us with respect to galeterone. For this reason, we have filed for or licensed patents and patent applications relating to galeterone covering methods of use, pharmaceutical compositions, combination treatments, prodrugs, metabolites, and analogs of galeterone and their use.
 
Method of Use. We have licensed from UMB a U.S. patent covering a method of treating prostate cancer in a human subject by administering galeterone, which is expected to expire in 2027. The license also includes granted patents in the European Patent Convention and Japan covering the use of galeterone to treat prostate disease, including prostate cancer and prostatic hyperplasia. Similar patents have been granted or allowed in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, South Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, and the Eurasian Patent Organization. These patents are expected to expire in 2026. In addition, we have pending applications in Brazil, China, the European Patent Convention, India, Israel, Indonesia and Japan.
 
We have also filed a PCT patent application covering the use of galeterone in treating prostate cancer mediated by androgen receptor variants, including splice variants such as AR-V7, as well as the use of biomarkers in identifying patients who are expected to respond to treatment with galeterone. This application is jointly owned with UMB and the University of Washington. The term of a patent derived from this PCT application, if issued, would be expected to expire in 2034.
 
Pharmaceutical Compositions. We have filed U.S. and international patent applications relating to a galeterone formulation and its use where the galeterone is present in a spray dried dispersion. We have pending
 
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applications in the United States, the European Union, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India and Japan. The term of any patent in this family, if issued, would be expected to expire in 2032. In addition, we have licensed from UMB a U.S. patent application covering a pharmaceutical composition of galeterone. The term of any patent, if issued, claiming priority to this application would be expected to expire in 2026.
 
Combination Treatments. We have filed patent applications or licensed from UMB patent applications covering the use of galeterone in combination with other therapeutic drugs. For example, we have filed U.S. and foreign patent applications covering the use of galeterone in combination with inhibitors of the Akt/PI3K pathway. We have pending applications in the United States, the European Union, Australia, Canada and Japan. The term of any patent in this family, if issued, would be expected to expire in 2032.
 
Prodrugs, Metabolites and Analogs. We have filed patent applications or licensed from UMB patent applications directed to prodrugs, metabolites or analogs of galeterone. For example, we have licensed a U.S. patent application from UMB directed to certain prodrugs of galeterone. If issued, the term of the resulting patent, if issued, would be expected to expire in 2029. We have also filed patent applications in the United States and certain other countries including Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India and Japan directed to other prodrugs of galeterone. If issued, the term of the resulting patents would be expected to expire in 2030. Further, we have filed patent applications in the United States and certain other countries including Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India and Japan directed to compounds which have been identified as metabolites of galeterone and which may be biologically active. If issued, the term of the resulting patents would be expected to expire in 2030. We have also obtained a license to a UMB PCT patent application directed to analogs of galeterone that disrupt androgen receptor signaling by degrading the androgen receptor. The term of any patent, if issued, claiming priority to this PCT patent application would be expected to extend to 2034.
 
The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, the patent term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for patent term extension, which permits patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. Patent extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other non-United States jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. In the future, if and when our pharmaceutical products receive FDA approval, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on patents covering those products. We intend to seek patent term extensions to any of our issued patents in any jurisdiction where these are available, however there is no guarantee that the applicable authorities, including the FDA in the United States, will agree with our assessment of whether such extensions should be granted, and even if granted, the length of such extensions.
 
We also rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees and consultants, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual, and which are related to our current or planned business or research and development or made during normal working hours, on our premises or using our equipment or proprietary information, are our exclusive property.
 
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License Agreement with University of Maryland, Baltimore
 
In May 2006, we entered into a master license agreement with UMB. Pursuant to the license agreement, UMB granted us an exclusive worldwide license, with the right to sublicense, under certain patents and patent applications to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell and import certain anti-androgen steroids including galeterone, which we refer to as licensed products, and to otherwise practice the patent rights in any manner, for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment or control of any human or animal disease. In addition, UMB granted us a first option to receive an exclusive license to UMB’s rights in certain improvements to the licensed products, which improvements we refer to as licensed improvements.
 
We have exercised our option and acquired exclusive rights to licensed improvements under three amendments to the license agreement. In March 2009, the license agreement was amended to grant us an exclusive license to oral prodrugs of the licensed products. In April 2012, the license agreement was amended to grant us an exclusive license to compositions and methods of inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. In October 2013, the license agreement was amended to grant us an exclusive license to a patent application directed to analogs of galeterone that disrupt androgen receptor signaling by degrading the androgen receptor.
 
Under the terms of the license agreement, as amended, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize one or more licensed products. We must also achieve specified milestone events by specified dates. Unless our license agreement with UMB is terminated earlier as provided below, our exclusive license from UMB expires on a country-by-country basis as of the later of the expiration date of the last to expire of the claims of the patent rights licensed to us under the agreement in such country or ten years after the first commercial sale of a licensed product in such country. UMB may terminate the agreement if we fail to achieve such milestone events and do not cure such failure within a specified termination notice period. UMB may also terminate the agreement upon our breach of our payment obligations or our other material breaches under the agreement if we do not cure such breach within a specified notice period or upon our bankruptcy or insolvency. We may terminate the agreement at any time, on a country-by-country basis, if we determine that a license under the licensed patent rights in an applicable country is not advantageous to our commercial success, provided that our payment obligations with respect to licensed products in such country would survive termination if we continued to develop and commercialize licensed products in such country following such a termination.
 
In consideration for the rights granted to us, we made an upfront payment to UMB of $20,000 following the execution of the license agreement and a payment of $10,000 following the execution of each of the March 2009, April 2012 and October 2013 amendments. We are obligated to pay UMB an annual maintenance fee of $10,000 each year until the first commercial sale. In addition, we paid UMB a $50,000 milestone payment upon the submission of our IND for galeterone and a $40,000 milestone payment upon the issuance of the first patent related to UMB’s prodrug patent application. We are obligated to make an additional $50,000 milestone payment to UMB for each additional IND we file for a licensed product and a $100,000 milestone payment upon the approval of each NDA for a licensed product by the FDA. We must also pay UMB low-single digit percentage royalties on aggregate worldwide net sales of licensed products, including sales by our sublicensees, on a licensed product-by-licensed product and country-by-country basis until the later of the expiration of the last-to-expire applicable licensed patent or ten years after first commercial sale of the applicable licensed product, in each case in the applicable country. Our royalty obligations are subject to specified reductions in the event that we are required to obtain additional licenses from third parties or in the event of specified competition from third-party products licensed by UMB. Our minimum annual royalty payment to UMB is $50,000 beginning in the year following the year in which the first commercial sale occurs. We must also pay UMB 10% of all non-royalty sublicense income received from sublicensees. Finally, as of April 10, 2012, we assumed responsibility for all patent expenses related to the prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents.
 
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Government Regulation and Product Approvals
 
Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries and jurisdictions, including the European Union, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, clearance, approval, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, post-approval monitoring and reporting, and import and export of pharmaceutical products and medical devices. The processes for obtaining regulatory clearances and approvals in the United States and in foreign countries and jurisdictions, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations and other regulatory authorities, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.
 
Review and Approval of Drugs in the United States
 
In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and implementing regulations. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant and/or sponsor to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, including refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning letters and other types of letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement of profits, or civil or criminal investigations and penalties brought by the FDA and the Department of Justice, or DOJ, or other governmental entities.
 
An applicant seeking approval to market and distribute a new drug product in the United States must typically undertake the following:
 
 	•	 	completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s good laboratory practice, or GLP, regulations;	
 
 	•	 	submission to the FDA of an IND, which must take effect before human clinical trials may begin;	
 
 	•	 	approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, representing each clinical site before each clinical trial may be initiated;	
 
 	•	 	performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with good clinical practices, or GCP, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each indication;	
 
 	•	 	preparation and submission to the FDA of a new drug application, or NDA;	
 
 	•	 	review of the product by an FDA advisory committee, where appropriate or if applicable;	
 
 	•	 	satisfactory completion of one or more FDA inspections of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product, or components thereof, are produced to assess compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, requirements and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity;	
 
 	•	 	satisfactory completion of FDA audits of clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCPs and the integrity of the clinical data;	
 
 	•	 	payment of user fees and securing FDA approval of the NDA; and	
 
 	•	 	compliance with any post-approval requirements, including Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, and post-approval studies required by the FDA.	
 
Preclinical Studies
 
Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of the purity and stability of the manufactured drug substance or active pharmaceutical ingredient and the formulated drug or drug product, as well as  in vitro  and animal studies to assess the safety and activity of the drug for initial testing in humans and to establish a rationale
 
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for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations. The results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical trials, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.
 
Human Clinical Trials in Support of an NDA
 
Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include, among other things, the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing before their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under written study protocols detailing, among other things, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to a proposed clinical trial and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Accordingly, submission of an IND may or may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.
 
In addition, an IRB representing each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution, and the IRB must conduct a continuing review and reapprove the study at least annually. The IRB must review and approve, among other things, the study protocol and informed consent information to be provided to study subjects. An IRB must operate in compliance with FDA regulations. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website.
 
A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of an NDA or IND so long as the clinical trial is conducted in compliance with an international guideline for the ethical conduct of clinical research known as the Declaration of Helsinki and/or the laws and regulations of the country or countries in which the clinical trial is performed, whichever provides the greater protection to the participants in the clinical trial.
 
Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined:
 
 	•	 	Phase 1:    The drug is initially introduced into a small number of healthy human subjects or, in certain indications such as cancer, patients with the target disease or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its effectiveness and to determine optimal dosage.	
 
 	•	 	Phase 2:    The drug is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage.	
 
 	•	 	Phase 3:    Phase 3 clinical trials are commonly referred to as “pivotal” trials, which typically denotes a trial which generates the principal data that the FDA or other relevant regulatory agency will use to determine whether or not to approve a drug. In Phase 3 trials, the drug is administered to an expanded patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product, and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product.	
 
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Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. In addition, IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA for any of the following: serious and unexpected suspected adverse reactions; findings from other studies or animal or  in vitro  testing that suggest a significant risk in humans exposed to the drug; and any clinically important increase in the case of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution, or an institution it represents, if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. The FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP and the integrity of the clinical data submitted.
 
Section 505(b)(2) NDAs
 
NDAs for most new drug products are based on two full clinical trials that must contain substantial evidence of the safety and efficacy of the proposed new product. These applications are submitted under Section 505(b)(1) of the FDCA. The FDA is, however, authorized to approve an alternative type of NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. This type of application allows the applicant to rely, in part, on the FDA’s previous findings of safety and efficacy for a similar product, or published literature. Specifically, Section 505(b)(2) applies to NDAs for a drug for which the investigations made to show whether or not the drug is safe for use and effective in use and relied upon by the applicant for approval of the application “were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use from the person by or for whom the investigations were conducted.”
 
Thus, Section 505(b)(2) authorizes the FDA to approve an NDA based on safety and effectiveness data that were not developed by the applicant. NDAs filed under Section 505(b)(2) may provide an alternate and potentially more expeditious pathway to FDA approval for new or improved formulations or new uses of previously approved products. If the 505(b)(2) applicant can establish that reliance on the FDA’s previous approval is scientifically appropriate, the applicant may eliminate the need to conduct certain preclinical studies or clinical trials of the new product. The FDA may also require companies to perform additional studies, trials or measurements to support the change from the approved product. The FDA may then approve the new drug candidate for all or some of the label indications for which the referenced product has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant.
 
Submission of an NDA to the FDA
 
Assuming successful completion of required clinical testing and other requirements, the results of the preclinical studies and clinical trials, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the drug product for one or more indications. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to an application user fee, currently exceeding $2.1 million, and the sponsor of an approved NDA is also subject to annual product and establishment user fees, currently exceeding $104,000 per product and $554,000 per establishment. These fees are typically increased annually.
 
The FDA conducts a preliminary review of an NDA within 60 days of its receipt and informs the sponsor by the 74th day after the FDA’s receipt of the submission to determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA has agreed to specified performance goals in the review process of NDAs. Most such applications are meant to be reviewed within ten months from the date of
 
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filing, and most applications for “priority review” products are meant to be reviewed within six months of filing. The review process may be extended by the FDA for various reasons, including for three additional months to consider new information or clarification provided by the applicant to address an outstanding deficiency identified by the FDA following the original submission.
 
Before approving an NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is or will be manufactured. These pre-approval inspections cover all facilities associated with an NDA submission, including drug component manufacturing (such as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients), finished drug product manufacturing, and control testing laboratories. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP.
 
The FDA may refer an application for a novel drug to an advisory committee or explain why such referral was not made. Typically, an advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.
 
Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy and Priority Review Designations
 
The FDA is authorized to designate certain products for expedited review if they are intended to address an unmet medical need in the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition. These programs are fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation and priority review designation.
 
Specifically, the FDA may designate a product for fast track review if it is intended, whether alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and it demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such a disease or condition. For fast track products, sponsors may have greater interactions with the FDA and the FDA may initiate review of sections of a fast track product’s NDA before the application is complete. This rolling review may be available if the FDA determines, after preliminary evaluation of clinical data submitted by the sponsor, that a fast track product may be effective. The sponsor must also provide, and the FDA must approve, a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the sponsor must pay applicable user fees. However, the FDA’s time period goal for reviewing a fast track application does not begin until the last section of the NDA is submitted. In addition, the fast track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process.
 
Second, in 2012, Congress enacted the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA. This law established a new regulatory scheme allowing for expedited review of products designated as “breakthrough therapies.” A product may be designated as a breakthrough therapy if it is intended, either alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The FDA may take certain actions with respect to breakthrough therapies, including holding meetings with the sponsor throughout the development process; providing timely advice to the product sponsor regarding development and approval; involving more senior staff in the review process; assigning a cross-disciplinary project lead for the review team; and taking other steps to design the clinical trials in an efficient manner.
 
Third, the FDA may designate a product for priority review if it is a drug that treats a serious condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness. The FDA determines, on a case- by-case basis, whether the proposed drug represents a significant improvement when compared with other available therapies. Significant improvement may be illustrated by evidence of increased effectiveness in the
 
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treatment of a condition, elimination or substantial reduction of a treatment-limiting drug reaction, documented enhancement of patient compliance that may lead to improvement in serious outcomes, and evidence of safety and effectiveness in a new subpopulation. A priority designation is intended to direct overall attention and resources to the evaluation of such applications, and to shorten the FDA’s goal for taking action on a marketing application from ten months to six months.
 
Accelerated Approval Pathway
 
The FDA may grant accelerated approval to a drug for a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic advantage to patients over existing treatments based upon a determination that the drug has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA may also grant accelerated approval for such a condition when the product has an effect on an intermediate clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM, and that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. Drugs granted accelerated approval must meet the same statutory standards for safety and effectiveness as those granted traditional approval.
 
For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image, physical sign, or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. Surrogate endpoints can often be measured more easily or more rapidly than clinical endpoints. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a measurement of a therapeutic effect that is considered reasonably likely to predict the clinical benefit of a drug, such as an effect on IMM. The FDA has limited experience with accelerated approvals based on intermediate clinical endpoints, but has indicated that such endpoints generally may support accelerated approval where the therapeutic effect measured by the endpoint is not itself a clinical benefit and basis for traditional approval, if there is a basis for concluding that the therapeutic effect is reasonably likely to predict the ultimate clinical benefit of a drug.
 
The accelerated approval pathway is most often used in settings in which the course of a disease is long and an extended period of time is required to measure the intended clinical benefit of a drug, even if the effect on the surrogate or intermediate clinical endpoint occurs rapidly. Thus, accelerated approval has been used extensively in the development and approval of drugs for treatment of a variety of cancers in which the goal of therapy is generally to improve survival or decrease morbidity and the duration of the typical disease course requires lengthy and sometimes large trials to demonstrate a clinical or survival benefit.
 
The accelerated approval pathway is usually contingent on a sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the drug’s clinical benefit. As a result, a drug candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance requirements, including the completion of Phase 4 or post-approval clinical trials to confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, would allow the FDA to withdraw the drug from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for drug candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA.
 
The FDA’s Decision on an NDA
 
On the basis of the FDA’s evaluation of the NDA and accompanying information, including the results of the inspection of the manufacturing facilities, the FDA may issue an approval letter or a complete response letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the product with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months
 
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depending on the type of information included. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.
 
If the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess the drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms, including REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-market studies or surveillance programs. After approval, many types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.
 
In addition, as a condition of approval, the FDA may require an applicant to develop a REMS. REMS use risk minimization strategies beyond the professional labeling to ensure that the benefits of the product outweigh the potential risks. To determine whether a REMS is needed, the FDA will consider the size of the population likely to use the product, seriousness of the disease, expected benefit of the product, expected duration of treatment, seriousness of known or potential adverse events, and whether the product is a new molecular entity. REMS can include medication guides, physician communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU may include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The FDA may require a REMS before approval or post-approval if it becomes aware of a serious risk associated with use of the product. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of a product.
 
Post-Approval Requirements
 
Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims, are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing, annual user fee requirements for any marketed products and the establishments at which such products are manufactured, as well as new application fees for supplemental applications with clinical data.
 
In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.
 
Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:
 
 	•	 	restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls;	
 
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 	•	 	fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	refusal of the FDA to approve pending NDAs or supplements to approved NDAs, or suspension or revocation of product license approvals;	
 
 	•	 	product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or	
 
 	•	 	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.	
 
The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability.
 
In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution.
 
Abbreviated New Drug Applications for Generic Drugs
 
In 1984, with passage of the Hatch-Waxman Amendments to the FDCA, Congress authorized the FDA to approve generic drugs that are the same as drugs previously approved by the FDA under the NDA provisions of the statute. To obtain approval of a generic drug, an applicant must submit an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, to the agency. In support of such applications, a generic manufacturer may rely on the preclinical and clinical testing previously conducted for a drug product previously approved under an NDA, known as the reference listed drug, or RLD.
 
Specifically, in order for an ANDA to be approved, the FDA must find that the generic version is identical to the RLD with respect to the active ingredients, the route of administration, the dosage form, and the strength of the drug. At the same time, the FDA must also determine that the generic drug is “bioequivalent” to the innovator drug. Under the statute, a generic drug is bioequivalent to a RLD if “the rate and extent of absorption of the drug do not show a significant difference from the rate and extent of absorption of the listed drug…”
 
Upon approval of an ANDA, the FDA indicates whether the generic product is “therapeutically equivalent” to the RLD in its publication “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” also referred to as the “Orange Book.” Physicians and pharmacists consider a therapeutic equivalent generic drug to be fully substitutable for the RLD. In addition, by operation of certain state laws and numerous health insurance programs, the FDA’s designation of therapeutic equivalence often results in substitution of the generic drug without the knowledge or consent of either the prescribing physician or patient.
 
Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, the FDA may not approve an ANDA until any applicable period of non-patent exclusivity for the RLD has expired. The FDCA provides a period of five years of non-patent data exclusivity for a new drug containing a new chemical entity. In cases where such exclusivity has been granted, an ANDA may not be filed with the FDA until the expiration of five years unless the submission is accompanied by a Paragraph IV certification, in which case the applicant may submit its application four years following the original product approval. The FDCA also provides for a period of three years of exclusivity if the NDA includes reports of one or more new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability or bioequivalence studies, that were conducted by or for the applicant and are essential to the approval of the application. This three-year exclusivity period often protects changes to a previously approved drug product, such as a new dosage form, route of administration, combination or indication.
 
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Hatch-Waxman Patent Certification and the 30-Month Stay
 
Upon approval of an NDA or a supplement thereto, NDA sponsors are required to list with the FDA each patent with claims that cover the applicant’s product or an approved method of using the product. Each of the patents listed by the NDA sponsor is published in the Orange Book. When an ANDA applicant files its application with the FDA, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the reference product in the Orange Book, except for patents covering methods of use for which the ANDA applicant is not seeking approval. To the extent that the Section 505(b)(2) applicant is relying on studies conducted for an already approved product, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the Orange Book to the same extent that an ANDA applicant would.
 
Specifically, the applicant must certify with respect to each patent that:
 
 	•	 	the required patent information has not been filed;	
 
 	•	 	the listed patent has expired;	
 
 	•	 	the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or	
 
 	•	 	the listed patent is invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the new product.	
 
A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents or indicates that it is not seeking approval of a patented method of use, the ANDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired (other than method of use patents involving indications for which the ANDA applicant is not seeking approval).
 
If the ANDA applicant or 505(b)(2) applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days after the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA until the earlier of 30 months after the receipt of the Paragraph IV notice, expiration of the patent, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.
 
To the extent that the Section 505(b)(2) applicant is relying on studies conducted for an already approved product, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the Orange Book to the same extent that an ANDA applicant would. As a result, approval of a 505(b)(2) NDA can be stalled until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired, until any non-patent exclusivity, such as exclusivity for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity, listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product has expired, and, in the case of a Paragraph IV certification and subsequent patent infringement suit, until the earlier of 30 months, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the Section 505(b)(2) applicant.
 
Pediatric Studies and Exclusivity
 
Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, an NDA or supplement thereto must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. With enactment of the FDASIA in 2012, sponsors must also submit pediatric study plans prior to the assessment data. Those plans must contain an outline of the proposed pediatric study or studies the applicant plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, any deferral or waiver requests, and other information required by regulation. The applicant, the FDA, and the FDA’s internal review committee must then review the information submitted, consult with each other, and agree upon a final plan. The FDA or the applicant may request an amendment to the plan at any time.
 
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The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements. Additional requirements and procedures relating to deferral requests and requests for extension of deferrals are contained in FDASIA. Unless otherwise required by regulation, the pediatric data requirements do not apply to products with orphan designation.
 
Pediatric exclusivity is another type of non-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted, provides for the attachment of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing regulatory exclusivity, including the non-patent and orphan exclusivity. This six-month exclusivity may be granted if an NDA sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written request from the FDA for such data. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted. If reports of requested pediatric studies are submitted to and accepted by the FDA within the statutory time limits, whatever statutory or regulatory periods of exclusivity or patent protection cover the product are extended by six months. This is not a patent term extension, but it effectively extends the regulatory period during which the FDA cannot approve another application.
 
Orphan Designation and Exclusivity
 
Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a drug product as an “orphan drug” if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition (generally meaning that it affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more in cases in which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug product available in the United States for treatment of the disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product). A company must request orphan product designation before submitting an NDA. If the request is granted, the FDA will disclose the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential use. Orphan product designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.
 
If a product with orphan status receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation or for a select indication or use within the rare disease or condition for which it was designated, the product generally will be receiving orphan product exclusivity. Orphan product exclusivity means that the FDA may not approve any other applications for the same product for the same indication for seven years, except in certain limited circumstances. Competitors may receive approval of different products for the indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity and may obtain approval for the same product but for a different indication. If a drug or drug product designated as an orphan product ultimately receives marketing approval for an indication broader than what was designated in its orphan product application, it may not be entitled to exclusivity.
 
Patent Term Restoration and Extension
 
A patent claiming a new drug product or medical device may be eligible for a limited patent term extension under the FDCA, which permits a patent restoration of up to five years for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review. The restoration period granted on a patent covering a new drug product or medical device is typically one-half the time between the date a clinical investigation on human beings is begun and the submission date of an application for approval of the product, plus the time between the submission date of an application for approval of the product and the ultimate approval date. Patent term restoration cannot be used to extend the remaining term of a patent past a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug product or medical device is eligible for the extension, and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent in question. A patent that covers multiple drugs or medical devices for which approval is sought can only be extended in connection with one of the approvals. The USPTO reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration in consultation with the FDA.
 
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Review and Approval of Companion Diagnostics in the United States
 
We expect that we will rely upon an in vitro companion diagnostic test for use in selecting patients with AR-V7. In July 2014, the FDA issued final guidance stating that if an  in vitro  diagnostic is essential to the safe and effective use of a therapeutic product, then the FDA generally will require approval or clearance of the diagnostic at the same time that the FDA approves the therapeutic product.  In vitro  diagnostics marketed in the United States are regulated as medical devices. As a result, unless an exemption applies, a new medical device may not be marketed in the United States unless and until it has been cleared through filing of a 510(k) premarket notification, or 510(k), or approved by the FDA pursuant to the PMA process. Based on our discussions with the FDA, we believe that the companion diagnostic for galeterone will need to be approved through the PMA process.
 
510(k) Premarket Notification
 
To obtain 510(k) clearance, a manufacturer must submit a premarket notification demonstrating that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a predicate device, which is a previously cleared 510(k) device or a pre-amendment device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, that is a class I or II device, or a class III device for which the FDA has not yet called for the submission of a PMA application. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance pathway usually takes from three to 12 months from the date the notification is submitted and filed with the FDA, but it can take significantly longer and clearance is never assured. The FDA has issued guidance documents meant to expedite review of a 510(k) and facilitate interactions between manufacturers and the agency. To demonstrate substantial equivalence, a manufacturer must show that the device has the same intended use as a predicate device and the same technological characteristics, or the same intended use and different technological characteristics and does not raise new questions of safety and effectiveness than the predicate device. Most 510(k)s do not require clinical data for clearance, but the FDA may request such data. If the FDA concludes that the device is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, the manufacturer will need to submit a PMA to market the device. Alternatively, a manufacturer may request a  de novo  classification if the device is of low to moderate risk and there is no predicate device upon which to base a substantial equivalence determination.
 
Premarket Approval
 
The PMA process for approval to market a medical device is more complex, costly, and time consuming than the 510(k) clearance procedure. A PMA must be supported by extensive data, including technical information regarding device design and development, preclinical studies, clinical studies, manufacturing and controls information and labeling information, that demonstrates the safety and effectiveness of the device for its intended use. The FDA may refer a PMA to an advisory committee for its recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. If the FDA’s evaluations of both the PMA and the manufacturing facility for the device are favorable, the FDA will either issue an approval letter authorizing commercial marketing or an approvable letter that usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval. If the FDA’s evaluations are not favorable, the FDA will deny approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. The PMA process, including the gathering of clinical and preclinical data and the submission to and review by the FDA, can take several years, and the process can be expensive and uncertain. Moreover, even if the FDA approves a PMA, the FDA may approve the device with an indication that is narrower or more limited than originally sought, and the agency may impose post-approval conditions that it believes necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device.
 
Investigational Device Exemption
 
A clinical trial is typically required for a PMA and, in a small percentage of cases, the FDA may require a clinical trial in support of a 510(k) submission. A manufacturer that wishes to conduct a clinical trial involving the device is subject to the FDA’s IDE regulation. The IDE regulation distinguishes between significant and nonsignificant risk device trials and the procedures for obtaining approval to begin the trial differ accordingly.
 
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Also, some types of trials are exempt from the IDE regulations. A significant risk device presents a potential for serious risk to the health, safety or welfare of a subject. Significant risk devices are devices that are substantially important in diagnosing, curing, mitigating or treating disease or in preventing impairment to human health. Trials of devices that pose a significant risk require both FDA and an IRB approval prior to initiation of a clinical trial. Nonsignificant risk devices are devices that do not pose a significant risk to the human subjects. A nonsignificant risk device trial requires only IRB approval prior to initiation of a clinical trial.
 
An IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing that it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testing protocol is scientifically sound. An IDE application is considered approved 30 days after it has been received by the FDA, unless the FDA otherwise informs the sponsor, prior to 30 calendar days from the date of receipt, that the IDE is approved, approved with conditions or disapproved. The FDA typically grants IDE approval for a specified number of subjects to be enrolled at specified trial centers. The clinical trial must be conducted in accordance with applicable regulations, including but not limited to the FDA’s IDE regulations. The investigators must obtain subject informed consent, rigorously follow the investigational plan and trial protocol, control the disposition of investigational devices, and comply with all reporting and record keeping requirements. A clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by the FDA, the IRB or the sponsor at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the risks to the trial participants outweigh the benefits of participation in the trial. Approval of an IDE does not bind the FDA to accept the results of the trial as sufficient to prove the product’s safety and efficacy, even if the trial meets its intended success criteria.
 
Review and Approval of Drug Products in the European Union
 
In order to market any product outside of the United States, a company must also comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries and jurisdictions regarding quality, safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of drug products. Whether or not it obtains FDA approval for a product, the company would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable foreign regulatory authorities before it can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries or jurisdictions. The approval process ultimately varies between countries and jurisdictions and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.
 
Pursuant to the European Clinical Trials Directive, a system for the approval of clinical trials in the European Union has been implemented through national legislation of the member states. Under this system, an applicant must obtain approval from the competent national authority of a European Union member state in which the clinical trial is to be conducted. Furthermore, the applicant may only start a clinical trial after a competent ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion. Clinical trial application must be accompanied by an investigational medicinal product dossier with supporting information prescribed by the European Clinical Trials Directive and corresponding national laws of the member states and further detailed in applicable guidance documents.
 
To obtain marketing approval of a drug under European Union regulatory systems, an applicant must submit a marketing authorization application, or MAA, either under a centralized or decentralized procedure.
 
The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization by the European Commission that is valid for all European Union member states. The centralized procedure is compulsory for specific products, including for medicines produced by certain biotechnological processes, products designated as orphan medicinal products, advanced therapy products and products with a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases. For products with a new active substance indicated for the treatment of other diseases and products that are highly innovative or for which a centralized process is in the interest of patients, the centralized procedure may be optional.
 
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Under the centralized procedure, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or the CHMP, established at the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, is responsible for conducting the initial assessment of a drug. The CHMP is also responsible for several post-authorization and maintenance activities, such as the assessment of modifications or extensions to an existing marketing authorization. Under the centralized procedure in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA is 210 days, excluding clock stops, when additional information or written or oral explanation is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions of the CHMP. Accelerated evaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is of major interest from the point of view of public health and in particular from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation. In this circumstance, the EMA ensures that the opinion of the CHMP is given within 150 days.
 
The decentralized procedure is available to applicants who wish to market a product in various European Union member states where such product has not received marketing approval in any European Union member states before. The decentralized procedure provides for approval by one or more other, or concerned, member states of an assessment of an application performed by one member state designated by the applicant, known as the reference member state. Under this procedure, an applicant submits an application based on identical dossiers and related materials, including a draft summary of product characteristics, and draft labeling and package leaflet, to the reference member state and concerned member states. The reference member state prepares a draft assessment report and drafts of the related materials within 210 days after receipt of a valid application. Within 90 days of receiving the reference member state’s assessment report and related materials, each concerned member state must decide whether to approve the assessment report and related materials.
 
If a member state cannot approve the assessment report and related materials on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health, the disputed points are subject to a dispute resolution mechanism and may eventually be referred to the European Commission, whose decision is binding on all member states.
 
Review and Approval of In Vitro Diagnostics in the European Union
 
In the European Economic Area, or EEA, in vitro diagnostic medical devices are regulated as medical devices and are required to conform with the essential requirements of the E.U. Directive on  in vitro  diagnostic medical devices (Directive No 98/79/EC, as amended). As medical devices,  in vitro diagnostic medical devices must comply with the Essential Requirements in Annex I to the EU Medical Devices Directive (Council Directive 93/42/EEC), or the Essential Requirements. Specifically, a manufacturer must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification. Except for low risk medical devices, where the manufacturer can issue a CE Declaration of Conformity based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the Essential Requirements, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a third-party organization designated by competent authorities of a European Union country to conduct conformity assessments, or a Notified Body. Notified Bodies are independent testing houses, laboratories, or product certifiers typically based within the European Union and authorized by the European member states to perform the required conformity assessment tasks, such as quality system audits and device compliance testing. The Notified Body would typically audit and examine the product’s Technical File and the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of the product before issuing a CE Certificate of Conformity demonstrating compliance with the relevant Essential Requirements.
 
Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement
 
Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of products approved by the FDA and other government authorities. Sales of products will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of the products will be covered by third-party payors, including government health programs in the United States such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the
 
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price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication.
 
Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments, and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit net revenue and results.
 
In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, a company may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA or other comparable regulatory approvals. A payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Third-party reimbursement may not be sufficient to maintain price levels high enough to realize an appropriate return on investment in product development.
 
In the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that drug products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of drug products and devices for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. European Union member states may approve a specific price for a drug product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the drug product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for drug products, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within a country. Any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for drug products may not allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements.
 
Healthcare Law and Regulation
 
Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of drug products that are granted marketing approval. Arrangements with third-party payors and customers are subject to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. Such restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, include the following:
 
 	•	 	the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid;	
 
 	•	 	the federal False Claims Act imposes civil penalties, and provides for civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;	
 
 	•	 	the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;	
 
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 	•	 	HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;	
 
 	•	 	the federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services;	
 
 	•	 	the federal transparency requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively the PPACA, require manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals and physician ownership and investment interests; and	
 
 	•	 	analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers.	
 
Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other health care providers or marketing expenditures. State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.
 
Legal Proceedings
 
We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.
 
Facilities
 
Our headquarters are located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where we occupy approximately 4,150 square feet of office space. The term of the lease expires on a month-to-month basis.
 
Employees
 
As of September 2, 2014, we had 17 full-time employees, nine of whom were primarily engaged in research and development activities.
 
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Management
 
The following table sets forth the name, age and position of each of our executive officers and directors as of September 2, 2014.

Name	  	Age	 	  	Position(s)	
Executive Officers	  	 	 	 	  	 	
Jodie P. Morrison	  	 	39	  	  	President and Chief Executive Officer, Director	
John S. McBride	  	 	62	  	  	Chief Operating Officer	
Karen J. Ferrante, M.D.	  	 	56	  	  	Head of Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer	
Lee H. Kalowski	  	 	33	  	  	Chief Financial Officer	
 	 	 	
Non-Employee Directors	  	 	 	 	  	 	
Seth L. Harrison, M.D.(1)(2)(3)	  	 	54	  	  	Chairman of the Board of Directors	
Reinhard J. Ambros, Ph.D.*	  	 	58	  	  	Director	
Timothy J. Barberich(1)(2)(3)	  	 	66	  	  	Director	
David A. Kessler, M.D.(2)(3)	  	 	63	  	  	Director	
Campbell Murray, M.D.*	  	 	38	  	  	Director	
Joseph A. Yanchik, III(1)	  	 	50	  	  	Director	
 
(1)	 	Member of audit committee.	
 
(2)	 	Member of compensation committee.	
 
(3)	 	Member of nominating and corporate governance committee.	
 
*	 	Drs. Ambros and Murray have notified us that they will resign from our board of directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.	
**	 	Committee memberships will be effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.	
 
Executive Officers
 
Jodie P. Morrison    has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since March 2013. From December 2006 until March 2013, Ms. Morrison held other senior positions with us, including Chief Operating Officer, Head of Clinical Affairs and Program Operations and Vice President of Clinical Affairs and Program Operations. Prior to joining our company, Ms. Morrison served as Director of Clinical Operations and Medical Affairs at Dyax Corporation, or Dyax. Prior to joining Dyax, Ms. Morrison held clinical management positions at both Curis, Inc. and at Diacrin, Inc. Ms. Morrison received a B.A. in neuroscience from Mount Holyoke College, her clinical research certification from the Boston University School of Medicine and her business training through the Greater Boston Executive Program at the MIT Sloan School of Management. We believe Ms. Morrison is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to her service as our President and Chief Executive Officer, her years of service as our Chief Operating Officer and her extensive knowledge of our company and industry.
 
John S. McBride    has served as our Chief Operating Officer since February 2014 and served as our Chief Financial Officer from April 2014 until September 2014. Prior to joining our company, Mr. McBride founded and served as President of Alliance Life Science Advisors, Inc., a consulting firm focused on assisting life science companies with strategic planning, business development and financing projects from March 2012 until February 2014. Prior to founding Alliance Life Science Advisors, Inc., Mr. McBride was an independent consultant from January 2009 until March 2012. In addition, Mr. McBride previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Gloucester Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Global Head of Oncology Licensing at Pharmacia Corporation, Executive Vice President, Business Operations and Chief Financial Officer at CytoTherapeutics, Inc., Vice President, Business Development and Treasurer at Phytera, Inc., Vice President, Commercial Development at Sparta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Vice President, Business Development at U.S.
 
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Bioscience, Inc. Currently, Mr. McBride serves as a member of the board of directors of Intezyne, Inc. From August 2008 until June 2013, Mr. McBride served as a member of the board of directors of Niiki Pharma Inc. Mr. McBride received a B.S. in biochemistry and an M.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Wisconsin and an M.B.A. from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
 
Karen J. Ferrante, M.D.    has served as our Head of Research and Development and Chief Medical Officer since April 2014. Prior to joining our company, Dr. Ferrante served as oncology therapeutic area head and Takeda Cambridge, USA site head for Takeda Pharmaceuticals from May 2013 until July 2013 and held senior positions at Millennium Pharmaceuticals, which was acquired by Takeda Pharmaceuticals in May 2008, including Chief Medical Officer, a Head of Research and Development and Senior Vice President, Clinical Development from September 2007 until May 2013. In addition, Dr. Ferrante previously held positions of increasing responsibility at Pfizer Global Research & Development, including Vice President and Therapeutic Area Clinical Leader in Oncology Development, and served as Associate Director of Clinical Oncology at Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, or BMS. Prior to joining BMS, Dr. Ferrante served as a staff physician at the Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital. She also served as instructor, clinical instructor and clinical fellow in medicine at the Harvard Medical School while completing her internship and residency in internal medicine followed by her fellowship in hematology and oncology at Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital. Currently, Dr. Ferrante serves as a member of the board of directors of Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Ferrante received a B.S. in chemistry and biology from Providence College and an M.D. from Georgetown University.
 
Lee H. Kalowski     has served as our Chief Financial Officer since September 2014. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Kalowski served in global biotechnology equity research at Credit Suisse where he covered companies in the biopharmaceutical industry, including companies developing prostate cancer therapies, as a vice president from January 2012 until September 2014, as a senior analyst from May 2011 until September 2014 and as an associate from June 2010 until May 2011. Prior to joining Credit Suisse, Mr. Kalowski worked in mergers and acquisitions for the pharmaceutical division of Johnson & Johnson from May 2009 until August 2009 while attending the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, from July 2008 until May 2010. Prior to that, Mr. Kalowski held global pharmaceutical equity research positions at Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. LLC and Prudential Equity Group, LLC. Mr. Kalowski received a B.A. in biology and economics from Union College and an M.B.A. in finance and health care management from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
 
Non-Employee Directors
 
Seth L. Harrison, M.D.    is one of our founders and has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2005 and as Chairman of our board of directors since August 2005. In September 1999, Dr. Harrison founded Apple Tree Partners, or Apple Tree, a life sciences investment firm, and since that time has served as Apple Tree’s Managing Partner. In addition, Dr. Harrison previously served as our Chief Executive Officer from August 2008 until September 2011. Currently, Dr. Harrison serves as a member of the boards of directors of Heartware International, Inc., or Heartware, and Aileron Therapeutics, Inc., or Aileron, and as Chairman of the board of directors of Braeburn Pharmaceuticals. From 2002 until 2010, Dr. Harrison served as a member of the board of directors of the International Partnership for Microbicides, a Rockefeller Foundation/Gates Foundation sponsored public-private partnership engaged in the development of anti-HIV microbicides. Dr. Harrison received an A.B. from Princeton University, an M.D. and M.B.A., both from Columbia University, and completed a surgery internship at the Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York. We believe Dr. Harrison is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his strong medical and venture capital background, his extensive experience with development-stage companies such as ours and his service on the boards of directors of a range of public and private companies.
 
Reinhard J. Ambros, Ph.D.    has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2009. Dr. Ambros has served as Global Head of Novartis Venture Funds since August 2005. Previously, he served as Head of Group Strategic Planning for Novartis Corporation from 2001 until 2005. Prior to that, he served as global head of business development and licensing for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases at Novartis Pharma
 
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AG. Currently, Dr. Ambros serves as a member of the boards of directors of Aileron, FORMA Therapeutics, Inc., Genedata AG and Symetis SA. Dr. Ambros received an M.S. from the University of Regensburg, Germany, and a Ph.D. in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology from the University of Regensburg, Germany. We believe Dr. Ambros is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his management experience in the biotechnology sector and his service on other boards of directors.
 
Timothy J. Barberich    has served as a member of our board of directors since February 2010. Mr. Barberich founded Sepracor, Inc., or Sepracor, in 1984 and served as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the board of directors of Sepracor until November 2009 when Sepracor was acquired by Dainippon Sumitomo. Prior to founding Sepracor, Mr. Barberich served as a senior executive at Millipore Corporation. Mr. Barberich currently serves on the boards of directors of Heartware, GI Dynamics, Inc., Verastem Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Neurovance and BioNevia, Inc. He previously served on the Board of Trustees of the Boston Medical Center and the board of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers’ Association. Mr. Barberich received a B.S. in chemistry from Kings College. We believe Mr. Barberich is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his significant experience in the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, his leadership experience at other pharmaceutical companies and his service on other boards of directors.
 
David A. Kessler, M.D.    has served as a member of our board of directors since March 2009. Dr. Kessler has served as Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of California, San Francisco, or UCSF, School of Medicine since 2003. Dr. Kessler served as the Dean of the School of Medicine and the Vice Chancellor for Medical Affairs at UCSF from 2003 until 2007 and Dean of the Yale University School of Medicine from 1997 until 2003. Dr. Kessler served as Commissioner of the FDA from November 1990 until March 1997. He also currently serves as a senior advisor to TPG Capital. Dr. Kessler was elected a member of the Institute of Medicine in 1993. Currently, Dr. Kessler serves on the board of directors of Immucor, Inc. He previously served on the board of directors of Aptalis. Dr. Kessler received a B.A. from Amherst College, a J.D. from The University of Chicago Law School and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School. In addition, Dr. Kessler received an Advanced Professional Certificate from the New York University Graduate School of Business Administration. We believe Dr. Kessler is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive healthcare and regulatory experience.
 
Campbell Murray, M.D.    has served as a member of our board of directors since May 2009. Dr. Murray has served as a Managing Director of Novartis Venture Funds since August 2005. Previously, Dr. Murray served as the Director of Special Projects at the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research from July 2004 until July 2005. Currently, Dr. Murray serves as a member of the boards of directors of Aerpio Therapeutics, Alios BioPharm, Euthymics Bioscience, Inc., Galera Therapeutics, ImaginAb and Neurovance. He previously served on the boards of directors of Akebia Therapeutics, Aileron and ProCertus BioPharm. Dr. Murray received a bachelor of human biology from the University of Auckland Medical School, an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, an M.P.P. from the John F. Kennedy School of Government, and an MBChB (M.D.) from the University of Auckland Medical School. We believe that Dr. Murray is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive investment experience in the biotechnology sector.
 
Joseph A. Yanchik, III    is one of our founders and has served as a member of our board of directors since August 2005. Mr. Yanchik served as our Chief Executive Officer from August 2005 until August 2008. Mr. Yanchik has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Aileron since July 2005. Mr. Yanchik previously served as Venture Partner at Apple Tree from June 2005 until September 2009, Vice President of Corporate Development at Mendel Biotechnology and founder and Chief Business Officer of Poetic Genetics, Inc. Prior to that, Mr. Yanchik specialized in corporate and securities law at Cahill Gordon & Reindel and Venture Law Group. Mr. Yanchik received a B.B.A. from Loyola College and a J.D. from the Villanova University School of Law. We believe Mr. Yanchik is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive business, legal and investment experience and experience as an executive.
 
Family Relationships
 
There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
 
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Board Composition
 
Our board of directors currently consists of seven members, all of whom were elected as directors pursuant to a voting agreement that we have entered into with the holders of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and certain of our founders. The voting agreement will terminate upon the closing of this offering, and there will be no further contractual obligations regarding the election of our directors. Our directors hold office until their successors have been elected and qualified or until the earlier of their resignation or removal.
 
Our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the closing of this offering provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors. Our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws that will become effective upon the closing of this offering also provide that our directors may be removed only for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in an annual election of directors, and that any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office.
 
In accordance with the terms of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws that will become effective upon the closing of this offering, our board of directors will be divided into three classes, class I, class II and class III, with members of each class serving staggered three-year terms. Upon the closing of this offering, the members of the classes will be divided as follows:
 
 	•	 	the class I directors will be Jodie P. Morrison and Joseph A. Yanchik, III, and their term will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2015;	
 
 	•	 	the class II directors will be Timothy J. Barberich and David A. Kessler, and their term will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2016; and	
 
 	•	 	the class III directors will be Seth L. Harrison, and his term will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2017.	
 
Upon the expiration of the term of a class of directors, directors in that class will be eligible to be elected for a new three-year term at the annual meeting of stockholders in the year in which their term expires.
 
We have no formal policy regarding board diversity. Our priority in selection of a board member is identification of a member who will further the interests of our stockholders through his or her established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among board members, knowledge of our business and understanding of the competitive landscape.
 
Director Independence
 
Rule 5605 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules requires a majority of a listed company’s board of directors to be comprised of independent directors within one year of listing. In addition, the NASDAQ Listing Rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees be independent under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Audit committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and compensation committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act. Under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of our board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee, accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries or otherwise be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10C-1, the board must consider, for
 
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each member of a compensation committee of a listed company, all factors specifically relevant to determining whether a director has a relationship to such company which is material to that director’s ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a compensation committee member, including, but not limited to: (1) the source of compensation of the director, including any consulting advisory or other compensatory fee paid by such company to the director; and (2) whether the director is affiliated with the company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.
 
In August 2014, our board of directors undertook a review of the composition of our board of directors and its committees and the independence of each director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors has determined that each of our directors, with the exception of Jodie P. Morrison and Seth L. Harrison, is an “independent director” as defined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the NASDAQ Listing Rules. Ms. Morrison is not an independent director under Rule 5605(a)(2) because she is our President and Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Harrison is not an independent director under Rule 5605(a)(2) because he served as our Chief Executive Officer from August 2008 until September 2011. We expect Dr. Harrison will become an independent director as of September 23, 2014. Our board of directors also determined that Messrs. Yanchik and Barberich, who will be members of our audit committee upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and Messrs. Kessler and Barberich, and Dr. Harrison as of September 23, 2014, who will comprise our compensation committee upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, satisfy the independence standards for such committees established by the SEC and the NASDAQ Listing Rules, as applicable. Dr. Harrison is not an independent director for the purpose of membership on our audit committee under Rule 10A-3 because of his affiliation with entities affiliated with Apple Tree Partners II, L.P., which beneficially own approximately 49% of our outstanding common stock prior to this offering.
 
Under applicable NASDAQ rules, we are permitted to phase-in our compliance with the independence requirements for our audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees. The phase-in periods with respect to director independence allow us to have only one independent member on each of the audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee upon the listing date of our common stock, a majority of independent members on each of these committees and our audit committee within 90 days of the listing date and fully independent committees within one year of the listing date. We expect that by the first anniversary of our listing on The NASDAQ Global Market, each of these committees will comply with the applicable independence requirements.
 
Board Committees
 
Our board of directors has established an audit committee and a compensation committee and, effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, will establish a nominating and corporate governance committee. Each of these committees will operate under a charter that will be approved by our board of directors.
 
Audit Committee
 
Effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the members of our audit committee will be Joseph A. Yanchik, III, Timothy J. Barberich and Seth L. Harrison. Mr. Yanchik will be the chair of the audit committee. None of the members of our audit committee qualifies as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC regulations and the NASDAQ Listing Rules. Following this offering, we plan to seek to identify a director to serve on the audit committee who would qualify as an audit committee financial expert. Our audit committee assists our board of directors in its oversight of our accounting and financial reporting process and the audits of our financial statements. Our audit committee’s responsibilities will include:
 
 	•	 	appointing, approving the compensation of, and assessing the independence of our registered public accounting firm;	
 
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 	•	 	overseeing the work of our independent registered public accounting firm, including through the receipt and consideration of reports from such firm;	
 
 	•	 	reviewing and discussing with management and our independent registered public accounting firm our annual and quarterly financial statements and related disclosures;	
 
 	•	 	monitoring our internal control over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures and code of business conduct and ethics;	
 
 	•	 	overseeing our internal audit function, if any;	
 
 	•	 	discussing our risk management policies;	
 
 	•	 	establishing policies regarding hiring employees from our independent registered public accounting firm and procedures for the receipt and retention of accounting related complaints and concerns;	
 
 	•	 	meeting independently with our internal auditing staff, our independent registered public accounting firm and management;	
 
 	•	 	reviewing and approving or ratifying any related person transactions; and	
 
 	•	 	preparing the audit committee report required by SEC rules. All audit services to be provided to us and all non-audit services, other than de minimis non-audit services, to be provided to us by our registered public accounting firm must be approved in advance by our audit committee.	
 
Compensation Committee
 
Effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the members of our compensation committee will be Timothy J. Barberich, Seth L. Harrison and David A. Kessler. Mr. Barberich will be the chair of the compensation committee. Our compensation committee assists our board of directors in the discharge of its responsibilities relating to the compensation of our executive officers. Our compensation committee’s responsibilities will include:
 
 	•	 	reviewing and approving, or making recommendations to our board with respect to, the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers;	
 
 	•	 	overseeing the evaluation of our senior executives;	
 
 	•	 	reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors with respect to our incentive-compensation and equity-based compensation plans;	
 
 	•	 	overseeing and administering our equity-based plans;	
 
 	•	 	reviewing and making recommendations to our board with respect to director compensation;	
 
 	•	 	reviewing and discussing with management our “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” disclosure to the extent such disclosure is required by SEC rules; and	
 
 	•	 	preparing the compensation committee report required by SEC rules.	
 
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
 
Effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, the members of our nominating and corporate governance committee will be Seth L. Harrison, Timothy J. Barberich and David A. Kessler. Dr. Harrison will be the chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee. Upon the closing of this offering, the nominating and corporate governance committee’s responsibilities will include:
 
 	•	 	identifying individuals qualified to become members of our board;	
 
 	•	 	recommending to our board the persons to be nominated for election as directors and to each of our board’s committees;	
 
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 	•	 	developing and recommending to our board corporate governance principles; and	
 
 	•	 	overseeing an annual evaluation of our board.	
 
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
 
None of our executive officers serves, or in the past has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee, or other committee serving an equivalent function, of any entity that has one or more executive officers who serve as members of our board of directors or our compensation committee. None of the members of our compensation committee is an officer or employee of our company, and other than Dr. Harrison, who served as our Chief Executive Officer from August 2008 until September 2011, none of the members of our compensation committee has ever been an officer or employee of our company.
 
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
 
We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that will be effective upon the closing of this offering and apply to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Following this offering, a copy of the code will be posted on the Corporate Governance section of our website, which is located at www.tokaipharma.com. If we make any substantive amendments to, or grant any waivers from, the code of business conduct and ethics for any officer or director, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a current report on Form 8-K.
 
Director Compensation
 
Prior to this offering, we did not have a formal non-employee director compensation policy. In 2013, we paid $2,000 and $6,000 in cash to Dr. Kessler and Mr. Barberich, respectively, as compensation for board of directors meetings attended in person. In addition, on June 26, 2013, we granted options to purchase 10,374 shares and 7,795 shares of common stock to Dr. Kessler and Mr. Barberich, respectively, with an exercise price of $1.58 per share. With respect to 5,845 of the shares of common stock underlying the option granted to Dr. Kessler, those shares vested as to 2.083% of the shares on July 1, 2013 and as to an additional 2.083% of the shares at the beginning of each successive month thereafter until June 1, 2017, and with respect to 4,529 of the shares of common stock underlying the option granted to Dr. Kessler, those shares vested as to 8.333% of the shares on October 24, 2013 and as to an additional 2.083% of the shares at the beginning of each successive month thereafter until June 1, 2017. With respect to 4,392 of the shares of common stock underlying the option granted to Mr. Barberich, those shares vested as to 2.083% of the shares on July 1, 2013 and as to an additional 2.083% of the shares at the beginning of each successive month thereafter until June 1, 2017, and with respect to 3,403 of the shares of common stock underlying the option granted to Mr. Barberich, those shares vested as to 8.333% of the shares on October 24, 2013 and as to an additional 2.083% of the shares at the beginning of each successive month thereafter until June 1, 2017.
 
None of our other non-employee directors received any compensation in 2013. We do not pay any compensation to our President and Chief Executive Officer in connection with her service on our board of directors. The compensation that we pay to our President and Chief Executive Officer is discussed in the “Executive Compensation” section of this prospectus.
 
Our board of directors has approved a compensation policy for our non-employee directors that will become effective upon the closing of this offering. This policy is designed to provide a total compensation package that enables us to attract and retain qualified and experienced individuals to serve as directors and to align our directors’ interests with those of our stockholders. Following this offering, our non-employee directors will be compensated for their services on our board of directors as follows:
 
 	•	 	each new non-employee director will receive an initial grant of an option under our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan, to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock upon his or her initial election to our board of directors;	
 
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 	•	 	each non-employee director who has served on the board for at least three months will receive an annual grant of an option under our 2014 Plan to purchase 12,000 shares of common stock on the date of the first meeting of our board of directors held after each annual meeting of our stockholders;	
 
 	•	 	each non-employee director will receive an annual cash fee of $35,000 ($60,000 for the chairman of the board of directors);	
 
 	•	 	each non-employee director who is a member of the audit committee will receive an additional annual cash fee of $7,500 ($15,000 for the audit committee chairman);	
 
 	•	 	each non-employee director who is a member of the compensation committee will receive an additional annual cash fee of $5,000 ($10,000 for the compensation committee chairman); and	
 
 	•	 	each non-employee director who is a member of the nominating and corporate governance committee will receive an additional annual cash fee of $3,750 ($7,500 for the nominating and corporate governance committee chairman).	
 
The stock options granted to our non-employee directors will have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant and will expire ten years after the date of grant. The initial stock options granted to our future newly elected non-employee directors will, subject to the director’s continued service on our board, vest with respect to one-third of the shares on the first anniversary of the grant date and quarterly thereafter until the third anniversary of the date of grant. The annual stock options granted to our non-employee directors will, subject to the director’s continued service on our board, vest with respect to 100% of the shares on the first anniversary of the grant date. The initial and annual stock options granted to our non-employee directors will vest in full with respect to the shares then underlying such options upon a change of control.
 
The annual cash fee will be payable in arrears on the last day of each quarter. The amount of each payment will be prorated for any portion of a quarter that a director is not serving on our board. In addition, no fee will be payable in respect of any period prior to the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and the first payment after the effective date will be prorated therefor.
 
Each non-employee director will also be entitled to reimbursement for reasonable travel and other expenses incurred in connection with attending meetings of the board of directors and any committee on which he or she serves.
 
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Executive Compensation
 
This section discusses the material elements of our executive compensation policies for our “named executive officers” and the most important factors relevant to an analysis of these policies. It provides qualitative information regarding the manner and context in which compensation is awarded to and earned by our executive officers named in the “Summary Compensation Table” below, or our “named executive officers,” and is intended to place in perspective the data presented in the following tables and the corresponding narrative.
 
In preparing to become a public company, we have begun a thorough review of all elements of our executive compensation program, including the function and design of our equity incentive programs. We have begun, and we expect to continue in the coming months, to evaluate the need for revisions to our executive compensation program to ensure our program is competitive with the companies with which we compete for executive talent and is appropriate for a public company.
 
Summary Compensation Table
 
The following table sets forth information regarding compensation earned by our President and Chief Executive Officer and our next two highest paid executive officers during the year ended December 31, 2013. We refer to these individuals as our named executive officers.

Name	  	Year	 	  	Salary
($)	 	  	Bonus ($)	 	  	Option
Awards ($) (1)	 	  	All Other
Compensation ($)	 	 	Total ($)	 	
Jodie P. Morrison(2)	  	 	2013	  	  	 	330,103	  	  	 	91,875	  	  	 	547,134	  	  	 	565	(3) 	 	 	969,677	  	
President and Chief Executive Officer	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Martin D. Williams	  	 	2013	  	  	 	87,500	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	268,215	(4) 	 	 	355,715	  	
Former President and Chief Executive Officer	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Adrian Senderowicz, M.D.	  	 	2013	  	  	 	68,750	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	118,227	(5) 	 	 	186,977	  	
Former Chief Medical Officer	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 
(1)	 	Amounts listed represent the aggregate fair value amount computed as of the grant date of the option awards granted during 2013 in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 9, Stock-Based Awards, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.	
(2)	 	Ms. Morrison also serves as a member of our board of directors but does not receive any additional compensation for her service as a director.	
(3)	 	Represents the dollar value of a group life insurance premium paid during the fiscal year with respect to life insurance for Ms. Morrison.	
(4)	 	Consists of (i) $262,500 paid as severance to Mr. Williams following his departure from our company effective March 27, 2013, (ii) $5,385 in accrued vacation and (iii) $330, which represents the dollar value of a group life insurance premium paid during the fiscal year with respect to life insurance for Mr. Williams.	
(5)	 	Consists of (i) $114,594 paid as severance to Dr. Senderowicz following his departure from our company effective March 27, 2013, (ii) $3,173 in accrued vacation and (iii) $460, which represents the dollar value of a group life insurance premium paid during the fiscal year with respect to life insurance for Dr. Senderowicz.	
 
Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table
 
Base salary. In 2013, we paid $330,103 in base salary to Ms. Morrison and, before their departure from our company effective March 27, 2013, $87,500 in base salary to Mr. Williams and $68,750 in base salary to Dr. Senderowicz. We use base salaries to recognize the experience, skills, knowledge and responsibilities required of all our employees, including our named executive officers. None of our named executive officers is currently party to an employment agreement or other agreement or arrangement that provides for automatic or scheduled increases in base salary. In connection with the departures from our company of Mr. Williams and
 
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Dr. Senderowicz effective March 27, 2013, we agreed to make severance payments to Mr. Williams and Dr. Senderowicz pursuant to a separation agreement entered into with each of them. See “—Employment Agreements, Severance and Change in Control Agreements” for additional information.
 
Annual bonus. Our board of directors may, in its discretion, award bonuses to our named executive officers from time to time. We typically establish annual bonus targets based around a set of specified corporate goals for our named executive officers and conduct an annual performance review to determine the attainment of such goals. Our management may propose bonus awards to the compensation committee of the board or the board primarily based on such review process. Our board of directors makes the final determination of the eligibility requirements for and the amount of such bonus awards. With respect to 2013, we awarded a bonus of $91,875 to Ms. Morrison based on her individual performance and our performance as a company that year. We did not award a bonus to any other named executive officer in 2013.
 
Equity incentives. Although we do not have a formal policy with respect to the grant of equity incentive awards to our executive officers or any formal equity ownership guidelines applicable to them, we believe that equity grants provide our executives with a strong link to our long-term performance, create an ownership culture and help to align the interests of our executives and our stockholders. In addition, we believe that equity grants with a time-based vesting feature promote executive retention because this feature incentivizes our executive officers to remain in our employment during the vesting period. Accordingly our compensation committee and board of directors periodically review the equity incentive compensation of our named executive officers and from time to time may grant equity incentive awards to them in the form of stock options. In 2013, we granted options to purchase 506,551 shares of our common stock to Ms. Morrison in connection with her elevation to President and Chief Executive Officer, of which options to purchase 341,300 shares are subject to time-based vesting and options to purchase 165,251 shares are subject to performance-based vesting. See “—Outstanding Equity Awards at Year End.” We did not grant equity awards to any of our other named executive officers in 2013.
 
Outstanding Equity Awards at Year End
 
The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding stock options held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2013.

 	  	Option Awards	 	
Name	  	Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options (#)
exercisable	 	  	Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options  (#)
unexercisable	 	 	Option
Exercise Price ($)	 	  	Option
Expiration
Date	 	
Jodie P. Morrison
President and Chief Executive Officer	  	 

 

 

 
 	2,574

22,441
38,049
2,887
3,608
11,833
14,864
32,353
10,310
—  	  

  

  

  

 

 

 
 
 	—  

—  
22,829
2,244
2,806
9,204
11,561
226,472
72,165
165,251	  

(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
(5) 
(6) 
(7) 
(8) 	 	 

 

 

 
 	2.31

0.63
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.58
1.58
1.58	  

  

  

  

 

 

 
 
 	5/27/2018

5/6/2019
6/28/2021
9/7/2021
9/7/2021
9/7/2021
9/7/2021
6/26/2023
6/26/2023
6/26/2023	  

  

  

  
  	
Martin D. Williams
Former President and Chief Executive Officer	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
Adrian Senderowicz, M.D.
Former Chief Medical Officer	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
 
(1)	 	This option vested as to 2.083% of the shares underlying the option on July 1, 2011 and vests as to an additional 2.083% of the shares underlying the option monthly thereafter through June 1, 2015.	
 
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(2)	 	This option vested as to 2.083% of the shares underlying the option on October 1, 2011 and vests as to an additional 2.083% of the shares underlying the option monthly thereafter through September 1, 2015.	
(3)	 	This option vested as to 2.083% of the shares underlying the option on October 7, 2011 and vests as to an additional 2.083% of the shares underlying the option monthly thereafter through September 1, 2015.	
(4)	 	This option vested as to 8.333% of the shares underlying the option on January 27, 2012 and vests as to an additional 2.083% of the shares underlying the option monthly thereafter through September 1, 2015.	
(5)	 	This option vested as to 20.833% of the shares underlying the option on July 12, 2012 and vests as to an additional 2.083% of the shares underlying the option monthly thereafter through September 1, 2015.	
(6)	 	This option vested as to 2.083% of the shares underlying the option on July 1, 2013 and vests as to an additional 2.083% of the shares underlying the option monthly thereafter through June 1, 2017.	
(7)	 	This option vested as to 8.333% of the shares underlying the option on October 24, 2013 and vests as to an additional 2.083% of the shares underlying the option monthly thereafter through June 1, 2017. This option is also subject to acceleration by 12 months upon the consummation of this offering.	
(8)	 	This option is a performance-based option that vests as to 100% of the shares underlying the option upon the consummation of this offering.	
 
Employment Agreements, Severance and Change in Control Agreements
 
Jodie P. Morrison
 
In June 2013, in connection with our appointment of Ms. Morrison as our President and Chief Executive Officer, we entered into an employment agreement with Ms. Morrison. The employment agreement establishes Ms. Morrison’s title, her base salary, her eligibility for an annual bonus of up to 25% of her base salary, and her eligibility for benefits made available to employees generally and also provides for certain benefits upon termination of her employment under specified conditions. Ms. Morrison’s employment is at will. We granted Ms. Morrison two stock options pursuant to the employment agreement: an option for the purchase of 341,300 shares that is subject to time-based vesting and an option for the purchase of 165,251 shares that is subject to performance-based vesting.
 
Under the terms of the employment agreement, if Ms. Morrison’s employment is terminated by us without cause or by Ms. Morrison for good reason, each as defined in her employment agreement, and subject to Ms. Morrison’s execution of a general release of potential claims against us, we have agreed to continue to pay her then-current base salary for a period of 12 months. In addition, if Ms. Morrison’s employment is terminated by us without cause or by Ms. Morrison for good reason within one year following a change of control, as defined in her stock option agreement, and subject to Ms. Morrison’s execution of a general release of potential claims against us, the time-vested option granted to Ms. Morrison upon her appointment as Chief Executive Officer will accelerate in full.
 
The time-based option is also subject to acceleration by 12 months upon the consummation of this offering. The performance-based option granted to Ms. Morrison upon her appointment as Chief Executive Officer will vest as to 100% of the number of shares of common stock underlying the option upon the consummation of this offering.
 
In addition, under each stock option agreement that we have entered into with Ms. Morrison, other than the stock option agreement for the performance-based option described above, we have agreed that if Ms. Morrison is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason in connection with or within one year after a change in control of our company (as defined in the applicable stock option agreement), then that stock option will vest in full.
 
Martin D. Williams
 
In connection with Mr. Williams’ departure from our company effective March 27, 2013, we entered into a separation agreement with Mr. Williams under which we agreed to make severance payments to Mr. Williams in the amount of his then-current base salary for 12 months following his departure.
 
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Adrian Senderowicz, M.D.
 
In connection with Dr. Senderowicz’s departure from our company effective March 27, 2013, we entered into a separation agreement with Dr. Senderowicz under which we agreed to make severance payments to Dr. Senderowicz in the amount of his then-current base salary for six months following his departure.
 
In 2014, we entered into employment agreements with Mr. McBride, Dr. Ferrante and Mr. Kalowski in connection with their commencing employment with us.
 
John S. McBride
 
Mr. McBride’s employment agreement establishes his title, his base salary, his eligibility for an annual bonus of up to 20% of his base salary, and his eligibility for benefits made available to employees generally and also provides for certain benefits upon termination of his employment under specified conditions. Mr. McBride’s employment is at will. Pursuant to Mr. McBride’s employment agreement, we granted Mr. McBride a stock option for the purchase of 209,178 shares that is subject to time-based vesting.
 
Under the terms of the employment agreement, if Mr. McBride’s employment is terminated by us without cause, as defined in his employment agreement, and subject to Mr. McBride’s execution of a general release of potential claims against us, we have agreed to continue to pay his then-current base salary for a period of six months.
 
In addition, under the terms of Mr. McBride’s stock option agreement, if Mr. McBride’s employment is terminated by us without cause or by Mr. McBride for good reason, each as defined in his stock option agreement, within one year following a change of control event, the option will become exercisable in full with respect to the shares then underlying the option.
 
Karen J. Ferrante, M.D.
 
The employment agreement establishes Dr. Ferrante’s title, her base salary, her eligibility for an annual bonus of up to 20% of her base salary, and her eligibility for benefits made available to employees generally and also provides for certain benefits upon termination of her employment under specified conditions. Dr. Ferrante’s employment is at will. Pursuant to Dr. Ferrante’s employment agreement, we granted Dr. Ferrante a stock option for the purchase of 258,036 shares that is subject to time-based vesting.
 
Under the terms of the employment agreement, if Dr. Ferrante’s employment is terminated by us without cause, as defined in her employment agreement, and subject to Dr. Ferrante’s execution of a general release of potential claims against us, we have agreed to continue to pay her then-current base salary:
 
 	•	 	for a period of six months if Dr. Ferrante’s termination occurs within six months of Dr. Ferrante’s commencement of employment with us;	
 
 	•	 	for a period equal to the number of full months worked if Dr. Ferrante’s termination occurs more than six months but less than 12 months after Dr. Ferrante’s commencement of employment with us; and	
 
 	•	 	for a period of 12 months if Dr. Ferrante’s termination occurs on or after the one year anniversary of Dr. Ferrante’s commencement of employment with us.	
 
In addition, under the terms of Dr. Ferrante’s stock option agreement, if Dr. Ferrante’s employment is terminated by us without cause or by Dr. Ferrante for good reason, each as defined in her stock option agreement, within one year following a change of control event, the option will become exercisable in full with respect to the shares then underlying the option.
 
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Lee H. Kalowski
 
Mr. Kalowski’s employment agreement establishes his title, his base salary, his eligibility for an annual bonus of up to 30% of his base salary and his eligibility for benefits made available to employees generally and also provides for certain benefits upon termination of his employment under specified conditions. Mr. Kalowski’s employment agreement also provided for a $45,000 cash signing bonus. Mr. Kalowski’s employment is at will. Pursuant to Mr. Kalowski’s employment agreement, Mr. Kalowski was granted (1) an option to purchase 207,617 shares of our common stock at an exercise price equal to the price per share of the shares sold to the public in this offering and (2) a restricted stock unit award for 51,904 shares of our common stock. Each of these awards will be effective upon the day following the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part (and prior to the commencement of trading of our common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market). These awards will be subject to time-based vesting.
 
Under the terms of the employment agreement, if Mr. Kalowski’s employment is terminated by us without cause, as defined in his employment agreement, and subject to Mr. Kalowski’s execution of a general release of potential claims against us, we have agreed to continue to pay his then-current base salary for a period of six months or until Mr. Kalowski commences employment with or begins providing services to another person, employer or entity.
 
In addition, under the terms of the employment agreement, if Mr. Kalowski’s employment is terminated by us without cause or by Mr. Kalowski for good reason, each as defined in his employment agreement, within one year following a change of control event, the option will become exercisable in full with respect to the shares then underlying the option, and the restricted stock unit will vest in full with respect to the shares then underlying the restricted stock unit.
 
Other Agreements
 
We have also entered into employee confidentiality, inventions, non-solicitation and non-competition agreements with each of our named executive officers. Under the employee confidentiality, inventions, non-solicitation and non-competition agreements, each named executive officer has agreed (1) not to compete with us during his or her employment and for a period of one year after the termination of his or her employment, (2) not to solicit our employees during his or her employment and for a period of one year after the termination of his or her employment, (3) to protect our confidential and proprietary information and (4) to assign to us related intellectual property developed during the course of his or her employment.
 
Stock Option and Other Compensation Plans
 
2007 Stock Incentive Plan
 
Our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, or the 2007 Plan, was first adopted by our board of directors and first approved by our stockholders in May 2007. Our 2007 Plan was amended in June 2008, March 2009, May 2009, September 2011, May 2013, February 2014 and April 2014. Our employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors are eligible to receive awards under the 2007 Plan; however, incentive stock options may only be granted to employees. In accordance with the terms of the 2007 Plan, our board of directors, or a committee or executive officer appointed by our board, administers the 2007 Plan and, subject to any limitations in the 2007 Plan, selects the recipients of awards and determines:
 
 	•	 	the number of shares of common stock covered by options and the dates upon which those options become exercisable;	
 
 	•	 	the type of options to be granted;	
 
 	•	 	the exercise prices of options;	
 
 	•	 	the duration of options; and	
 
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 	•	 	the number of shares of common stock subject to any restricted stock or other stock-based awards and the terms and conditions of those awards, including the issue price, conditions for repurchase or forfeiture and repurchase price.	
 
If our board of directors delegates authority to an executive officer to grant awards under the 2007 Plan, the executive officer has the power to make awards to employees, directors, consultants and advisors, except officers or executive officers. Our board of directors will fix the terms of the awards to be granted by such executive officer, including the exercise price of such awards, and the maximum number of shares subject to awards that such executive officer may make.
 
In the event of a reorganization event, as defined in the 2007 Plan, our board shall take any one or more of the following actions as to all or any outstanding awards on such terms as the board determines:
 
 	•	 	provide that all outstanding awards shall be assumed, or substantially equivalent awards shall be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof);	
 
 	•	 	upon written notice to a participant, provide that all of the participant’s unexercised awards shall become exercisable in full and will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such reorganization event, unless exercised by the participant within a specified period following the date of such notice;	
 
 	•	 	provide that all outstanding awards shall become realizable or deliverable, or restrictions applicable to an award shall lapse, in whole or in part, prior to or upon such reorganization event;	
 
 	•	 	in the event of a reorganization event pursuant to which holders of shares of our common stock will receive a cash payment for each share surrendered in the reorganization event, which we refer to as the acquisition price, make or provide for a cash payment to the participants with respect to each award held by a participant equal to (a) the acquisition price times the number of shares of our common stock subject to the participant’s awards (to the extent the exercise price of such awards does not exceed the acquisition price) minus (b) the aggregate exercise price of all such outstanding awards, in exchange for the termination of such options or other awards;	
 
 	•	 	in connection with a liquidation or dissolution, provide that awards shall convert into the right to receive liquidation proceeds (if applicable, net of the exercise price thereof); and	
 
 	•	 	provide for any combination of the foregoing.	
 
As of July 31, 2014, there were options to purchase an aggregate of 1,634,275 shares of common stock outstanding under the 2007 Plan at a weighted average exercise price of $2.86 per share, and an aggregate of 171,994 shares of common stock had been issued upon the exercise of options granted under the 2007 Plan. As of July 31, 2014, there were 43,945 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2007 Plan. On and after the effective date of the 2014 Plan described below, we will grant no further stock options or other awards under the 2007 Plan.
 
2014 Stock Incentive Plan
 
In August 2014, our board of directors adopted and our stockholders approved the 2014 Plan, which will become effective upon effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The 2014 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards. Upon effectiveness of the 2014 Plan, the number of shares of our common stock that will be reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan will be the sum of (1) 1,700,000 shares, plus (2) the number of shares (up to 1,678,220 shares) equal to the sum of the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2007 Plan that remain available for grant under the 2007 Plan immediately prior to the effectiveness of the 2014 Plan and the number of shares of our common stock subject to outstanding awards under our 2007 Plan that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, cancelled, forfeited or repurchased by us at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right, plus (3) an annual
 
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increase, to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2015 and continuing for each fiscal year until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, equal to the least of 1,800,000 shares of our common stock, 4% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable fiscal year and an amount determined by our board of directors.
 
Our employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors will be eligible to receive awards under the 2014 Plan; however, incentive stock options may only be granted to our employees.
 
Subject to any limitation in the 2014 Plan, our board of directors, or any committee or officer to which our board of directors has delegated authority, will select the recipients of awards and determine:
 
 	•	 	the number of shares of common stock covered by options and the dates upon which those options become exercisable;	
 
 	•	 	the exercise price of options;	
 
 	•	 	the duration of options;	
 
 	•	 	the methods of payment of the exercise price of options; and	
 
 	•	 	the number of shares of common stock subject to any restricted stock or other stock-based awards and the terms and conditions of such awards, including the issue price, conditions for repurchase, repurchase price and performance conditions, if any.	
 
Upon a merger or other reorganization event, our board of directors, may, in its sole discretion, take any one or more of the following actions pursuant to the 2014 Plan, as to some or all outstanding awards, other than restricted stock awards:
 
 	•	 	provide that all outstanding awards will be assumed or substituted by the successor corporation;	
 
 	•	 	upon written notice to a participant, provide that the participant’s unexercised options or awards will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction unless exercised by the participant;	
 
 	•	 	provide that outstanding awards will become exercisable, realizable or deliverable, or restrictions applicable to an award will lapse, in whole or in part, prior to or upon the reorganization event;	
 
 	•	 	in the event of a reorganization event pursuant to which holders of our common stock will receive a cash payment for each share surrendered in the reorganization event, make or provide for a cash payment to the participants equal to the excess, if any, of the acquisition price times the number of shares of our common stock subject to such outstanding awards (to the extent then exercisable at prices not in excess of the acquisition price), over the aggregate exercise price of all such outstanding awards and any applicable tax withholdings, in exchange for the termination of such awards; and	
 
 	•	 	provide that, in connection with a liquidation or dissolution, awards convert into the right to receive liquidation proceeds.	
 
Upon the occurrence of a reorganization event other than a liquidation or dissolution, the repurchase and other rights under each outstanding restricted stock award will continue for the benefit of the successor company and will, unless our board of directors may otherwise determine, apply to the cash, securities or other property into which our common stock is converted pursuant to the reorganization event. Upon the occurrence of a reorganization event involving a liquidation or dissolution, all restrictions and conditions on each outstanding restricted stock award will automatically be deemed terminated or satisfied, unless otherwise provided in the agreement evidencing the restricted stock award.
 
No award may be granted under the 2014 Plan after the tenth anniversary of the effective date of the 2014 Plan. Our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the 2014 Plan at any time, except that stockholder approval will be required to comply with applicable law or stock market requirements.
 
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2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 
In August 2014, our board of directors adopted and our stockholders approved the 2014 ESPP. Our 2014 ESPP will become effective upon effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The 2014 ESPP will initially provide participating employees with the opportunity to purchase an aggregate of 225,000 shares of our common stock. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2014 ESPP will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing on January 1, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2024, in an amount equal to the least of (1) 450,000 shares of our common stock, (2) 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable fiscal year and (3) an amount determined by our board of directors.
 
All employees and all employees of a designated subsidiary, as defined in the 2014 ESPP, are eligible to participate in the 2014 ESPP, subject to limited exceptions set forth in the 2014 ESPP.
 
However, no employee is eligible to receive an option to purchase shares of our common stock under the 2014 ESPP that would result in the employee owning 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of our common stock immediately after the grant of an option under the 2014 ESPP. Additionally, no employee may purchase shares of our common stock with an aggregate value of more than $25,000 per calendar year in which the option is outstanding under the 2014 ESPP, as determined by the value of such shares as of the date the option is granted.
 
We may make one or more offerings to our employees to purchase stock under the 2014 ESPP at such time or times as determined by our board of directors with each offering continuing for a six-month period, which we refer to as a plan period. However, our board of directors or a committee appointed by our board of directors may, in its discretion, choose a different plan period of twelve months or less for any offerings made under the 2014 ESPP. Our board of directors has not yet determined when the first plan period under the 2014 ESPP will commence. Payroll deductions made during each plan period will be held in payroll deductions accounts for all participating employees for the purchase of our common stock at the end of each plan period.
 
On the commencement date of each plan period, we will grant to each eligible employee who is then a participant in the 2014 ESPP an option to purchase shares of our common stock. The employee may authorize up to a maximum of 15% of his or her base pay to be deducted by us during the plan period. Each employee who continues to be a participant in the 2014 ESPP on the last business day of the plan period will be deemed to have exercised the option to the extent of the employee’s accumulated payroll deductions, subject to the maximum share ownership limits for the 2014 ESPP. Under the terms of the 2014 ESPP, the option exercise price will be determined by our board of directors or a committee appointed by our board of directors for each plan period. Our board of directors or a committee appointed by our board of directors may set whether the option exercise price will be based on the closing price of our common stock on (1) the first business day of the plan period or (2) the last business day of the plan period, or the lower of such closing prices, provided that the option exercise price will be at least 85% of the applicable closing price. In no event may an employee purchase in any one plan period a number of shares that exceeds the number of shares determined by dividing (1) the product of $2,083 and the number of full months in the plan period by (2) the closing price of a share of our common stock on the commencement date of the plan period.
 
An employee who is not a participant in the 2014 ESPP on the last day of the plan period is not entitled to exercise any option, and any balance held in the employee’s accumulated payroll deduction account will be refunded. An employee’s rights under the 2014 ESPP terminate upon voluntary withdrawal from the purchase plan at any time prior to the last business day of the applicable plan period or when the employee ceases employment for any reason, as defined in the 2014 ESPP, before the last business day of the applicable plan period.
 
In the event of any stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations, combination of shares, reclassification of shares, spin-offs or other similar events or changes in capitalization or any dividend or
 
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distribution to holders of our common stock other than an ordinary cash dividend, we will be required to make equitable adjustments in connection with the 2014 ESPP to the extent determined by our board of directors or a committee appointed by our board of directors.
 
Upon a merger or other reorganization event, our board of directors or a committee appointed by our board of directors may take any one or more of the following actions pursuant to the 2014 ESPP as to some or all outstanding options:
 
 	•	 	provide that options will be assumed, or substantially equivalent options shall be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof);	
 
 	•	 	upon written notice to employees, provide that all outstanding options will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such reorganization event and that all such outstanding options will become exercisable to the extent of accumulated payroll deductions as of a date specified by our board of directors or by a committee appointed by our board of directors;	
 
 	•	 	upon written notice to employees, provide that all outstanding options shall be cancelled as of a date prior to the effective date of such reorganization event and that all accumulated payroll deductions will be returned to participating employees on such date;	
 
 	•	 	in the event of a reorganization event pursuant to which holders of shares of our common stock will receive a cash payment for each share surrendered in the reorganization event, change the last day of the plan period to be the date of the consummation of the reorganization event and make or provide for a cash payment equal to (1) the acquisition price multiplied by the number of shares of our common stock subject to the participant’s option that could be purchased based on the employee’s accumulated payroll deductions at such time, minus (2) the aggregate option price of such option; or	
 
 	•	 	provide that, in connection with a liquidation or dissolution, options shall convert into the right to receive liquidation proceeds (net of the option price).	
 
Our board of directors may at any time amend or terminate the 2014 ESPP, except that we must obtain stockholder approval for any amendment that requires stockholder approval under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code, and our board of directors may not make any amendment that would cause the 2014 ESPP to fail to comply with Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. Upon termination of the 2014 ESPP, we will refund any balance held in the payroll deduction accounts of participating employees.
 
401(k) Retirement Plan
 
We maintain a 401(k) retirement plan that is intended to be a tax-qualified defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, all of our employees are eligible to participate, beginning on the first day of the month following commencement of their employment. The 401(k) plan includes a salary deferral arrangement pursuant to which participants may elect to reduce their current compensation by up to the statutorily prescribed limit, equal to $17,500 in 2014, and have the amount of the reduction contributed to the 401(k) plan. Currently, we do not match employee contributions.
 
Limitation of Liability and Indemnification
 
As permitted by Delaware law, we expect our board of directors and stockholders to adopt provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation, which will be effective as of the closing date of this offering, that limit or eliminate the personal liability of our directors. Our certificate of incorporation limits the liability of directors to the maximum extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law provides that directors of a corporation will not be personally liable for monetary damages for breaches of their fiduciary duties as directors, except liability for:
 
 	•	 	any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;	
 
 	•	 	any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;	
 
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 	•	 	any unlawful payments related to dividends or unlawful stock repurchases, redemptions or other distributions; or	
 
 	•	 	any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.	
 
These limitations do not apply to liabilities arising under federal securities laws and do not affect the availability of equitable remedies, including injunctive relief or rescission. If Delaware law is amended to authorize the further elimination or limiting of a director, then the liability of our directors will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law as so amended.
 
As permitted by Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation that will be effective as of the closing date of this offering will also provide that:
 
 	•	 	we will indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by law;	
 
 	•	 	we may indemnify our other employees and other agents to the same extent that we indemnify our officers and directors, unless otherwise determined by our board of directors; and	
 
 	•	 	we will advance expenses to our directors and officers in connection with legal proceedings in connection with a legal proceeding to the fullest extent permitted by law.	
 
The indemnification provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation that will be effective as of the closing date of this offering are not exclusive. In addition, we plan to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. We expect that each of these indemnification agreements will provide, among other things, that we will indemnify such director or executive officer to the fullest extent permitted by law for claims arising in his or her capacity as a director or officer, as applicable, provided that he or she acted in good faith and in a manner that he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, our best interests and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful. We expect that each of these indemnification agreements will provide that in the event that we do not assume the defense of a claim against a director or officer, as applicable, we will be required to advance his or her expenses in connection with his or her defense, provided that he or she undertakes to repay all amounts advanced if it is ultimately determined that he or she is not entitled to be indemnified by us.
 
We believe that these provisions and agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, which we refer to as the Securities Act, may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling our company pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we understand that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
 
In addition, we maintain standard policies of insurance under which coverage is provided to our directors and officers against losses arising from claims made by reason of breach of duty or other wrongful act, and to us with respect to payments which may be made by us to such directors and officers pursuant to the above indemnification provisions or otherwise as a matter of law.
 
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Related Person Transactions
 
The following is a description of transactions since January 1, 2011 to which we have been a party, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or beneficial owners of more than 5% of our voting securities, or affiliates or immediate family members of any of our directors, executive officers or beneficial owners of more than 5% of our voting securities, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest. We believe the terms obtained or consideration that we paid or received, as applicable, in connection with the transactions described below were comparable to terms available or the amounts that would be paid or received, as applicable, from unrelated third parties.
 
Series D-3 Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Financing
 
During September 2011, January 2012 and July 2012, we issued and sold an aggregate of 42,935,192 shares of our Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock at a purchase price per share of $0.54617142 for an aggregate purchase price of $23.4 million.
 
The following table sets forth the number of shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock that were issued to our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, and affiliates or immediate family members of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities in connection with the Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock financing and the aggregate cash purchase price paid by such persons and entities.

Purchaser	  	Shares of  Series
D-3 Redeemable
Convertible
Preferred Stock	 	  	Purchase
Price	 	
Entities affiliated with Apple Tree Partners II, L.P.(1)	  	 	24,046,035	  	  	$	13,133,257	  	
Novartis BioVentures Ltd.(2)	  	 	13,222,826	  	  	$	7,221,930	  	
Trusts and other entities affiliated with Muneer A. Satter(3)	  	 	3,931,085	  	  	$	2,147,046	  	
 
(1)	 	Consists of 13,370,422 shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock and 10,675,613 shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock purchased by Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P., respectively. Dr. Seth L. Harrison, a member of our board of directors, is a principal of the general partner of each of Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P. and is affiliated with these entities. See “Principal Stockholders.”	
(2)	 	Dr. Reinhard J. Ambros and Dr. Campbell Murray, two members of our board of directors, are employees of a corporation that is affiliated with Novartis BioVentures Ltd. See “Principal Stockholders.”	
(3)	 	Consists of shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock purchased by the Muneer A. Satter Revocable Trust and various other trusts and other entities for which Mr. Satter serves as trustee, investment advisor or manager and, in such capacity, has sole voting and dispositive control over all such shares.	
 
Series E Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Financing
 
During May 2013 and October 2013, we issued and sold an aggregate of 56,892,391 shares of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock at a purchase price per share of $0.62398475 for an aggregate purchase price of $35.5 million.
 
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The following table sets forth the number of shares of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock that were issued to our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, and affiliates or immediate family members of our directors, executive officers and holders of more than 5% of our voting securities in connection with the Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock financing and the aggregate cash purchase price paid by such persons and entities.

Purchaser	  	Shares of Series
E Redeemable
Convertible
Preferred Stock	 	  	Purchase
Price	 	
Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P.(1)	  	 	24,199,308	  	  	$	15,099,997	  	
Novartis BioVentures Ltd.(2)	  	 	15,064,469	  	  	$	9,399,999	  	
Trusts and other entities affiliated with Muneer A. Satter(3)	  	 	8,013,003	  	  	$	4,999,992	  	
 
(1)	 	Dr. Seth L. Harrison, a member of our board of directors, is a principal of the general partner of Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P. and is affiliated with this entity. See “Principal Stockholders.”	
(2)	 	Dr. Reinhard J. Ambros and Dr. Campbell Murray, two members of our board of directors, are employees of a corporation that is affiliated with Novartis BioVentures Ltd. See “Principal Stockholders.”	
(3)	 	Consists of shares of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock purchased by the Muneer A. Satter Revocable Trust and various other trusts and other entities for which Mr. Satter serves as trustee, investment advisor or manager and, in such capacity, has sole voting and dispositive control over all such shares.	
 
Agreements with Our Stockholders
 
We have entered into a fifth amended and restated investor rights agreement with the purchasers of our redeemable convertible preferred stock, including some of our 5% stockholders and their affiliates and entities affiliated with our directors. The investor rights agreement provides those holders with the right to demand that we file a registration statement, subject to certain limitations, and to request that their shares be covered by a registration statement that we are otherwise filing. See “Description of Capital Stock—Registration Rights” for additional information.
 
We have also entered into a stockholders’ agreement with certain purchasers of our common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock. The stockholders’ agreement provides for rights of first refusal and co-sale rights in respect of sales of securities by certain holders of our capital stock. The stockholders’ agreement also provides holders of our redeemable convertible preferred stock with a participation right to purchase their pro rata share of new securities that we may propose to sell and issue, subject to specified exceptions. The stockholders’ agreement also contains provisions with respect to the election of our board of directors and its composition. The rights of first refusal, co-sale rights and participation rights under this agreement do not apply to this offering, and the stockholders’ agreement will terminate upon the closing of this offering.
 
Severance and Change in Control Agreements
 
See the “Management—Employment Agreements, Severance and Change in Control Agreements” section of this prospectus for a further discussion of these arrangements.
 
Participation in this Offering
 
Certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters may determine to sell more, fewer or no shares in this offering to any of these parties, or any of these parties may determine to purchase more, fewer or no shares in this offering.
 
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Indemnification of Officers and Directors
 
Our certificate of incorporation that will be effective as of the closing date of this offering provides that we will indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. In addition, we expect to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our officers and directors that may be broader in scope than the specific indemnification provisions contained in the Delaware General Corporation Law. See the “Executive Compensation—Limitation of Liability and Indemnification” section of this prospectus for a further discussion of these arrangements.
 
Policies and Procedures for Related Person Transactions
 
Our board of directors has adopted a written related person transaction policy, which will become effective upon effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, to set forth policies and procedures for the review and approval or ratification of related person transactions. Effective upon the closing of this offering, this policy will cover any transaction, arrangement or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships, in which we were or are to be a participant, the amount involved exceeds $120,000, and a related person had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, including, without limitation, purchases of goods or services by or from the related person or entities in which the related person has a material interest, indebtedness, guarantees of indebtedness and employment by us of a related person.
 
Our related person transaction policy contains exceptions for any transaction or interest that is not considered a related person transaction under SEC rules as in effect from time to time. In addition, the policy provides that an interest arising solely from a related person’s position as an executive officer of another entity that is a participant in a transaction with us will not be subject to the policy if each of the following conditions is met:
 
 	•	 	the related person and all other related persons own in the aggregate less than a 10% equity interest in such entity;	
 
 	•	 	the related person and his or her immediate family members are not involved in the negotiation of the terms of the transaction with us and do not receive any special benefits as a result of the transaction; and	
 
 	•	 	the amount involved in the transaction is less than the greater of $200,000 and 5% of the annual gross revenue of the company receiving payment under the transaction.	
 
The policy provides that any related person transaction proposed to be entered into by us must be reported to our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer and will be reviewed and approved by our audit committee in accordance with the terms of the policy, prior to effectiveness or consummation of the transaction whenever practicable. The policy provides that if our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer determines that advance approval of a related person transaction is not practicable under the circumstances, our audit committee will review and, in its discretion, may ratify the related person transaction at the next meeting of the audit committee. The policy also provides that alternatively, our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer may present a related person transaction arising in the time period between meetings of the audit committee to the chair of the audit committee, who will review and may approve the related person transaction, subject to ratification by the audit committee at the next meeting of the audit committee.
 
In addition, the policy provides that any related person transaction previously approved by the audit committee or otherwise already existing that is ongoing in nature will be reviewed by the audit committee annually to ensure that such related person transaction has been conducted in accordance with the previous approval granted by the audit committee, if any, and that all required disclosures regarding the related person transaction are made.
 
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The policy provides that transactions involving compensation of executive officers will be reviewed and approved by our compensation committee in the manner to be specified in the charter of the compensation committee.
 
A related person transaction reviewed under this policy will be considered approved or ratified if it is authorized by the audit committee in accordance with the standards set forth in the policy after full disclosure of the related person’s interests in the transaction. As appropriate for the circumstances, the policy provides that the audit committee will review and consider:
 
 	•	 	the related person’s interest in the related person transaction;	
 
 	•	 	the approximate dollar value of the amount involved in the related person transaction;	
 
 	•	 	the approximate dollar value of the amount of the related person’s interest in the transaction without regard to the amount of any profit or loss;	
 
 	•	 	whether the transaction was undertaken in the ordinary course of business of our company;	
 
 	•	 	whether the transaction with the related person is proposed to be, or was, entered into on terms no less favorable to us than the terms that could have been reached with an unrelated third party;	
 
 	•	 	the purpose of, and the potential benefits to us of, the transaction; and	
 
 	•	 	any other information regarding the related person transaction or the related person in the context of the proposed transaction that would be material to investors in light of the circumstances of the particular transaction.	
 
The policy provides that the audit committee will review all relevant information available to it about the related person transaction. The policy provides that the audit committee may approve or ratify the related person transaction only if the audit committee determines that, under all of the circumstances, the transaction is in, or is not inconsistent with, our best interests. The policy provides that the audit committee may, in its sole discretion, impose such conditions as it deems appropriate on us or the related person in connection with approval of the related person transaction.
 
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Principal Stockholders
 
The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of July 31, 2014 by:
 
 	•	 	each person, or group of affiliated persons, who is known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock;	
 
 	•	 	each of our named executive officers;	
 
 	•	 	each of our directors; and	
 
 	•	 	all of our directors and executive officers as a group.	
 
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days after July 31, 2014. Except as otherwise indicated, all of the shares reflected in the table are shares of common stock and all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws, where applicable. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose.
 
The number of shares beneficially owned in the following table assumes the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering. The percentage ownership calculations for beneficial ownership prior to this offering are based on 15,361,740 shares outstanding as of July 31, 2014, assuming the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering. Percentage ownership calculations for beneficial ownership after this offering also include the shares we are offering hereby. Except as otherwise indicated in the table below, addresses of named beneficial owners are in care of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., One Broadway, 14 th  Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
 
In computing the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed outstanding shares of common stock subject to options held by that person that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days after July 31, 2014. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.
 
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Certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. In addition, Novo A/S has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters may determine to sell more, fewer or no shares in this offering to any of these parties, or any of these parties may determine to purchase more, fewer or no shares in this offering. The following table does not reflect any potential purchases by these parties or their affiliates.

 	  	Number of Shares
Beneficially
Owned	 	  	Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned	 	 	
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner	  	 	 	  	Before Offering	 	 	After Offering	 	 	 	 	
5% Stockholders:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Entities affiliated with Apple Tree Partners(1)	  	 	7,549,579	  	  	 	49.15	% 	 	 	36.36	% 	 	 	 	
47 Hulfish Street, Suite 441
Princeton, NJ 08542	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Novartis BioVentures Ltd.(2)	  	 	4,319,328	  	  	 	28.12	% 	 	 	20.80	% 	 	 	 	
PO Box HM 2899
Hamilton HM LX Bermuda	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Trusts and other entities affiliated with Muneer A. Satter(3)	  	 	1,621,688	  	  	 	10.56	% 	 	 	7.81	% 	 	 	 	
Satter Investment Management, LLC
676 North Michigan Ave., Suite 4000
Chicago, IL 60611	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Executive Officers and Directors:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Jodie P. Morrison(4)	  	 	234,939	  	  	 	1.51	% 	 	 	1.12	% 	 	 	 	
Martin D. Williams	  	 	168,850	  	  	 	1.10	% 	 	 	*	  	 	 	 	
Adrian Senderowicz, M.D.	  	 	14,782	  	  	 	*	  	 	 	*	  	 	 	 	
Seth L. Harrison, M.D.(5)	  	 	7,762,273	  	  	 	50.53	% 	 	 	37.39	% 	 	 	 	
Reinhard J. Ambros, Ph.D.(2)	  	 	4,319,328	  	  	 	28.12	% 	 	 	20.80	% 	 	 	 	
Timothy J. Barberich(6)	  	 	136,511	  	  	 	*	  	 	 	*	  	 	 	 	
David A. Kessler, M.D.(7)	  	 	20,540	  	  	 	*	  	 	 	*	  	 	 	 	
Campbell Murray, M.D.(2)	  	 	4,319,328	  	  	 	28.12	% 	 	 	20.80	% 	 	 	 	
Joseph A. Yanchik, III(8)	  	 	47,204	  	  	 	*	  	 	 	*	  	 	 	 	
All executive officers and directors as a group (11 persons)(9)	  	 	12,795,368	  	  	 	81.31	% 	 	 	60.54	% 	 	 	 	
 
*	 	Represents beneficial ownership of less than one percent of our outstanding stock.	
(1)	 	Consists of (i) 100 shares of common stock and 4,218,641 shares of common stock underlying shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and (ii) 3,330,938 shares of common stock underlying shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P. Dr. Seth L. Harrison, a member of our board of directors, is a principal of the general partner of each of Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II –Annex, L.P., and Dr. Harrison disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by each of Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P., except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. Dr. Harrison has sole voting and investment control and power over the shares held by Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P.	
(2)	 	Consists of 4,319,328 shares of common stock underlying shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by Novartis BioVentures Ltd., a Bermuda corporation. The board of directors of Novartis BioVentures Ltd. has sole voting and investment control and power over such shares. None of the members of its board of directors has individual voting or investment power with respect to such shares and each disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares. Dr. Reinhard J. Ambros and Dr. Campbell Murray, two members of our board of	
 
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 	directors, are also employees of a corporation that is affiliated with Novartis BioVentures Ltd. Each of Drs. Murray and Ambros disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by Novartis BioVentures Ltd., except to the extent of their pecuniary interest arising as a result of their employment by such affiliate of Novartis BioVentures Ltd. Novartis BioVentures Ltd. is an indirectly owned subsidiary of Novartis AG.	
(3)	 	Consists of 1,621,688 shares of common stock underlying shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by the Muneer A. Satter Revocable Trust and various other trusts and other entities for which Mr. Satter serves as trustee, investment advisor or manager and, in such capacity, has sole voting and dispositive control over all such shares.	
(4)	 	Consists of (i) 9,551 shares of common stock and (ii) 225,388 shares of common stock underlying options that are exercisable as of July 31, 2014 or will become exercisable within 60 days after such date.	
(5)	 	Consists of (i) 212,694 shares of common stock held by Dr. Harrison, (ii) 9 shares of common stock and 4,218,641 shares of common stock underlying shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and (iii) 3,330,938 shares of common stock underlying shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock held by Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P. Dr. Harrison is a principal of the general partner of each of Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P., and Dr. Harrison disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by each of Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P., except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. Dr. Harrison has sole voting and investment control and power over the shares held by Apple Tree Partners II, L.P. and Apple Tree Partners II – Annex, L.P.	
(6)	 	Consists of (i) 121,077 shares of common stock underlying shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock and (ii) 15,434 shares of common stock underlying options that are exercisable as of July 31, 2014 or will become exercisable within 60 days after such date.	
(7)	 	Consists of 20,540 shares of common stock underlying options that are exercisable as of July 31, 2014 or will become exercisable within 60 days after such date.	
(8)	 	Consists of (i) 25,546 shares of common stock and (ii) 21,658 shares of common stock underlying options that are exercisable as of July 31, 2014 or will become exercisable within 60 days after such date.	
(9)	 	Includes 373,961 shares of common stock underlying options that are exercisable as of July 31, 2014 or will become exercisable within 60 days after such date. See footnote 2 with respect to Drs. Ambros and Murray and footnotes 1 and 5 with respect to Dr. Harrison.	
 
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Description of Capital Stock
 
General
 
Following the closing of this offering, our authorized capital stock will consist of 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, all of which preferred stock will be undesignated. The following description of our capital stock and provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws are summaries and are qualified by reference to the certificate of incorporation and the bylaws that will be in effect upon the closing of this offering. We have filed copies of these documents with the SEC as exhibits to our registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The descriptions of the common stock and preferred stock reflect changes to our capital structure that will occur upon the closing of this offering.
 
Common Stock
 
As of July 31, 2014, we had outstanding 15,361,740 shares of common stock, held of record by 43 stockholders, assuming the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into common stock upon the closing of this offering.
 
Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and do not have cumulative voting rights. An election of directors by our stockholders shall be determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election. Other matters shall be decided by the affirmative vote of our stockholders having a majority in voting power of the votes cast by the stockholders present or represented and voting on such matter, except as otherwise disclosed below. Holders of common stock are entitled to receive proportionately any dividends as may be declared by our board of directors, subject to any preferential dividend rights of outstanding preferred stock.
 
In the event of our liquidation or dissolution, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive proportionately all assets available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities and subject to the prior rights of any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of common stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.
 
Preferred Stock
 
Under the terms of our certificate of incorporation that will become effective upon the closing of this offering, our board of directors is authorized to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series without stockholder approval. Our board of directors has the discretion to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, of each series of preferred stock.
 
The purpose of authorizing our board of directors to issue preferred stock and determine its rights and preferences is to eliminate delays associated with a stockholder vote on specific issuances. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions, future financings and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or could discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, a majority of our outstanding voting stock. Upon the closing of this offering, there will be no shares of preferred stock outstanding, and we have no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.
 
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Stock Options
 
As of July 31, 2014, options to purchase 1,634,275 shares of our common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $2.86 per share were outstanding, of which options to purchase 525,068 shares of our common stock were exercisable, at a weighted average exercise price of $1.89 per share.
 
Registration Rights
 
We have entered into a fifth amended and restated investor rights agreement, dated as of May 13, 2013, which we refer to as the Investor Rights Agreement, with certain of our stockholders. Upon the closing of this offering, holders of a total of 14,764,032 shares of our common stock, including for this purpose 14,764,023 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our preferred stock upon the closing of this offering, will have the right to require us to register these shares under the Securities Act under specified circumstances as described below and will have incidental registration rights as described below. After registration pursuant to these rights, these shares will become freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act.
 
Demand Registration Rights
 
Beginning on the 180th day after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, subject to specified limitations set forth in the Investor Rights Agreement, at any time the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series C, Series D and Series E preferred stock upon the closing of this offering, acting together, may demand in writing that we register registrable securities, as defined under the Investor Rights Agreement, under the Securities Act so long as the total amount of registrable shares requested to be registered represents at least 20% of the then-outstanding registrable shares or has an aggregate expected price to the public of at least $10.0 million. We are not obligated to file a registration statement pursuant to this demand provision on more than two occasions during the term of the Investor Rights Agreement, subject to specified exceptions.
 
In addition, at any time after we become eligible to file a registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act, subject to specified limitations, a holder or holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series C, Series D and Series E preferred stock upon the closing of this offering may demand in writing that we register on Form S-3 registrable shares held by them so long as the total amount of registrable shares requested to be registered has an aggregate expected price to the public of at least $7.5 million unless such request is for all remaining registrable securities. We are not obligated to file a registration statement pursuant to this demand provision on more than two occasions during any 12-month period, subject to specified exceptions.
 
Incidental Registration Rights
 
If, at any time after the closing of this offering, we propose to file a registration statement to register any of our securities under the Securities Act, either for our own account or for the account of any of our stockholders, other than pursuant to the demand registration rights described above and other than pursuant to a Form S-4 or Form S-8, the holders of our registrable securities are entitled to notice of registration and, subject to specified exceptions, we will be required to use commercially reasonable efforts to register the registrable securities then held by them that they request that we register.
 
Expenses
 
Pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement, we are required to pay all registration expenses, including registration fees, printing expenses, fees and disbursements of our counsel and accountants and reasonable fees and disbursements of one counsel representing any selling stockholders, other than any underwriting discounts and commissions, related to any demand or incidental registration. The Investor Rights Agreement contains customary cross-indemnification provisions, pursuant to which we are obligated to indemnify any selling
 
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stockholders in the event of material misstatements or omissions in the registration statement attributable to us, and they are obligated to indemnify us for material misstatements or omissions in the registration statement attributable to them.
 
Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and our Charter and Bylaws
 
Delaware law contains, and upon the closing of this offering our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws will contain, provisions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of us. These provisions, which are summarized below, are expected to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our board of directors.
 
Staggered Board; Removal of Directors
 
Upon the closing of this offering, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws will divide our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms. In addition, a director will only be able to be removed for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all of our stockholders would be entitled to cast in an annual election of directors. Any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, will only be able to be filled by vote of a majority of our directors then in office. The classification of our board of directors and the limitations on the removal of directors and filling of vacancies could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, control of our company.
 
Stockholder Action by Written Consent; Special Meetings
 
Upon the closing of this offering, our certificate of incorporation will provide that any action required or permitted to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of such holders and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such holders. Upon the closing of this offering, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws will also provide that, except as otherwise required by law, special meetings of our stockholders can only be called by our chairman of the board, our chief executive officer or our board of directors.
 
Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals
 
Upon the closing of this offering, our bylaws will establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors. Stockholders at an annual meeting will only be able to consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of our board of directors or by a stockholder of record on the record date for the meeting who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has delivered timely written notice in proper form to our secretary of the stockholder’s intention to bring such business before the meeting. These provisions could have the effect of delaying until the next stockholder meeting stockholder actions that are favored by the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities.
 
Delaware Business Combination Statute
 
Upon the closing of this offering, we will be subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Subject to certain exceptions, Section 203 prevents a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with any “interested stockholder” for three years following the date that the person became an interested stockholder, unless the interested stockholder attained such status with the approval of our board of directors or unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. A “business combination” includes, among other things, a merger or consolidation involving us and the “interested stockholder” and the sale of more than 10% of our assets. In general, an “interested stockholder” is any entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by such entity or person.
 
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Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
 
The Delaware General Corporation Law provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on any matter is required to amend a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, unless a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, as the case may be, requires a greater percentage. Effective upon the closing of this offering, our bylaws may be amended or repealed by a majority vote of our board of directors or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all of our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all of our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors is required to amend or repeal or to adopt any provisions inconsistent with any of the provisions of our certificate of incorporation described above under “—Staggered Board; Removal of Directors” and “—Stockholder Action by Written Consent; Special Meetings.”
 
Listing on The NASDAQ Global Market
 
We have applied to have our common stock listed on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “TKAI.”
 
Authorized but Unissued Shares
 
The authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock are available for future issuance without stockholder approval, subject to any limitations imposed by the NASDAQ Listing Rules. These additional shares may be used for a variety of corporate finance transactions, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved common stock and preferred stock could make it more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.
 
Transfer Agent and Registrar
 
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock will be Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.
 
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Shares Eligible for Future Sale
 
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock, and a liquid public trading market for our common stock may not develop or be sustained after this offering. Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, including shares issued upon exercise of outstanding options or in the public market after this offering, or the anticipation of those sales, could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time to time and could impair our ability to raise capital through sales of our equity securities. We have applied to have our common stock listed on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “TKAI.”
 
Upon the closing of this offering, we will have outstanding 20,761,740 shares of common stock, after giving effect to the issuance of the 5,400,000 shares of common stock in this offering and the conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock into 14,860,171 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering, and assuming no exercise of outstanding options after July 31, 2014. Of the shares to be outstanding immediately after the closing of this offering, the 5,400,000 shares sold by us in this offering (or approximately 3,817,860 shares if certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, who have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares in this offering are allocated and purchase all such shares at an assumed initial public offering price of $14.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), assuming that the underwriters do not exercise their over-allotment option, will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, except for any shares purchased by our “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act, whose sales would be subject to the Rule 144 resale restrictions described below, other than the holding period requirement.
 
The remaining 15,361,740 shares of common stock, plus any shares purchased in this offering by our existing stockholders and their affiliates, will be “restricted securities,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act and will further be subject to either restrictions on transfer under the lock-up agreements described below or restrictions on transfer for a period of 180 days from the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part under stock option agreements entered into between us and the holders of those shares. Following the expiration of these restrictions, these shares will become eligible for public sale if they are registered under the Securities Act or if they qualify for an exemption from registration under Rules 144 or 701 under the Securities Act, which are summarized below.
 
Subject to the lock-up agreements described below and any additional contractual lock-up period and the provisions of Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act, these restricted securities will be available for sale in the public market as follows:

Date Available for Sale	 	Number of Shares Eligible for Sale	  	Comment	
On the date of this prospectus	 	0	  	Shares sold in this offering and shares saleable under Rule 144 that are not subject to a lock-up	
 	 	 	
90 days after the date of this prospectus	 	0	  	Shares saleable under Rules 144
and 701 that are not subject to a lock-up	
 	 	 	
180 days after the date of this prospectus	 	15,361,740	  	Lock-up released; shares saleable under Rules 144 and 701	
 
Rule 144
 
Affiliate Resales of Restricted Securities
 
In general, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, a person who is an affiliate of ours, or who was an affiliate at any time during the 90 days before a
 
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sale, who has beneficially owned shares of our common stock for at least six months would be entitled to sell in “broker’s transactions” or certain “riskless principal transactions” or to market makers, a number of shares within any three-month period that does not exceed the greater of:
 
 	•	 	1% of the number of shares of our common stock then outstanding, which will equal approximately 207,617 shares immediately after this offering; or	
 
 	•	 	the average weekly trading volume in our common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to such sale.	
 
Affiliate resales under Rule 144 are also subject to the availability of current public information about us. In addition, if the number of shares being sold under Rule 144 by an affiliate during any three-month period exceeds 5,000 shares or has an aggregate sale price in excess of $50,000, the seller must file a notice on Form 144 with the SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market concurrently with either the placing of a sale order with the broker or the execution directly with a market maker.
 
Non-Affiliate Resales of Restricted Securities
 
In general, beginning 90 days after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, a person who is not an affiliate of ours at the time of sale, and has not been an affiliate at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who has beneficially owned shares of our common stock for at least six months but less than a year, is entitled to sell such shares subject only to the availability of current public information about us. If such person has held our shares for at least one year, such person can resell under Rule 144(b)(1) without regard to any Rule 144 restrictions, including the 90-day public company requirement and the current public information requirement.
 
Non-affiliate resales are not subject to the manner of sale, volume limitation or notice filing provisions of Rule 144.
 
Lock-Up Agreements
 
We and each of our directors and executive officers and holders of our outstanding common stock, who collectively own 98.9% of our common stock, based on shares outstanding as of July 31, 2014, have agreed that, without the prior written consent of BMO Capital Markets Corp. and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated on behalf of the underwriters, we and they will not, subject to limited exceptions, during the period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus, either directly or indirectly:
 
 	•	 	offer, sell, pledge, contract to sell, purchase any option to sell, grant any option for the purchase of, lend, or otherwise dispose of, or require us to file with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act to register, any shares of our common stock or any securities convertible into, exercisable for or exchangeable for our common stock, whether any such transaction is to be settled by delivery of shares of our common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to enter into any such transaction; or	
 
 	•	 	enter into any swap or other derivative transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of such shares of our common stock, whether any such transaction is to be settled by delivery of shares of our common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to enter into any such transaction.	
 
These agreements are subject to certain exceptions, as described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Underwriting.” Upon the expiration of the applicable lock-up periods and any additional contractual lock-up period, substantially all of the shares subject to such lock-up restrictions will become eligible for sale, subject to the limitations discussed above.
 
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These agreements apply to any shares purchased in this offering by certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, who have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Novo A/S, which has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price, is not a party to a lock-up agreement.
 
Registration Rights
 
Subject to the lock-up agreements described above, upon the closing of this offering, the holders of an aggregate of 14,764,032 shares of our common stock, including for this purpose 14,764,023 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our preferred stock upon the closing of this offering, will have the right to require us to register these shares under the Securities Act under specified circumstances. After registration pursuant to these rights and expiration of the lock-up agreement, these shares will become freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act. See “Description of Capital Stock—Registration Rights” for additional information regarding these registration rights.
 
Stock Options
 
As of July 31, 2014, options to purchase 1,634,275 shares of our common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $2.86 per share were outstanding, of which options to purchase 525,068 shares of our common stock were exercisable, at a weighted average exercise price of $1.89 per share. Following this offering, we intend to file registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register all of the shares of common stock subject to outstanding options and options and other awards issuable pursuant to our equity compensation plans.
 
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Material U.S. Federal Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders of Common Stock
 
The following is a general discussion of the material U.S. federal income and estate tax considerations applicable to non-U.S. holders with respect to their ownership and disposition of shares of our common stock issued pursuant to this offering. For purposes of this discussion, a non-U.S. holder means a beneficial owner of our common stock that is not for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
 
 	•	 	an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;	
 
 	•	 	a corporation or any other organization taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States or of any state thereof or the District of Columbia;	
 
 	•	 	an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or	
 
 	•	 	a trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of the trust’s substantial decisions or (2) the trust has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.	
 
This discussion does not address the tax treatment of partnerships or other entities that are pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes or persons that hold their common stock through partnerships or other pass-through entities. A partner in a partnership or other pass-through entity that will hold our common stock should consult his, her or its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of our common stock through a partnership or other pass-through entity, as applicable.
 
This discussion is based on current provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the Code, existing and proposed U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, current administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of the date of this prospectus, all of which are subject to change or to differing interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect. Any change could alter the tax consequences to non-U.S. holders described in this prospectus. There can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, which we refer to as the IRS, will not challenge one or more of the tax consequences described herein. We assume in this discussion that a non-U.S. holder holds shares of our common stock as a capital asset, generally property held for investment.
 
This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income and estate taxation that may be relevant to a particular non-U.S. holder in light of that non-U.S. holder’s individual circumstances nor does it address any aspects of U.S. state, local or non-U.S. taxes, the alternative minimum tax, or the Medicare tax on net investment income. This discussion also does not consider any specific facts or circumstances that may apply to a non-U.S. holder and does not address the special tax rules applicable to particular non-U.S. holders, such as:
 
 	•	 	insurance companies;	
 
 	•	 	tax-exempt organizations;	
 
 	•	 	financial institutions;	
 
 	•	 	brokers or dealers in securities;	
 
 	•	 	regulated investment companies;	
 
 	•	 	pension plans;	
 
 	•	 	controlled foreign corporations;	
 
 	•	 	passive foreign investment companies;	
 
 	•	 	owners deemed to sell our common stock under the constructive sale provisions of the Code;	
 
 	•	 	persons that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar;	
 
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 	•	 	owners that hold our common stock as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction, synthetic security or other integrated investment; and	
 
 	•	 	certain U.S. expatriates.	
 
This discussion is for general information only and is not tax advice. Accordingly, all prospective non-U.S. holders of our common stock should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock.
 
Distributions on Our Common Stock
 
Distributions, if any, on our common stock generally will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. If a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess will be treated as a tax-free return of the non-U.S. holder’s investment, up to such holder’s tax basis in the common stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as capital gain, subject to the tax treatment described below in “Gain on sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock.” Any such distributions will also be subject to the discussion below under the section titled “Withholding and information reporting requirements—FATCA.”
 
Dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder’s country of residence.
 
Dividends that are treated as effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by a non-U.S. holder within the United States and, if an applicable income tax treaty so provides, that are attributable to a permanent establishment or a fixed base maintained by the non-U.S. holder within the United States, are generally exempt from the 30% withholding tax if the non-U.S. holder satisfies applicable certification and disclosure requirements. However, such U.S. effectively connected income, net of specified deductions and credits, is taxed at the same graduated U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to United States persons (as defined in the Code). Any U.S. effectively connected income received by a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation may also, under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder’s country of residence.
 
A non-U.S. holder of our common stock who claims the benefit of an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder’s country of residence generally will be required to provide a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or successor form) and satisfy applicable certification and other requirements. Non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding their entitlement to benefits under a relevant income tax treaty.
 
A non-U.S. holder that is eligible for a reduced rate of U.S. withholding tax under an income tax treaty may obtain a refund or credit of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing a U.S. tax return with the IRS.
 
Gain on Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Our Common Stock
 
In general, a non-U.S. holder will not be subject to any U.S. federal income tax on any gain realized upon such holder’s sale, exchange or other disposition of shares of our common stock unless:
 
 	•	 	the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business and, if an applicable income tax treaty so provides, is attributable to a permanent establishment or a fixed-base maintained by such non-U.S. holder in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. holder generally will be taxed on a net income basis at the graduated U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to United States persons (as defined in the Code) and, if the non-U.S. holder is a foreign corporation, the branch profits tax described above in “Distributions on our common stock” also may apply;	
 
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 	•	 	the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition and certain other conditions are met, in which case the non-U.S. holder will be subject to a 30% tax (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder’s country of residence) on the net gain derived from the disposition, which may be offset by certain U.S. source capital losses of the non-U.S. holder, if any (even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States), provided that the non-U.S. holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses; or	
 
 	•	 	we are, or have been, at any time during the five-year period preceding such disposition (or the non-U.S. holder’s holding period, if shorter) a “U.S. real property holding corporation,” unless our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market and the non-U.S. holder holds no more than 5% of our outstanding common stock, directly or indirectly, actually or constructively, during the shorter of the 5-year period ending on the date of the disposition or the period that the non-U.S. holder held our common stock. If we are determined to be a U.S. real property holding corporation and the foregoing exception does not apply, then a purchaser may withhold 10% of the proceeds payable to a non-U.S. holder from a sale of our common stock and the non-U.S. holder generally will be taxed on its net gain derived from the disposition at the graduated U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to United States persons (as defined in the Code). Generally, a corporation is a U.S. real property holding corporation only if the fair market value of its U.S. real property interests equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of its worldwide real property interests plus its other assets used or held for use in a trade or business. Although there can be no assurance, we do not believe that we are, or have been, a U.S. real property holding corporation, or that we are likely to become one in the future. No assurance can be provided that our common stock will be regularly traded on an established securities market for purposes of the rules described above.	
 
U.S. Federal Estate Tax
 
Shares of our common stock that are owned or treated as owned at the time of death by an individual who is not a citizen or resident of the United States, as specifically defined for U.S. federal estate tax purposes, are considered U.S. situs assets and will be included in the individual’s gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes. Such shares, therefore, may be subject to U.S. federal estate tax, unless an applicable estate tax or other treaty provides otherwise.
 
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
 
We must report annually to the IRS and to each non-U.S. holder the gross amount of the distributions on our common stock paid to such holder and the tax withheld, if any, with respect to such distributions. Non-U.S. holders may have to comply with specific certification procedures to establish that the holder is not a United States person (as defined in the Code) in order to avoid backup withholding at the applicable rate with respect to dividends on our common stock. Dividends paid to non-U.S. holders subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax, as described above in “Distributions on our common stock,” generally will be exempt from U.S. backup withholding.
 
Information reporting and backup withholding will generally apply to the proceeds of a disposition of our common stock by a non-U.S. holder effected by or through the U.S. office of any broker, U.S. or foreign, unless the holder certifies its status as a non-U.S. holder and satisfies certain other requirements, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, information reporting and backup withholding will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds to a non-U.S. holder where the transaction is effected outside the United States through a non-U.S. office of a broker. However, for information reporting purposes, dispositions effected through a non-U.S. office of a broker with substantial U.S. ownership or operations generally will be treated in a manner similar to dispositions effected through a U.S. office of a broker. Non-U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the information reporting and backup withholding rules to them.
 
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Copies of information returns may be made available to the tax authorities of the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is incorporated under the provisions of a specific treaty or agreement.
 
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules from a payment to a non-U.S. holder can be refunded or credited against the non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided that an appropriate claim is timely filed with the IRS.
 
Withholding and Information Reporting Requirements—FATCA
 
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, generally imposes a U.S. federal withholding tax at a rate of 30% on payments of dividends on, or gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of, our common stock paid to a foreign entity unless (i) if the foreign entity is a “foreign financial institution,” such foreign entity undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, (ii) if the foreign entity is not a “foreign financial institution,” such foreign entity identifies certain of its U.S. investors, if any, or (iii) the foreign entity is otherwise exempt under FATCA. Under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations, withholding under FATCA will only apply (1) to payments of dividends on our common stock made after June 30, 2014, and (2) to payments of gross proceeds from a sale or other disposition of our common stock made after December 31, 2016. Under certain circumstances, a non-U.S. holder may be eligible for refunds or credits of the tax. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify the requirements described in this paragraph. Non-U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible implications of this legislation on their investment in our common stock and the entities through which they hold our common stock, including, without limitation, the process and deadlines for meeting the applicable requirements to prevent the imposition of the 30% withholding tax under FATCA.
 
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Underwriting
 
We and the underwriters named below have entered into an underwriting agreement with respect to the shares being offered. Subject to certain conditions, each underwriter has severally agreed to purchase the number of shares indicated in the following table. BMO Capital Markets Corp., Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and William Blair & Company, L.L.C. are the representatives of the underwriters.

Underwriters	  	Number of
Shares	 	
BMO Capital Markets Corp.	  	 	 	 	
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated	  	 	 	 	
William Blair & Company, L.L.C.	  	 	 	 	
Janney Montgomery Scott LLC	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	 	5,400,000	  	

The underwriters are committed to take and pay for all of the shares being offered, if any are taken, other than the shares covered by the option described below unless and until that option is exercised. If an underwriter fails or refuses to purchase any of its committed shares, the purchase commitments of the non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the offering may be terminated.
 
The underwriters have an option to buy up to an additional 810,000 shares from us to cover sales by the underwriters of a greater number of shares than the total number set forth in the table above. They may exercise this option for 30 days. If any shares are purchased pursuant to this option, the underwriters will severally purchase shares in approximately the same proportion as set forth in the table above, and the underwriters will offer the additional shares on the same terms as those on which the shares are being offered.
 
The underwriters propose to offer the shares of our common stock directly to the public at the initial public offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus and to certain dealers at such offering price less a concession not in excess of $             per share. After the initial public offering of the shares, the offering price and the selling concession may be changed by the underwriters.
 
Certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. In addition, Novo A/S has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. However, because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters may determine to sell more, fewer or no shares in this offering to any of these parties, or any of these parties may determine to purchase more, fewer or no shares in this offering.
 
The following table shows the per share and total underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid by us to the underwriters assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.

 	  	No Exercise	 	  	Full Exercise	 	
Per Share	  	$	            	  	  	$	            	  	
Total	  	$	 	  	  	$	 	  	
 
We estimate that the total expenses of the offering, including registration, filing and listing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, will be
 
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approximately $2.7 million, all of which will be paid by us. We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain of their expenses, in an amount up to $25,000, incurred in connection with the clearance of this offering with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
 
In addition, we have previously agreed to pay a fee upon the closing of this offering to a financial advisor equal to the greater of $0.5 million and 1% of the gross proceeds of this offering in connection with strategic and financial advisory services unrelated to this offering.
 
We and our officers and directors and the holders of substantially all of our capital stock and options have agreed with the underwriters that, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions, we and they will not (1) offer, sell, pledge, contract to sell, purchase any option to sell, grant any option for the purchase of, lend, or otherwise dispose of, or require us to file with the SEC a registration statement under the Securities Act to register, any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into, exercisable for or exchangeable for common stock of which the undersigned is now, or may in the future become, the beneficial owner (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act), or (2) enter into any swap or other derivative transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of common stock, whether any such transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above is to be settled by delivery of common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to enter into any transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above, except with the prior written consent of BMO Capital Markets Corp. and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated; provided that BMO Capital Markets Corp. and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, on behalf of the underwriters, have agreed to notify us at least three business days before the effective date of any release or waiver granted to one of our officers or directors, and we have agreed to announce the impending release or waiver by issuing a press release through a major news service at least two business days before the effective date of the release or waiver.
 
The restrictions described in this paragraph do not apply to the following, subject to certain limitations set forth in the lock-up agreements:
 
 	•	 	transfers of securities as a bona fide gift;	
 
 	•	 	the surrender or forfeiture of securities to us to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon exercise or vesting of stock options or equity awards;	
 
 	•	 	transfers of securities to any immediate family member or any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of the lock-up signatory or an immediate family member of the lock-up signatory or to any corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity all of the beneficial ownership interests of which are held by the lock-up signatory and/or one or more immediate family members of the lock-up signatory in a transaction not involving a disposition for value;	
 
 	•	 	transfers of securities upon death of the lock-up signatory by will or intestate succession;	
 
 	•	 	if the lock-up signatory is a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business entity, transfers of securities to one or more affiliates of the lock-up signatory or transfers or distributions of securities to the partners, members or stockholders or other equityholders of the lock-up signatory or, in the case of a corporation, transfers of securities to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the lock-up signatory; and	
 
 	•	 	the entry into any trading plan established pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act for the transfer of shares of securities, provided that such plan does not provide for any sales or other dispositions of securities during the lock-up period and no public announcement or filing under the Exchange Act is made by us or on our behalf regarding the establishment of such plan.	
 
The lock-up agreements apply to any shares purchased in this offering by certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliates, including our existing principal stockholders, who have indicated an interest in purchasing up to an aggregate of approximately $22.2 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Novo A/S, which has indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million of shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price, is not a party to a lock-up agreement.
 
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See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for a discussion of certain transfer restrictions.
 
Prior to the offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price will be negotiated among us and the representatives. Among the factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price of the shares, in addition to prevailing market conditions, will be our historical performance, estimates of our business potential and earnings prospects, an assessment of our management and the consideration of the above factors in relation to market valuation of companies in related businesses.
 
We have applied to have our common stock listed on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “TKAI.”
 
In connection with the offering, the underwriters may purchase and sell shares of our common stock in the open market. These transactions may include short sales, stabilizing transactions and purchases to cover positions created by short sales. Short sales involve the sale by the underwriters of a greater number of shares than they are required to purchase in the offering, and a short position represents the amount of such sales that have not been covered by subsequent purchases. A “covered short position” is a short position that is not greater than the amount of additional shares for which the underwriters’ option described above may be exercised. The underwriters may cover any covered short position by either exercising their option to purchase additional shares or purchasing shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to cover the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase additional shares pursuant to the option described above. “Naked” short sales are any short sales that create a short position greater than the amount of additional shares for which the option described above may be exercised. The underwriters must cover any such naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. Stabilizing transactions consist of various bids for or purchases of common stock made by the underwriters in the open market prior to the completion of the offering.
 
The underwriters may also impose a penalty bid. This occurs when a particular underwriter repays to the underwriters a portion of the underwriting discount received by it because the representatives have repurchased shares sold by or for the account of such underwriter in stabilizing or short covering transactions.
 
Purchases to cover a short position and stabilizing transactions, as well as other purchases by the underwriters for their own accounts, may have the effect of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our stock, and together with the imposition of the penalty bid, may stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of the common stock. As a result, the price of our common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time. These transactions may be effected on The NASDAQ Global Market, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.
 
In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in passive market making transactions in the common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of common stock and extending through the completion of distribution. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, that bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may cause the price of our common stock to be higher than the price that otherwise would exist in the open market in the absence of those transactions. The underwriters are not required to engage in passive market making and may end passive market making activities at any time.
 
The underwriters do not expect sales to discretionary accounts to exceed five percent of the total number of shares offered.
 
We have agreed to indemnify the several underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and to contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make for these liabilities.
 
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A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on websites maintained by one or more underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering. The representatives may agree to allocate a number of shares of our common stock to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the representatives to underwriters that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.
 
The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include sales and trading, commercial and investment banking, advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, market making, brokerage and other financial and non-financial activities and services. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have provided, and may in the future provide, a variety of these services to the issuer and to persons and entities with relationships with the issuer, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.
 
In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates, officers, directors and employees may purchase, sell or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade securities, derivatives, loans, commodities, currencies, credit default swaps and other financial instruments for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and trading activities may involve or relate to assets, securities and/or instruments of the issuer (directly, as collateral securing other obligations or otherwise) and/or persons and entities with relationships with the issuer. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such assets, securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they should acquire, long and/or short positions in such assets, securities and instruments.
 
Selling Restrictions
 
European Economic Area
 
In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a “Relevant Member State”) an offer to the public of any shares of our common stock may not be made in that Relevant Member State, except that an offer to the public in that Relevant Member State of any shares of our common stock may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive, if they have been implemented in that Relevant Member State:
 
 	(a)	 	to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive;	
 
 	(b)	 	to fewer than 100 or, if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provision of the 2010 PD Amending Directive, 150, natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive), as permitted under the Prospectus Directive, subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or	
 
 	(c)	 	in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, provided that no such offer of shares of our common stock shall result in a requirement for the publication by us or any underwriter of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.	
 
For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any shares of our common stock in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any shares of our common stock to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase any shares of our common stock, as the same may be varied in that Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Member State, the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (and amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State), and includes any relevant implementing measure in the Relevant Member State, and the expression “2010 PD Amending Directive” means Directive 2010/73/EU.
 
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United Kingdom
 
Each underwriter has represented and agreed that:
 
 	(a)	 	it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000, or the FSMA) received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the shares of our common stock in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us; and	
 
 	(b)	 	it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the shares of our common stock in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.	
 
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Legal Matters
 
The validity of the shares of common stock being offered will be passed upon for us by Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Boston, Massachusetts. The underwriters are represented by Goodwin Procter LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, in connection with certain legal matters related to this offering.
 
Experts
 
The financial statements as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2013 and, cumulatively, for the period from March 26, 2004 (date of inception) to December 31, 2013 included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
 
Where You Can Find More Information
 
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of common stock to be sold in this offering. This prospectus, which constitutes part of the registration statement, does not include all of the information contained in the registration statement and the exhibits, schedules and amendments to the registration statement. Some items are omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us and our common stock, we refer you to the registration statement and to the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus about the contents of any contract or any other document filed as an exhibit are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of the contract or other documents filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference.
 
You may read and copy the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part at the SEC’s public reference room, which is located at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of the registration statement by writing to the SEC and paying a fee for the copying cost. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for more information about the operation of the SEC’s public reference room. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet website, which is located at www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. You may access the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part at the SEC’s Internet website.
 
Upon the closing of this offering, we will be subject to the informational and periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We will fulfill our obligations with respect to such requirements by filing periodic reports and other information with the SEC. We intend to furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements certified by an independent registered public accounting firm. We also maintain a website at www.tokaipharma.com. Our website is not a part of this prospectus.
 
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Table of Contents
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 	  	Page	 	
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	  	 	F-2	  	
 	 	
Consolidated Balance Sheets	  	 	F-3	  	
 	 	
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	  	 	F-4	  	
 	 	
Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit	  	 	F-5	  	
 	 	
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	  	 	F-6	  	
 	 	
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	  	 	F-7	  	
 
F-1

Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
 
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit and of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiary (a development stage company) at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended and, cumulatively, for the period from March 26, 2004 (date of inception) to December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Oversight Board (United States), which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 
Boston, Massachusetts
May 2, 2014, except for the last paragraph of Note 16,   as to which the date is August 29, 2014
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 	  	December 31,	 	 	June 30,
2014	 	 	Pro Forma
June 30,
2014	 	 	
 	  	2012	 	 	2013	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	11,691	  	 	$	31,753	  	 	$	21,150	  	 	$	21,150	  	 	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	  	 	235	 	 	 	425	  	 	 	589	  	 	 	589	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current assets	  	 	11,926	  	 	 	32,178	  	 	 	21,739	  	 	 	21,739	  	 	
Property and equipment, net	  	 	16	  	 	 	29	  	 	 	36	  	 	 	36	  	 	
Deferred offering costs	  	 	—  	 	 	 	30	  	 	 	1,524	  	 	 	1,524	  	 	
Restricted cash	  	 	20	  	 	 	50	  	 	 	50	  	 	 	50	  	 	
Other Assets	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	71	  	 	 	71	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	  	$	11,962	  	 	$	32,287	  	 	$	23,420	  	 	$	23,420	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Liabilities, Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current liabilities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	  	$	764	  	 	$	5	  	 	$	1,216	  	 	$	1,216	  	 	
Accrued expenses	  	 	1,254	  	 	 	2,204	  	 	 	2,472	  	 	 	2,472	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current liabilities	  	 	2,018	  	 	 	2,209	  	 	 	3,688	  	 	 	3,688	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities	  	 	2,018	  	 	 	2,209	  	 	 	3,688	  	 	 	3,688	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Redeemable convertible preferred stock (Series A, B-1, B-2, C, D-1, D-2, D-3 and E), $0.001 par value; 98,693,763 and 155,586,141 shares authorized at December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and 155,586,141 shares authorized at June 30, 2014 (unaudited); 98,693,750 and 155,586,141 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and 155,586,141 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2014 (unaudited); aggregate liquidation preference of $83,528 at December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited); no shares issued or outstanding pro forma at June 30, 2014 (unaudited)	  	 	49,845	  	 	 	85,345	  	 	 	85,345	  	 	 	—  	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stockholders’ equity (deficit):	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 112,182,244 and 173,018,331 shares authorized at December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and 178,408,438 shares authorized at June 30, 2014 (unaudited); 464,633 and 493,292 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and 501,569 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2014 (unaudited); 15,361,740 shares issued and outstanding pro forma at June 30, 2014 (unaudited)	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1	  	 	 	15	  	 	
Additional paid-in capital	  	 	7,429	  	 	 	7,788	  	 	 	8,139	  	 	 	93,470	  	 	
Deficit accumulated during the development stage	  	 	(47,330	) 	 	 	(63,055	) 	 	 	(73,753	) 	 	 	(73,753	) 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	 	(39,901	) 	 	 	(55,267	) 	 	 	(65,613	) 	 	 	19,732	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	$	11,962	  	 	$	32,287	  	 	$	23,420	  	 	$	23,420	  	 	

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 	 	Year Ended
December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	Cumulative Period
From Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
December 31, 2013	 	 	Cumulative Period
From Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
June 30, 2014	 	 	
 	 	2012	 	 	2013	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	 	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	 	
Revenue	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating expenses:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	 	 	7,370	  	 	 	12,201	  	 	 	5,148	  	 	 	7,948	  	 	 	49,366	  	 	 	57,314	  	 	
General and administrative	 	 	2,279	  	 	 	3,548	  	 	 	1,687	  	 	 	2,829	  	 	 	13,457	  	 	 	16,286	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total operating expenses	 	 	9,649	  	 	 	15,749	  	 	 	6,835	  	 	 	10,777	  	 	 	62,823	  	 	 	73,600	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(15,749	) 	 	 	(6,835	) 	 	 	(10,777	) 	 	 	(62,823	) 	 	 	(73,600	) 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Other income (expense):	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	216	  	 	 	216	  	 	
Interest expense	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(302	) 	 	 	(302	) 	 	
Other income (expense), net	 	 	—  	  	 	 	24	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	263	  	 	 	342	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total other income, net	 	 	—  	  	 	 	24	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	177	  	 	 	256	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss and comprehensive loss	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(15,725	) 	 	 	(6,835	) 	 	 	(10,698	) 	 	 	(62,646	) 	 	 	(73,344	) 	 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	(34	) 	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	(79	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(3,359	) 	 	 	(3,359	) 	 	
Accrual of dividend on redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(347	) 	 	 	(347	) 	 	
Modifications of redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	9,925	  	 	 	9,925	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	 	$	(9,683	) 	 	$	(15,819	) 	 	$	(6,914	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	 	$	(56,427	) 	 	$	(67,125	) 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	 	$	(31.09	) 	 	$	(38.02	) 	 	$	(20.49	) 	 	$	(21.48	) 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	 	 	311,474	  	 	 	416,037	  	 	 	337,495	  	 	 	498,107	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted (unaudited)	 	 	 	 	 	$	(1.29	) 	 	 	 	 	 	$	(0.70	) 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted (unaudited)	 	 	 	 	 	 	12,230,206	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	15,358,278	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND
STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
 
(In thousands, except share data)

 	 	Series A, B-1, B-2, C,
D-1, D-2, D-3 and E
Redeemable
Convertible
Preferred Stock	 	 	  	 	Common Stock	 	 	Additional
Paid-in
Capital	 	 	Stockholder
Receivable	 	 	Deficit
Accumulated
During the
Development
Stage	 	 	Total
Stockholders’
Deficit	 	 	
 	 	Shares	 	 	Amount	 	 	  	 	Shares	 	 	Par Value	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at Inception (March 26, 2004)	 	 	—  	 	 	$	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	 —  	  	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	403,483	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	58	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	58	  	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	3,070	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1	  	 	 	 	
Repurchase and forfeiture of unvested restricted stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	(99,736	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(33	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(33	) 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Series A, Series B-2 and Series D-1, D-2 and D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $693	 	 	47,119,526	  	 	 	30,272	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	
Conversion of promissory notes and accrued interest into Series B-1 and B-2 and Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	16,878,182	  	 	 	6,970	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	
Modification of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock in 2007	 	 	—  	  	 	 	45	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(45	) 	 	 	(45	) 	 	 	 	
Modification of Series A and Series B-1 and B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock in 2009	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(9,970	) 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	9,970	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	9,970	  	 	 	 	
Accrual of Series A preferred stock cumulative dividend	 	 	—  	  	 	 	347	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(347	) 	 	 	(347	) 	 	 	 	
Accretion of Series A, Series B-1 and B-2 and Series D-1 and D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	—  	  	 	 	3,231	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(3,214	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(17	) 	 	 	(3,231	) 	 	 	 	
Cancellation of warrants	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	125	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	125	  	 	 	 	
Forgiveness of accrued interest on convertible promissory note in 2009	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	94	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	94	  	 	 	 	
Loans to stockholders	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(350	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(350	) 	 	 	 	
Collection of loans to stockholders	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	130	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	130	  	 	 	 	
Reserve for loan to stockholder	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	220	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	220	  	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	248	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	248	  	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(37,272	) 	 	 	(37,272	) 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2011	 	 	63,997,708	  	 	 	30,895	  	 	 	 	 	306,817	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	7,249	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(37,681	) 	 	 	(30,432	) 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $34	 	 	34,696,042	  	 	 	18,916	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	2,843	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	4	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	4	  	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	154,973	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	210	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	210	  	 	 	 	
Accretion of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	—  	  	 	 	34	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(34	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(34	) 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	(9,649	) 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2012	 	 	98,693,750	  	 	 	49,845	  	 	 	 	 	464,633	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	7,429	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(47,330	) 	 	 	(39,901	) 	 	 	 	
Issuance of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs of $94	 	 	56,892,391	  	 	 	35,406	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	157,804	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	215	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	215	  	 	 	 	
Repurchase and forfeiture of unvested restricted stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	(129,145	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	238	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	238	  	 	 	 	
Accretion of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	 	—  	  	 	 	94	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(15,725	) 	 	 	(15,725	) 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2013	 	 	155,586,141	  	 	 	85,345	  	 	 	 	 	493,292	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	7,788	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(63,055	) 	 	 	(55,267	) 	 	 	 	
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	 	 	8,277	  	 	 	1	  	 	 	11	  	 	 	—	  	 	 	—	  	 	 	12	  	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	 	 	—	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	340	  	 	 	—	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	340	  	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	 	 	 	—	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	  	 	 	(10,698	) 	 	 	(10,698	) 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at June 30, 2014 (unaudited)	 	 	155,586,141	  	 	$	85,345	  	 	 	 	 	501,569	  	 	$	1	  	 	$	8,139	  	 	$	—	  	 	$	(73,753	) 	 	$	(65,613	) 	 	 	 	

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
F-5

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)

 	 	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	 	Cumulative Period
From Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
December 31, 2013	 	 	Cumulative Period
From Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
June 30, 2014	 	 	
 	 	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	    2013    	 	 	    2014    	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	 	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	 	
Cash flows from operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	 	$	(9,649	) 	 	$	(15,725	) 	 	$	(6,835	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	 	$	(62,646	) 	 	$	(73,344	) 	 	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation expense	 	 	210	  	 	 	238	  	 	 	90	  	 	 	340	  	 	 	696	  	 	 	1,036	  	 	
Non-cash interest expense	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	299	  	 	 	299	  	 	
Depreciation expense	 	 	9	  	 	 	10	  	 	 	3	  	 	 	11	  	 	 	65	  	 	 	76	  	 	
Reserve for (release of reserve for) loan to stockholder	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(79	) 	 	 	220	  	 	 	141	  	 	
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	5	  	 	 	5	  	 	
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	 	 	139	  	 	 	(190	) 	 	 	37	  	 	 	(164	) 	 	 	(425	) 	 	 	(589	) 	 	
Accounts payable	 	 	(119	) 	 	 	(759	) 	 	 	621	  	 	 	507	  	 	 	5	  	 	 	512	  	 	
Accrued expenses	 	 	77	  	 	 	950	  	 	 	410	  	 	 	(43	) 	 	 	2,204	  	 	 	2,161	  	 	
Other assets	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(71	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(71	) 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	 	 	(9,333	) 	 	 	(15,476	) 	 	 	(5,674	) 	 	 	(10,197	) 	 	 	(59,577	) 	 	 	(69,774	) 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from investing activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Purchases of property and equipment	 	 	(8	) 	 	 	(23	) 	 	 	(3	) 	 	 	(18	) 	 	 	(99	) 	 	 	(117	) 	 	
Change in restricted cash	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(30	) 	 	 	(30	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(50	) 	 	 	(50	) 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash used in investing activities	 	 	(8	) 	 	 	(53	) 	 	 	(33	) 	 	 	(18	) 	 	 	(149	) 	 	 	(167	) 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from financing activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs	 	 	18,775	  	 	 	35,406	  	 	 	19,921	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	84,594	  	 	 	84,594	  	 	
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory notes, net of issuance costs	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	6,890	  	 	 	6,890	  	 	
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	58	  	 	 	58	  	 	
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	 	 	4	  	 	 	215	 	 	 	215	  	 	 	12	  	 	 	220	  	 	 	232	  	 	
Loans made to stockholders	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(350	) 	 	 	(350	) 	 	
Collection of loans made to stockholders	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	79	  	 	 	130	  	 	 	209	  	 	
Repurchase of common stock at cost	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(33	) 	 	 	(33	) 	 	
Payments of initial public offering costs	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(30	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(479	) 	 	 	(30	) 	 	 	(509	) 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	 	 	18,779	  	 	 	35,591	  	 	 	20,136	  	 	 	(388	) 	 	 	91,479	  	 	 	91,091	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	 	 	9,438	  	 	 	20,062	  	 	 	14,429	  	 	 	(10,603	) 	 	 	31,753	  	 	 	21,150	  	 	
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	 	 	2,253	  	 	 	11,691	  	 	 	11,691	  	 	 	31,753	  	 	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	 	$	11,691	  	 	$	31,753	  	 	$	26,120	  	 	$	21,150	  	 	$	31,753	  	 	$	21,150	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental disclosure cash flow information:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid for interest	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	3	  	 	$	3	  	 	
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	 	$	34	  	 	$	94	  	 	$	79	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	3,359	  	 	$	3,359	  	 	
Accrual of dividend on redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	347	  	 	$	347	  	 	
Modifications of redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	9,925	  	 	$	9,925	  	 	
Issuance of warrant in connection with convertible notes	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	125	  	 	$	125	  	 	
Forgiveness of interest	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	94	  	 	$	94	  	 	
Warrant cancellation	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	125	  	 	$	125	  	 	
Conversion of convertible promissory notes and accrued interest and advance from stockholder to shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	$	141	  	 	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	6,970	  	 	$	6,970	  	 	
Deferred offering costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	 	 	$	1,015	 	 	$	—  	  	 	$	1,015	  	 	
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
 
F-6

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
1.	 	Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation	
 
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) (a development stage company) was incorporated on March 26, 2004 under the laws of the State of Delaware. The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel proprietary therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases. The Company’s lead drug candidate, galeterone, is a highly selective, multi-targeted, oral small molecule drug candidate. Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to research and development, recruiting management, in-licensing technology and raising capital. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in the development stage.
 
The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the need to obtain additional financing. Galeterone, which is currently under development, and any product candidates that the Company may seek to develop in the future will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel infrastructure, and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities.
 
Galeterone is in the development stage. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for the Company’s intellectual property will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. Even if the Company’s drug development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will generate significant revenue from product sales. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change in technology and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In addition, the Company is dependent upon the services of its employees and consultants.
 
The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The Company has experienced negative cash flows and has a deficit accumulated during the development stage of $63,055 as of December 31, 2013. The Company expects that its existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2013 will enable the Company to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least December 31, 2014. In addition, the Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2014 (unaudited) will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least June 30, 2015 (unaudited). The future viability of the Company is largely dependent on its ability to generate cash from operating activities or to raise additional capital to finance its operations. The Company’s failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies.
 
The Company is seeking to complete an initial public offering of its common stock. If the gross proceeds from the initial public offering are at least $40,000, subject to a minimum per share price for the shares of common stock sold in the initial public offering, the Company’s outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock upon the completion of the Company’s initial public offering.
 
In the event the Company does not complete an initial public offering, the Company expects to seek additional funding through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, marketing and distribution
 
F-7

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. Additional funding may not be available to the Company on acceptable terms or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company’s stockholders. If the Company is unable to obtain sufficient funding, it may have to curtail the development of galeterone, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of its other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase its expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at its own expense, which could adversely affect its business prospects.
 
The accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes include Diotima Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Diotima”), a variable interest entity in which the Company has a variable financial interest and is the primary beneficiary but has no ownership interest. In September 2010, the Company formed and incorporated Diotima, which has since operated as a stand-alone company with limited activity. In November 2010, the Company contributed certain assets to Diotima in exchange for all of the issued and outstanding shares of common and preferred stock of Diotima (see Note 8). All significant intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and Diotima have been eliminated in consolidation.
 
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
 
At December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014, the Company is considered a development stage enterprise. Until planned principal operations have commenced and significant revenue is generated, financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP are required to report cumulative statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows from the date of inception.
 
2.	 	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual of research and development expenses and the valuation of common stock, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stock-based awards. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.
 
Unaudited Interim Financial Information
 
The accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2014, the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 and for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to June 30, 2014, and the consolidated statement of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit for the six months ended June 30, 2014 are unaudited. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2014 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the six
 
F-8

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 and for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to June 30, 2014. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 and the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to June 30, 2014 are unaudited. The results for the six months ended June 30, 2014 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2014, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.
 
Unaudited Pro Forma Information
 
The accompanying unaudited pro forma consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2014 has been prepared to give effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock into 14,860,171 shares of common stock as if the Company’s proposed initial public offering (see Note 1) had occurred on June 30, 2014. In the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, unaudited pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2014 have been prepared to give effect to the automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock as if the Company’s proposed initial public offering (see Note 1) had occurred on the later of January 1, 2013 or the issuance date of the redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
Cash Equivalents
 
The Company considers all short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of ninety days or less at acquisition date to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents, which consist of money market accounts, are stated at fair value.
 
Concentration of Credit Risk and of Significant Suppliers
 
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company has all cash and cash equivalents balances at one accredited financial institution, in amounts that exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe that it is subject to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.
 
The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers to supply products for research and development activities in its programs. In particular, the Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to these programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs.
 
Fair Value Measurements
 
Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

        • Level 1	 	—	 	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.	
 
F-9

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

 	 	 	
        • Level 2	 	—	 	Observable inputs (other than Level 1 quoted prices) such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.	
 	 	 	
        • Level 3	 	—	 	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to determining the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques.	
 
The Company’s cash equivalents of $1,311 as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited) were carried at fair value based on Level 2 inputs. The carrying values of accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities.
 
Deferred Offering Costs
 
The Company capitalizes certain legal, accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as other assets until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders’ equity (deficit) as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering or as a reduction to the carrying value of preferred stock issued. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Company had recorded $30 and $1,524, respectively, of deferred offering costs in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet in contemplation of a probable 2014 equity financing. Should the equity financing no longer be considered probable of being consummated, the deferred offering costs would be expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company did not record any deferred offering costs as of December 31, 2012.
 
Property and Equipment
 
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is recognized using the straight-line method over a three-year estimated useful life for computer equipment, which is the only type of property and equipment the Company holds. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance of assets are charged to expense as incurred. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets disposed of are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in loss from operations.
 
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 
Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment. Long-lived assets to be held and used are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its fair value, determined based on discounted cash flows. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment losses on long-lived assets.
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Research and Development Costs
 
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Included in research and development expenses are salaries, stock-based compensation and benefits of employees, third-party license fees and other operational costs related to the Company’s research and development activities, including manufacturing expenses and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct both preclinical studies and clinical trials.
 
The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other companies both inside and outside of the United States. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related payments are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing costs. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with personnel to identify services that have been performed and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the services for which the Company has not yet been invoiced. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company’s historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs.
 
Patent Costs
 
All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are recorded as general and administrative expenses as incurred, as recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.
 
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
 
The Company measures all stock options and other stock-based awards granted to employees and directors at the fair value on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of the awards is recognized as expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. The straight-line method of expense recognition is applied to all awards with service-only conditions, while the graded vesting method is applied to all grants with both service and performance conditions.
 
For stock-based awards granted to non-employees, compensation expense is recognized over the period during which services are rendered by such non-employees until completed. At the end of each financial reporting period prior to completion of the service, the fair value of these awards is remeasured using the then-current fair value of the Company’s common stock and updated assumption inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.
 
The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified.
 
The Company recognizes compensation expense for only the portion of awards that are expected to vest. In developing a forfeiture rate estimate, the Company has considered its historical experience to estimate pre-vesting forfeitures for service-based awards. The impact of a forfeiture rate adjustment will be recognized in full in the period of adjustment, and if the actual forfeiture rate is materially different from the Company’s estimate, the Company may be required to record adjustments to stock-based compensation expense in future periods.
 
F-11

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Income Taxes
 
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.
 
The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate as well as the related net interest and penalties.
 
Segment Data
 
The Company manages its operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions. The Company’s singular focus is on developing novel proprietary therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer and other hormonally-driven diseases. No revenue has been generated since inception, and all tangible assets are held in the United States.
 
Comprehensive Loss
 
Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. There was no difference between net loss and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited), the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to December 31, 2013 and the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
Carrying Value of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
 
The Company recognizes changes in the redemption values of its outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock immediately as they occur and adjusts the carrying value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period as if the end of each reporting period were the redemption date.
 
Reductions in the carrying value of each series of redeemable convertible preferred stock are only recorded to the extent that the Company has previously recorded increases in the carrying value of the security.
 
F-12

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Net Income (Loss) Per Share
 
The Company follows the two-class method when computing net income (loss) per share, as the Company has issued shares that meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net income (loss) per share for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed.
 
Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders is computed by adjusting income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities, including outstanding stock options and unvested restricted common stock. Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive common shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and unvested restricted common stock.
 
The Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock contractually entitles the holders of such shares to participate in dividends but does not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company. Similarly, restricted stock awards granted by the Company entitle the holder of such awards to dividends declared or paid by the board of directors, regardless of whether such awards are unvested, as if such shares were outstanding common shares at the time of the dividend. However, the unvested restricted stock awards are not entitled to share in the residual net assets (deficit) of the Company. Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. The Company reported a net loss attributable to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited).
 
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
 
In June 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, (the “FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-10, Development Stage Entities (Topic 915): Elimination of Certain Financial Reporting Requirements, Including an Amendment to Variable Interest Entities Guidance in Topic 810, Consolidation . The amendments in this guidance remove all incremental financial reporting requirements for development stage entities. Among other changes, this guidance will no longer require development stage entities to present inception-to-date information about income statement line items, cash flows, and equity transactions. These presentation and disclosure requirements will no longer be required for the first annual period beginning after December 15, 2014 for public companies. Early application is permitted for interim and annual periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. Effective upon the Company’s adoption of this guidance, the Company will no longer disclose inception-to-date information currently included in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of cash flows, and of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ deficit and the related notes thereto.
 
F-13

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.
 
3.	 	Property and Equipment, net	
 
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited):

 	  	December 31,	 	 	June 30,
2014	 	
 	  	2012	 	 	2013	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	
Computer equipment	  	$	67	  	 	$	72	  	 	$	86	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	67	  	 	 	72	  	 	 	86	  	
Less: Accumulated depreciation	  	 	(51	) 	 	 	(43	) 	 	 	(50	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	$	     16	  	 	$	     29	  	 	$	     36	  	

Depreciation expense was $9 and $10 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, $3 and $11 for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited), respectively, $65 for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) through December 31, 2013 and $76 for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) through June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
4.	 	Accrued Expenses	
 
Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited):

 	  	December 31,	 	  	June 30,
2014	 	
 	  	2012	 	  	2013	 	  	 	 	
 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	(unaudited)	 	
Accrued research and development expenses	  	$	766	  	  	$	1,370	  	  	$	1,595	  	
Accrued payroll and related expenses	  	 	291	  	  	 	436	  	  	 	320	  	
Accrued professional fees	  	 	146	  	  	 	338	  	  	 	511	  	
Accrued other	  	 	51	  	  	 	60	  	  	 	46	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	1,254	  	  	$	2,204	  	  	$	2,472	  	

5.	 	Convertible Promissory Notes	
 
In March 2007, the Company issued a convertible promissory note in the aggregate principal amount of $2,935 (the “Series B Note”) to one of its existing stockholders. The Series B Note accrued interest at an annual rate of 6% payable at maturity. In May 2007, the total outstanding principal and accrued interest on the Series B note of $3,050 converted into 798,067 and 80,117 shares of the Company’s Series B-1 and B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock, respectively (see Note 6).
 
In October 2008 and February 2009, the Company issued $2,000 and $2,000 in aggregate principal amount, respectively, of convertible promissory notes (collectively, the “Series C Notes”) to certain existing holders of
 
F-14

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
the Company’s Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock. The Series C Notes accrued interest at an annual rate of 6% and were due at any time on or after April 14, 2010 upon the written demand of the holders of at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount under all Series C Notes then outstanding. The Company incurred financing costs of $45 related to the issuance of the Series C Notes. In connection with the issuance of the Series C Notes, the Company also issued warrants to the holders of the Series C Notes for the purchase of an aggregate of 572,683 shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock at a purchase price of $0.25 per warrant share (the “Series C Warrants”). At the date of issuance, the Series C Warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which resulted in a total fair value of $125 at the date of issuance. The Series C Warrants were remeasured at December 31, 2008 using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and again upon cancellation of the Series C Warrants in May 2009. There was no significant change in the value of the Series C Warrants from October 2008 through May 2009. Issuance costs and the value of the Series C Warrants were recorded initially as deferred financing costs included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet and amortized to interest expense. The Company recorded $90 of interest expense during 2008 and 2009 related to the amortization of these deferred financing costs.
 
In May 2009, the aggregate outstanding principal of $4,000 on the Series C Notes were converted into an aggregate of 15,999,998 shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock at a conversion price of $0.25 per share, the outstanding Series C Warrants were cancelled and the accrued interest on the Series C Notes payable was forgiven. As the holders of the Series C Notes were also the Company’s majority stockholders, the Company considered the cancellation of the Series C Warrants and forgiveness of interest to represent contributed capital and, accordingly, recorded $125 and $94 for the cancellation of the Series C Warrants and forgiveness of interest, respectively, as additional paid-in capital.
 
6.	 	Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock	
 
As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended and restated (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), authorizes the Company to issue 155,586,141 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share.
 
The Company has issued Series A, Series B-1, Series B-2, Series C, Series D-1, Series D-2 and Series D-3, and Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock (collectively, the “Redeemable Preferred Stock”). The Series C, D and E redeemable convertible preferred stock are collectively referred to as the “Senior Preferred Stock.” The Redeemable Preferred Stock is classified outside of stockholders’ equity (deficit) because the shares contain redemption features that are not solely within the control of the Company.
 
During 2004, 2005 and 2007, the Company issued a total of 4,500,000 shares of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock at an issuance price equal to $0.50 per share and received aggregate gross proceeds of $2,250. In connection with these preferred stock financings, the Company paid total issuance costs of $20. Holders of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock were initially entitled to cumulative dividends of $0.04 per share.
 
During 2007, the outstanding principal and accrued interest of $3,050 on the Series B Note was converted into 798,067 shares of Series B-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock at $3.383176 per share and 80,117 shares of Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock at $4.365388 per share, respectively (see Note 5). The Company issued an additional 1,423,702 shares of Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock in 2007 for aggregate gross proceeds of $6,215. The Company incurred issuance costs of $240 relating to the sale and issuance of these shares of Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
F-15

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
In May 2007, in connection with the authorization and issuance of the Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock, the rights and preferences of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock were modified such that the holders of Series A were no longer entitled to cumulative dividends but instead became entitled to non-cumulative dividends when and if declared by the Company’s board of directors. In addition, the maximum participation amount of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock upon liquidation was increased from 200% to 300% of the Series A liquidation preference. The modification of these rights and preferences resulted in a transfer of value between common and preferred stockholders and was treated as a deemed dividend to the Company’s preferred stockholders. Accordingly, the Company recorded the deemed dividend of $45, representing the decrease in fair value of the Company’s common stock as a result of the modification, by increasing the carrying value of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock by $45 and increasing accumulated deficit, as the Company had no additional paid-in capital.
 
As the Company immediately accretes the carrying value of its redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value at the end of each reporting period as if the end of the reporting period were the redemption date, as of December 31, 2007, the Company reduced the carrying value of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock by $347, which represented the amount of cumulative dividends recorded through the modification date to which holders of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock were no longer entitled upon liquidation or redemption as a result of the modification.
 
In May 2009, the aggregate outstanding principal of $4,000 on the Series C Notes was converted into an aggregate of 15,999,998 shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock at a conversion price of $0.25 per share, and the accrued interest on the Series C Notes payable was forgiven (see Note 5). In 2009, the Company issued 29,294,828 shares of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock at $0.54617142 per share to new and existing investors for gross proceeds of $16,000. The Company incurred issuance costs of $209 in connection with the sale and issuance of these shares of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
In connection with the issuance of the Series C and Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock in 2009, the rights and preferences of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock outstanding were modified such that the liquidation and redemption price of the Series A was increased from $0.50 per share to $0.70 per share, the liquidation and redemption price of the Series B-1 was decreased from $3.38 to $0.70 per share, and the liquidation and redemption price of the Series B-2 was decreased from $4.365388 to $0.70 per share. In addition, certain voting rights were modified and the maximum participation amount for the holders of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock was eliminated. The holders of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock also waived adjustment to the conversion prices of the Series A and Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock that should have occurred as a result of anti-dilution provisions due to the issuance price of the Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
Due to the significant change in the fair value of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock as a result of the modification, such changes were, for accounting purposes only, treated by the Company as extinguishments and reissuances of these securities. Accordingly, the Company recorded an adjustment to remove the carrying value of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock with a corresponding adjustment to additional paid-in capital. The Company recorded the adjustment to additional paid-in capital because the holders of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock were also the majority shareholders of the Series C and Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock. Subsequently, the Company recorded the reissuance of the modified
 
F-16

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock at their respective fair values with a corresponding entry to additional paid-in capital. The extinguishment and reissuance of these securities resulted in a net decrease to the carrying values of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock of $1,395, $2,461 and $6,114, respectively, as well as an aggregate net capital contribution of $9,970 recorded as additional paid-in capital.
 
As the Company immediately accretes the carrying value of its redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value at the end of each reporting period as if the end of the reporting period were the redemption date, the Company recorded an entry of $3,380 as of December 31, 2009 to increase the carrying values of each series of outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock to their respective redemption values
 
In May 2010, the Company issued 3,661,846 shares of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock to certain existing investors at $0.54617142 per share for gross proceeds of $2,000. The Company incurred issuance costs of $30 in connection with the sale and issuance of these shares of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock. In November 2010, all outstanding shares of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock were exchanged for 29,294,828 shares of Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock and 3,661,846 shares of Series D-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock. The Company treated this exchange as an extinguishment of the Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock and the issuance of Series D-1 and D-2 preferred stock at their respective fair values. As the rights and preferences of the shares exchanged were identical, the Company determined that the fair value of the Series D-1 and Series D-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock was the same as the carrying value of the Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock at the time of the exchange. As a result, there was no change in the aggregate carrying values of these securities.
 
In November 2010, in connection with the distribution of all outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock of Diotima, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, to holders of the Company’s Series A, Series B-1, Series B-2, Series C and Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock on a pro rata basis (see Note 8), the liquidation and redemption amounts of each of the Company’s outstanding shares of Series A, Series B-1, Series B-2, Series C and Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock were decreased by $0.0419 per share. Accordingly, the Company recorded an adjustment to decrease the aggregate carrying value of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock by $285, or $0.0419 per share, to reflect their adjusted redemption values. Although the liquidation preferences of the Series C and D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock were decreased as a result of the distribution, the downward adjustments to their carrying values was limited to $80, representing the amount of accretion previously recorded by the Company related to the Series C and D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
During 2011, the Company issued 8,239,150 shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock to certain existing investors at $0.54617142 per share for gross proceeds of $4,500. The Company incurred issuance costs of $194 in connection with the sale and issuance of these shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
During 2012, the Company issued 34,696,042 shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock to certain existing investors at $0.54617142 per share for gross proceeds of $18,950. The Company incurred issuance costs of $34 in connection with the sale and issuance of these shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
In May and October 2013, the Company issued an aggregate of 56,892,391 shares of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock to existing and new investors at $0.62398475 per share for gross proceeds of $35,500.
 
F-17

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
The Company incurred issuance costs of $94 in connection with the sale and issuance of these shares of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
Redeemable Preferred Stock consisted of the following as of December 31, 2012:

 	 	Preferred
Shares
Authorized	 	 	Preferred
Shares
Issued and
Outstanding	 	 	Liquidation
Preference	 	 	Carrying
Value	 	 	Common
Stock
Issuable
Upon
Conversion	 	
Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	4,500,000	  	 	 	4,500,000	  	 	$	2,961	  	 	$	2,961	  	 	 	429,799	  	
Series B-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	798,067	  	 	 	798,067	  	 	 	525	  	 	 	525	  	 	 	76,224	  	
Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	1,503,819	  	 	 	1,503,819	  	 	 	989	  	 	 	989	  	 	 	143,631	  	
Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	15,999,998	  	 	 	15,999,998	  	 	 	3,330	  	 	 	3,920	  	 	 	1,528,176	  	
Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	29,294,828	  	 	 	29,294,828	  	 	 	14,773	  	 	 	16,000	  	 	 	2,797,978	  	
Series D-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	3,661,846	  	 	 	3,661,846	  	 	 	2,000	  	 	 	2,000	  	 	 	349,747	  	
Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	42,935,205	  	 	 	42,935,192	  	 	 	23,450	  	 	 	23,450	  	 	 	4,100,782	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	98,693,763	  	 	 	98,693,750	  	 	$	48,028	  	 	$	49,845	  	 	 	9,426,337	  	

Redeemable Preferred Stock consisted of the following as of December 31, 2013 and as of June 30, 2014 (unaudited):

 	 	Preferred
Shares
Authorized	 	 	Preferred
Shares
Issued and
Outstanding	 	 	Liquidation
Preference	 	 	Carrying
Value	 	 	Common
Stock
Issuable
Upon
Conversion	 	
Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	4,500,000	  	 	 	4,500,000	  	 	$	2,961	  	 	$	2,961	  	 	 	429,799	  	
Series B-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	798,067	  	 	 	798,067	  	 	 	525	  	 	 	525	  	 	 	76,224	  	
Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	1,503,819	  	 	 	1,503,819	  	 	 	989	  	 	 	989	  	 	 	143,631	  	
Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	15,999,998	  	 	 	15,999,998	  	 	 	3,330	  	 	 	3,920	  	 	 	1,528,176	  	
Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	29,294,828	  	 	 	29,294,828	  	 	 	14,773	  	 	 	16,000	  	 	 	2,797,978	  	
Series D-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	3,661,846	  	 	 	3,661,846	  	 	 	2,000	  	 	 	2,000	  	 	 	349,747	  	
Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	42,935,192	  	 	 	42,935,192	  	 	 	23,450	  	 	 	23,450	  	 	 	4,100,782	  	
Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock	 	 	56,892,391	  	 	 	56,892,391	  	 	 	35,500	  	 	 	35,500	  	 	 	5,433,834	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	 	155,586,141	  	 	 	155,586,141	  	 	$	83,528	  	 	$	85,345	  	 	 	14,860,171	  	

The holders of the Redeemable Preferred Stock have the following rights and preferences:
 
Voting Rights
 
The holders of Redeemable Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, together with the holders of common stock, on all matters submitted to stockholders for a vote. Holders of all Redeemable Preferred Stock, with the exception of holders of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock, have the right to vote the number of shares equal to the number of shares of common stock into which such Redeemable Preferred Stock could convert on the record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote. Holders of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock are entitled to cast 0.45773175 of a vote for each share of common stock into which one share of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock is convertible.
 
F-18

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Dividends
 
The holders of all Redeemable Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 8% of the Original Issue Price of the applicable series when and if declared by the Company’s board of directors, provided that the holders of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock are entitled to receive the greater of 8% of the original issuance price of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock or $0.04 per share when and if declared by the Company’s board of directors. Dividends are non-cumulative, and holders of Redeemable Preferred Stock holders are not entitled to any accruing dividends. In addition, any dividends declared by the Company’s board of directors are required to be paid: first, to the holders of the Senior Preferred Stock; second, to the holders of Series B-1 and B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock; and last, to the holders of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock. The Original Issue Price (“OIP”) for the Series A, Series B-1, Series B-2, Series C, Series D-1, Series D-2, Series D-3 and Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock is equal to $0.50, $3.383176, $4.365388, $0.25, $0.54617142, $0.54617142, $0.54617142 and $0.62398475 per share, respectively, subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of any stock dividend, stock split, combination or other similar recapitalization with respect to the Redeemable Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), no dividends had been declared by the Company’s board of directors.
 
Liquidation Preference
 
In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company (each, a “Liquidation Event”), the holders of Series C, Series D and Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock (collectively, the “Senior Preferred Stockholders”) are entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company prior to any payments made to the holders of Series A, Series B-1 or Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock, and the holders of Series B-1 and B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock are entitled to be paid out of any remaining assets prior to the holders of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
Based on the liquidation preferences under the Certificate of Incorporation and assuming sufficient assets available for distribution to the Company’s stockholders, upon a Liquidation Event, holders of Redeemable Preferred Stock would be entitled to receive $0.6581 per share for Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.6581 per share for Series B-1 and B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.2081 per share for Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.5043 per share for Series D-1 redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.54617142 per share for Series D-2 and D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock and $0.62398475 per share for Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock (in each case, subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of any stock dividend, stock split, combination or other similar recapitalization).
 
In the event that the assets available for distribution to the Company’s stockholders are not sufficient to permit payment in full to the holders of Redeemable Preferred Stock, the holders of the Senior Preferred Stock are entitled to receive such amount prior to and in preference of the holders of the Series B-1 and B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock and Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, and the holders of Series B-1 and B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock are entitled to receive such amount prior to and in preference of the holders of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock.
 
In the event that the assets available for distribution to the Company’s stockholders are not sufficient to permit payment to any class of holders in order of preference and in the full amount to which they are entitled, the assets available for distribution are distributed on a pro rata basis. After the payment of all preferential amounts to the holders of the Senior Preferred Stock, the Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock and the Series A
 
F-19

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
redeemable convertible preferred stock, any remaining assets available for distribution will be distributed among the holders of the Redeemable Preferred Stock and the holders of the Company’s common stock on a pro rata basis based on the number of shares held by each holder on an as converted to common stock basis.
 
Conversion
 
Each share of Redeemable Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the stockholder at any time without the payment of additional consideration, or will automatically be converted into shares of common stock at the applicable conversion ratio then in effect, upon the closing of a firm commitment underwritten public offering with gross proceeds of at least $40,000 and a minimum price per share to the public or upon the vote or written consent of the holders of at least 75% of the outstanding shares of the Senior Preferred Stockholders voting together as a single class. The conversion ratio of the Redeemable Preferred Stock is determined by dividing the OIP of the applicable series by the Conversion Price (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation) of the applicable series with the exception of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, which is calculated by dividing $0.54617142 by the Conversion Price. The Conversion Price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Certificate of Incorporation. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Conversion Price for the Series A, Series B-1, Series B-2, Series C, Series D-1, Series D-2, Series D-3 and Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock is equal to $5.235, $5.71841477, $5.71841477, $2.6175, $5.71841477, $5.71841477, $5.71841477 and $6.53312033 per share, respectively. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), all shares of Redeemable Preferred Stock are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock on a 10.47-for-1 basis.
 
Redemption Rights
 
At any time on or after May 10, 2018, shares of each of the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock are subject to mandatory redemption by the Company in three equal annual installments beginning 60 days after receipt of a notice of redemption from the holders of at least 60% of the combined voting power of the holders of the outstanding Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock, voting as a single class. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the redemption price for the Series A, Series B-1 and Series B-2 redeemable convertible preferred stock is equal to $0.6581 per share, subject to appropriate adjustment for any stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or any other similar recapitalization affecting such shares, plus any dividends declared but unpaid thereon.
 
At any time on or after May 10, 2018, shares of the Senior Preferred Stock are subject to mandatory redemption by the Company in three equal annual installments beginning 60 days after receipt of a notice of redemption from the holders of at least 75% of the combined voting power of holders of the outstanding Senior Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the redemption price for the Series C, Series D-1, Series D-2, Series D-3 and Series E convertible preferred stock is equal to $0.2081, $0.5043, $0.54617142, $0.54617142 and $0.62398475 per share, respectively, subject to appropriate adjustment for any stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or any other similar recapitalization affecting such shares, plus any dividends declared but unpaid thereon.
 
Reissuance
 
Shares of any Redeemable Preferred Stock that are redeemed or converted will be retired or canceled and may not be reissued by the Company.
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
7.	 	Common Stock	
 
As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the Company to issue 173,018,331 and 178,408,438 shares, respectively, of common stock, $0.001 par value per share.
 
Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are not entitled to receive dividends, unless declared by the board of directors.
 
As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Company had reserved 16,031,805 and 16,538,391 shares of common stock, respectively, for the conversion of the outstanding shares of Series A, Series B-1, Series B-2, Series C, Series D-1, Series D-2, Series D-3 and Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock (see Note 6) and the exercise of outstanding stock options and the number of shares of common stock remaining available for grant under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2007 Stock Option Plan (see Note 9).
 
8.	 	Diotima Distribution	
 
In September 2010, the Company formed and incorporated Diotima, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (see Note 1). In November 2010, the Company entered into a contribution agreement with Diotima (the “Contribution Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company assigned rights to develop and commercialize certain compounds that were unrelated to the Company’s core operations to Diotima in exchange for all outstanding shares of common and preferred stock of Diotima. The book value of the assets contributed to Diotima was $0. Effective in November 2010, the Company distributed to stockholders of the Company who were record holders as of May 21, 2010, on a pro rata basis, all of the issued and outstanding shares of common and preferred stock of Diotima (the “Diotima Spin-off”).
 
In connection with the Diotima Spin-off, the Company entered into various agreements with Diotima. Under the terms of these agreements, the Company has funded the payment of license and license maintenance fees related to intellectual property licenses held by Diotima. As a result of this funding activity, the Company has determined that Diotima is a variable interest entity, in which the Company has a variable financial interest and is the primary beneficiary but has no ownership interest. Accordingly, the Company has continued to consolidate Diotima subsequent to the Diotima Spin-off. Diotima has had limited activity. Expenses incurred by Diotima for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and for the cumulative period from the incorporation of Diotima in 2010 to December 31, 2013 were $85, $60 and $233, respectively. Expenses incurred by Diotima for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited) and for the cumulative period from the incorporation of Diotima in 2010 to June 30, 2014 (unaudited) were $58, $8 and $241, respectively. In 2014, the license agreements relating to these compounds were terminated. Additionally, in April 2014, the board of directors and stockholders of Diotima approved the dissolution of Diotima, and Diotima was dissolved.
 
9.	 	Stock-Based Awards	
 
2007 Stock Incentive Plan
 
The Company’s 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2007 Plan”) provides for the Company to sell or issue restricted common stock or to grant stock options for the purchase of common stock to employees, members of the board of directors and consultants of the Company. The 2007 Plan is administered by the board of directors,
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
or at the discretion of the board of directors, by a committee of the board. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions are determined at the discretion of the board of directors, or their committee if so delegated, except that the exercise price per share of stock options may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the share of common stock on the date of grant and the term of stock option may not be greater than ten years.
 
Stock options granted under the 2007 Plan with service-based vesting conditions generally vest over four years and expire after ten years, although options have been granted with vesting terms of less than four years.
 
The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2007 Plan was 1,590,580 shares as of December 31, 2013, of which 47,535 shares remained available for future issuance as of December 31, 2013. As of June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2007 Plan was 2,105,395 shares, of which 43,945 shares remained available for issuance as of June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
As required by the 2007 Plan, the exercise price for stock options granted is not to be less than the fair value of common shares as determined by the Company as of the date of grant. The Company values its common stock by taking into consideration its most recently available valuation of common shares performed by management and the board of directors as well as additional factors which may have changed since the date of the most recent contemporaneous valuation through the date of grant.
 
Stock Option Valuation
 
The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company historically has been a private company and lacks company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded group of peer companies and expects to continue to do so until such time as it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The expected term of stock options granted to non-employees is equal to the contractual term of the option award. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
 
The following table sets forth the assumptions that the Company used to determine the fair value of the stock options granted, presented on a weighted average basis:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	
 	  	2012	 	 	2013	 	 	2013	 	 	2014	 	
 	  	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	
Risk-free interest rate	  	 	0.79	% 	 	 	1.72	% 	 	 	1.71	% 	 	 	1.87	% 	
Expected term (in years)	  	 	6.07	  	 	 	5.98	  	 	 	5.99	  	 	 	5.89	  	
Expected volatility	  	 	65.5	% 	 	 	79.7	% 	 	 	79.6	% 	 	 	79.2	% 	
Expected dividend yield	  	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	 	 	0	% 	
 
F-22

Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity from January 1, 2012 through June 30, 2014:

  	  	Shares Issuable
Under Options	 	 	Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price	 	  	Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term	 	  	Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	  	(In years)	 	  	 	 	
Outstanding as of December 31, 2011	  	 	769,600	  	 	$	1.26	  	  	 	9.3	  	  	$	74	  	
Granted	  	 	99,130	  	 	 	1.37	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Exercised	  	 	(2,843	) 	 	 	1.37	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Forfeited	  	 	(58,230	) 	 	 	1.16	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Outstanding as of December 31, 2012	  	 	807,657	  	 	$	1.26	  	  	 	8.5	  	  	$	52	  	
Granted	  	 	786,532	  	 	 	1.74	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Exercised	  	 	(157,804	) 	 	 	1.37	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Forfeited	  	 	(312,286	) 	 	 	1.37	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Outstanding as of December 31, 2013	  	 	1,124,099	  	 	$	1.58	  	  	 	8.8	  	  	$	2,346	  	
Granted (unaudited)	  	 	524,133	  	 	 	5.57	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Exercised (unaudited)	  	 	(8,277	) 	 	 	1.47	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Forfeited (unaudited)	  	 	(5,680	) 	 	 	1.58	  	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Outstanding as of June 30, 2014 (unaudited)	  	 	1,634,275	  	 	$	2.86	  	  	 	8.7	  	  	$	5,941	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2013	  	 	946,438	  	 	$	1.58	  	  	 	8.6	  	  	$	1,992	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2013	  	 	329,738	  	 	$	1.26	  	  	 	7.5	  	  	$	790	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2014 (unaudited)	  	 	1,450,528	  	 	$	2.94	  	  	 	8.7	  	  	$	5,098	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2014 (unaudited)	  	 	470,751	  	 	$	1.58	  	  	 	7.6	  	  	$	2,300	  	

As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), outstanding options for the purchase of 165,251 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.58 per share have performance-based vesting conditions that have been deemed to be not probable of vesting.
 
The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $1 and $33 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and $33 and $34 for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014, respectively (unaudited).
 
The Company received cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $4 and $215 during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and $215 and $12 during the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014, respectively (unaudited).
 
The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 was $0.84 and $1.17 per share, respectively, and $1.05 and $3.77 per share for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014, respectively (unaudited).
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Restricted Common Stock
 
The 2007 Plan provides for the award of restricted common stock. The Company has granted restricted common stock with time-based vesting conditions. Unvested shares of restricted common stock may not be sold or transferred by the holder. These restrictions lapse according to the time-based vesting conditions of each award.
 
The table below summarizes the Company’s restricted stock activity since January 1, 2012:

 	  	Shares	 	 	Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value	 	
Unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2011	  	 	2,739	  	 	$	—  	  	
Issued	  	 	154,973	  	 	 	1.37	  	
Vested	  	 	(18,155	) 	 	 	1.26	  	
Forfeited	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2012	  	 	139,557	  	 	$	1.37	  	
Issued	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	
Vested	  	 	(10,412	) 	 	 	1.26	  	
Forfeited	  	 	(129,145	) 	 	 	1.37	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2013	  	 	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	

The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock awards is calculated as the difference between the price paid for the restricted stock awards and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those restricted stock awards that had a purchase price lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock awards that vested during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 was $23 and $14, respectively, and during the six months ended June 30, 2013 (unaudited) was $14. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), there were no unvested restricted stock awards subject to repurchase.
 
Stock-based Compensation
 
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted common stock in the following expense categories of its statements of operations:

 	  	Year Ended
December  31,	 	  	Six Months Ended
June 30,	 	  	Cumulative Period
From Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
December 31, 2013	 	  	Cumulative Period
From Inception
(March 26, 2004)
to
June 30, 2014	 	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	  	    2013    	 	  	2013	 	  	2014	 	  	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	(unaudited)	 	  	 	 	  	(unaudited)	 	 	
Research and development	  	$	87	  	  	$	91	  	  	$	41	  	  	$	136	  	  	$	263	  	  	$	399	  	 	
General and administrative	  	 	123	  	  	 	147	  	  	 	49	  	  	 	204	  	  	 	433	  	  	 	637	  	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	
 	  	$	210	  	  	$	238	  	  	$	90	  	  	$	340	  	  	$	696	  	  	$	1,036	  	 	

As of December 31, 2013, the Company had an aggregate of $645 of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.95 years. As of June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Company had an aggregate of $2,238 of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.20 years.
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
10.	 	Net Loss Per Share and Unaudited Pro Forma Net Loss Per Share	
 
Net Loss Per Share
 
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was calculated as follows for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited):

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	Six Months Ended June 30,	 	
 	  	        2012        	 	 	        2013        	 	 	        2013        	 	 	        2014        	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	(unaudited)	 	
Numerator:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(9,649	) 	 	$	(15,725	) 	 	$	(6,835	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	
Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value	  	 	(34	) 	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	(79	) 	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	  	$	(9,683	) 	 	$	(15,819	) 	 	$	(6,914	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Denominator:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	  	 	311,474	  	 	 	416,037	  	 	 	337,495	  	 	 	498,107	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	  	$	(31.09	) 	 	$	(38.02	) 	 	$	(20.49	) 	 	$	(21.48	) 	

The Company excluded the following common stock equivalents, outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 and as of June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited), from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited) because they had an anti-dilutive impact due to the net loss attributable to common stockholders incurred for the periods:

 	  	December 31,	 	  	June 30,	 	
  	  	2012	 	  	2013	 	  	2013	 	  	2014	 	
 	  	 	 	  	 	 	  	(unaudited)	 	
Stock options to purchase common stock	  	 	807,657	  	  	 	1,124,099	  	  	 	1,062,445	  	  	 	1,634,275	  	
Unvested restricted common stock	  	 	139,557	  	  	 	—  	 	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
Redeemable convertible preferred stock (as converted to common stock)	  	 	9,426,337	  	  	 	14,860,171	  	  	 	12,487,660	  	  	 	14,860,171	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	10,373,551	  	  	 	15,984,270	  	  	 	13,550,105	  	  	 	16,494,446	  	

Unaudited Pro Forma Net Loss Per Share
 
The unaudited pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2014 gives effect to adjustments arising upon the closing of the proposed initial public offering. The unaudited pro forma net loss attributable to common stockholders used in the calculation of unaudited basic and diluted pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders does not include the effects of the adjustments to the carrying value of Redeemable Preferred Stock to equal redemption value because it assumes that the conversion of Redeemable Preferred Stock into common stock had occurred on the later of January 1, 2013 or the issuance date of the Redeemable Preferred Stock.
 
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Table of Contents
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
The unaudited pro forma basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding used in the calculation of unaudited pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2014 gives effect to the automatic conversion upon the closing of the proposed initial public offering of all outstanding shares of Redeemable Preferred Stock as of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 into 14,860,171 shares of common stock as if the conversion had occurred on the later of January 1, 2013 or the issuance date of the Redeemable Preferred Stock.
 
The computation of unaudited pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is as follows:

 	  	Year Ended
December 31,
2013	 	 	Six Months Ended
June 30, 2014	 	
 	  	(unaudited)	 	
Numerator:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(15,725	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma net loss attributable to common stockholders	  	$	(15,725	) 	 	$	(10,698	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Denominator:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	  	 	416,037	  	 	 	498,107	  	
Pro forma adjustment for assumed automatic conversion of all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock upon the closing of the proposed initial public offering	  	 	11,814,169	  	 	 	14,860,171	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	  	 	12,230,206	  	 	 	15,358,278	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Pro forma net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	  	$	(1.29	) 	 	$
	(0.70
	) 

 
11.	 	Commitments and Contingencies	
 
Leases
 
The Company leases its office space and obtains certain office-related services on a month-to-month basis under a 30-day cancelable operating service agreement. Payments under this service agreement include monthly rent and certain fee-for-service charges.
 
During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, the Company recognized $341 and $366, respectively, of rental expense related to office space. For the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to December 31, 2013, the Company recognized $1,557 of rental expense related to office space. For the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited), the Company recognized $173 and $209, respectively, of rental expense related to office space. For the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Company recognized $1,766 of rental expense related to office space.
 
Intellectual Property Licenses
 
In May 2006, the Company entered into a master license agreement with the University of Maryland, Baltimore (“UMB”). Pursuant to the license agreement, UMB granted an exclusive worldwide license, with the right to sublicense, under certain patents and patent applications to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell and
 
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Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
import certain anti-androgen steroids including galeterone for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment or control of any human or animal disease. In addition, UMB granted the Company a first option to receive an exclusive license to UMB’s rights in certain improvements to the licensed products. The Company has exercised the option and acquired exclusive rights to licensed improvements under three amendments to the license agreement.
 
In consideration for the rights granted, the Company made an upfront payment to UMB of $20 following the execution of the license agreement and a payment of $10 following the execution of each of the amendments in 2009, 2012 and 2013. In addition, the Company paid UMB a $50 milestone payment in 2009 upon the submission of an investigational new drug application (“IND”) for galeterone and a $40 milestone payment in 2013 upon the issuance of the first patent related to UMB’s prodrug patent application.
 
The Company is obligated to pay UMB an annual maintenance fee of $10 each year until the first commercial sale of a product developed using the licensed technology. The Company is also obligated to make an additional $50 milestone payment to UMB for each additional IND filed for a licensed product and a $100 milestone payment upon the approval of each NDA for a licensed product by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Because the achievement of these milestones has not occurred as of December 31, 2013 or June 30, 2014 (unaudited), no liabilities for such milestone payments have been recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
 
The Company must also pay UMB low-single digit percentage royalties on aggregate worldwide net sales of licensed products, including sales by sublicensees, on a licensed product-by-licensed product and country-by-country basis until the later of the expiration of the last-to-expire applicable licensed patent or ten years after first commercial sale of the applicable licensed product, in each case in the applicable country. The royalty obligations are subject to specified reductions in the event that additional licenses need to be obtained from third parties or in the event of specified competition from third-party products licensed by UMB. Minimum annual royalty payments to UMB are $50 beginning in the year following the year in which the first commercial sale occurs. The Company must also pay UMB 10% of all non-royalty sublicense income received from sublicensees. Finally, the Company is responsible for all patent expenses related to the prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents. As of December 31, 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Company has not yet developed a commercial product using the licensed technologies, and it has not entered into any sublicense agreements for the technologies. In connection with this license agreement, the Company incurred license, milestone and maintenance fees of $60 and $20 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, and $210 for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to December 31, 2013. In connection with this license agreement, the Company incurred license, milestone and maintenance fees of $10 in each of the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited) and $220 for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
The Company also had two license agreements for compounds and indications unrelated to its core strategy that were assigned to Diotima in November 2010 (see Note 8). Under the terms of the Contribution Agreement with Diotima, the Company funded the payment of annual license maintenance fees for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013. In early 2014, the Company, on behalf of Diotima, notified the licensors that they were terminating the two license agreements. In connection with these license agreements, the Company incurred license and maintenance fees of $50 for each of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and $1,710 for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to December 31, 2013. The Company incurred license and maintenance fees of $50 for the six months ended June 30, 2013 (unaudited). There were no license or maintenance fees associated with these licenses incurred by the Company during the six months ended June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
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Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
The Company also entered into a license agreement in 2006 for certain technologies, under which the Company paid a total of $100 prior to the license agreement being terminated effective December 31, 2008.
 
Advisor Agreement
 
The Company is obligated to pay a fee to a financial advisor equal to the greater of $500 and 1% of the gross proceeds of an initial public offering of the Company’s common stock, upon the closing of such event, in connection with strategic and financial advisory services unrelated to the offering.
 
Indemnification Agreements
 
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scope and terms to vendors, lessors, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is, in many cases, unlimited. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnifications. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any claims under indemnification arrangements will have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and it has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2013 or June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
12.	 	Income Taxes	
 
During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 and the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2014 (unaudited), the Company recorded no income tax benefits for the net operating losses incurred in each year, due to its uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items.
 
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	
Federal statutory income tax rate	  	 	(34.0	)% 	 	 	(34.0	)% 	
Federal and state research and development tax credit	  	 	(1.2	) 	 	 	(0.7	) 	
State taxes, net of federal benefit	  	 	(5.4	) 	 	 	(5.6	) 	
Stock-based compensation expense	  	 	0.6	  	 	 	0.4	  	
Other	  	 	—  	  	 	 	0.1	  	
Change in deferred tax asset valuation allowance	  	 	40.0	  	 	 	39.8	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Effective income tax rate	  	 	0.0	% 	 	 	0.0	% 	

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Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
Net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 consisted of the following:

 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	
Current deferred tax assets:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accrued expenses	  	$	43	  	 	$	201	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current deferred tax assets	  	 	43	  	 	 	201	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Noncurrent deferred tax assets:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Capitalized research and development expenses	  	 	14,455	  	 	 	19,250	  	
Net operating loss carryforwards	  	 	2,862	  	 	 	3,989	  	
Research and development tax credit carryforwards	  	 	718	  	 	 	889	  	
Other	  	 	60	  	 	 	73	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total noncurrent deferred tax assets	  	 	18,095	  	 	 	24,201	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total gross deferred tax assets	  	 	18,138	  	 	 	24,402	  	
Valuation allowance	  	 	(18,138	) 	 	 	(24,402	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net deferred tax assets	  	$	—  	 	 	$	—  	 	

Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013 related primarily to the increase in net operating loss carryforwards, capitalized research and development expenses and research and development tax credit carryforwards and were as follows:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	    2012    	 	 	    2013    	 	
Valuation allowance as of beginning of year	  	$	14,129	  	 	$	18,138	  	
Decreases recorded as benefit to income tax provision	  	 	—  	 	 	 	—  	 	
Increases recorded to income tax provision	  	 	4,009	  	 	 	6,264	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Valuation allowance as of end of year	  	$	18,138	  	 	$	24,402	  	

As of December 31, 2013, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $10,471 and $8,116, respectively, which begin to expire in 2024 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, the Company also had available research and development tax credit carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $610 and $422, respectively, which begin to expire in 2025 and 2023, respectively. Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382 of the Code, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. The Company has not conducted a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since inception due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such a study. If the Company has experienced a change of control, as defined by Section 382 of the Code, at any time since inception, utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code, which is determined by first multiplying the value of the Company’s stock at the
 
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Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate, and then could be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating loss carryforwards or research and development tax credit carryforwards before utilization. Further, until a study is completed and any limitation is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position.
 
As of December 31, 2012 and 2013, the Company’s gross deferred tax asset balance of $18,138 and $24,402, respectively, was comprised principally of capitalized research and development expenses, net operating loss carryforwards, and research and development tax credit carryforwards. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, gross deferred tax assets increased due to additional net operating loss carryforwards, research and development tax credits generated and additional research and development expenses capitalized for tax purposes. During the six months ended June 30, 2014 (unaudited), the Company’s gross deferred tax assets increased by approximately $4,300 due to the operating losses incurred by the Company during that period.
 
The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize the deferred tax assets. Management has considered the Company’s history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 and June 30, 2014 (unaudited). Management reevaluates the positive and negative evidence at each reporting period.
 
The Company has not recorded any amounts for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2012 or 2013 or June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal and state jurisdictions, where applicable. There are currently no pending income tax examinations. The Company’s tax years are still open under statute from 2010 to the present. Earlier years may be examined to the extent that tax credit or net operating loss carryforwards are used in future periods. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to income taxes as part of its income tax provision.
 
13.	 	401(k) Plan	
 
The Company has a 401(k) plan available for participating employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. Eligible employees may defer a portion of their salary as defined by the plan. Company contributions to the plan may be made at the discretion of the Board of Directors. To date, the Company has not made any contributions to the plan.
 
14.	 	Qualifying Therapeutic Discovery Project Program	
 
In 2010, the Company received $244 for a research project under the Qualifying Therapeutic Discovery Project Credit program under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, covering 50% of qualifying expenses incurred. The Company recorded the proceeds received as other income in its consolidated statements of operations for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to December 31, 2013 and for the cumulative period from inception (March 26, 2004) to June 30, 2014 (unaudited).
 
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Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
15.	 	Related Party Transactions	
 
In 2005, the Company loaned $250 to and entered into a promissory note with an advisor and stockholder of the Company that accrued interest at 2.92% per annum and was due in 2007. In 2007, unpaid principal and interest in the amount of $220 was deemed uncollectable by the Company, and as a result, was fully reserved for by the Company. As of December 31, 2013, no payments had been received by the Company, and the unpaid principal and interest balance remained fully reserved. Subsequent to December 31, 2013, the Company started to receive repayment of this note. The Company is recording payments received as other income in 2014 as cash is received. As a result, the Company recorded other income of $79 for the six months ended June 30, 2014 (unaudited), representing cash collected during that period.
 
In May 2009, the Company loaned $100 to and entered into a promissory note with an officer of the Company. The note and accrued interest was fully paid in 2011.
 
16.	 	Subsequent Events	
 
For its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2013 and for the year then ended, the Company evaluated subsequent events through May 2, 2014, the date on which those financial statements were issued, and, with respect to the reverse stock split described below, through August 29, 2014.
 
Increases	 	in Authorized Common Shares under the Certificate of Incorporation and in Shares Reserved for Issuance under the 2007 Plan	
 
In February 2014, the Company effected an increase in the number of authorized shares of its common stock under its Certificate of Incorporation to 177,408,438 shares and an increase in the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2007 Plan to 2,009,884 shares.
 
In April 2014, the Company effected an increase in the number of authorized shares of its common stock under its Certificate of Incorporation to 178,408,438 shares and an increase in the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2007 Plan to 2,105,395 shares.
 
Reverse	 	Stock Split	
 
On August 29, 2014, the Company effected a 1-for-10.47 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock and a proportional adjustment to the existing conversion ratios for each series of Redeemable Preferred Stock (see Note 6). Accordingly, all share and per share amounts for all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect this reverse stock split and adjustment of the preferred stock conversion ratios.
 
17.	 	Subsequent Events (unaudited)	
 
For its interim consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2014 and for the six months then ended, the Company evaluated subsequent events through August 11, 2014, the date on which those financial statements were issued.
 
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Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(A Development Stage Company)
 
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
 
2014	 	Stock Incentive Plan	
 
On August 29, 2014, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”), which will become effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement for the Company’s initial public offering of shares of common stock. The 2014 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards. The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan is the sum of 1,700,000 shares of common stock, plus the number of shares (up to 1,678,220 shares) equal to the sum of (i) the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2007 Plan that remain available for grant under the 2007 Plan immediately prior to the effectiveness of the 2014 Plan and (ii) the number of shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2007 Plan that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, cancelled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right. In addition, the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2014 Plan is subject to increase on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2015 and continuing for each fiscal year until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, equal to the least of 1,800,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, 4% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable fiscal year, and an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors.
 
2014	 	Employee Stock Purchase Plan	
 
On August 29, 2014, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. A total of 225,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under this plan. The 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan will become effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement for the Company’s initial public offering of shares of common stock. In addition, the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the plan will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing on January 1, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2024, in an amount equal to the least of 450,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, 1% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable fiscal year, and an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors.
 
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Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
 
5,400,000 Shares
 
Common Stock
 
Preliminary Prospectus
 
                , 2014
 
Until                 , 25 days after the date of this prospectus, all dealers that buy, sell or trade our common stock, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to unsold allotments or subscriptions.

 
BMO Capital Markets    •    Stifel    •    William Blair

Janney Montgomery Scott	

Table of Contents
Part II
Information not required in prospectus
 
Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
 
The following table indicates the expenses to be incurred in connection with this offering described in this Registration Statement, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, all of which will be paid by us. All amounts are estimated except the Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee and the FINRA filing fee.

 	  	Amount	 	
Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee	  	$	11,998	  	
FINRA filing fee	  	 	14,473	  	
NASDAQ Global Market listing fee	  	 	125,000	  	
Accountants’ fees and expenses	  	 	805,000	  	
Legal fees and expenses	  	 	1,450,000	  	
Blue Sky fees and expenses	  	 	15,000	  	
Transfer agent’s fees and expenses	  	 	10,000	  	
Printing and engraving expenses	  	 	250,000	  	
Miscellaneous	  	 	48,529	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
Total expenses	  	$	2,730,000	  	

Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers
 
Section 102 of the Delaware General Corporation Law permits a corporation to eliminate the personal liability of directors of a corporation to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except where the director breached his duty of loyalty, failed to act in good faith, engaged in intentional misconduct or knowingly violated a law, authorized the payment of a dividend or approved a stock repurchase in violation of Delaware corporate law or obtained an improper personal benefit. Upon the closing of this offering, our certificate of incorporation will provide that none of our directors shall be personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as director, notwithstanding any provision of law imposing such liability, except to the extent that the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits the elimination or limitation of liability of directors for breaches of fiduciary duty.
 
Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law provides that a corporation has the power to indemnify a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation and certain other persons serving at the request of the corporation in related capacities against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlements actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with an action, suit or proceeding to which he is or is threatened to be made a party by reason of such position, if such person acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, in any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful, except that, in the case of actions brought by or in the right of the corporation, no indemnification shall be made with respect to any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or other adjudicating court determines that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all of the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.
 
Upon the closing of this offering, our certificate of incorporation will provide that we will indemnify each person who was or is a party or threatened to be made a party to or is involved in any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of us or is
 
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or was serving at our request as a director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law. Upon the closing of this offering, our certificate of incorporation will provide that expenses must be advanced to these indemnitees under certain circumstances.
 
The indemnification provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation that will be effective as of the closing date of this offering are not exclusive. In addition, we intend to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and officers. Each indemnification agreement will provide that we will, among other things, indemnify our directors and executive officers for some expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by a director or officer in any action or proceeding arising out of his or her service as one of our directors or officers, or any of our subsidiaries or any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request.
 
In addition, we maintain standard policies of insurance under which coverage is provided to our directors and officers against losses arising from claims made by reason of breach of duty or other wrongful act, and to us with respect to payments which may be made by us to such directors and officers pursuant to the above indemnification provisions or otherwise as a matter of law. In any underwriting agreement we enter into in connection with the sale of common stock being registered hereby, the underwriters will agree to indemnify, under certain conditions, us, our directors, our officers and persons who control us within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) against certain liabilities.
 
Item 15. Recent Sale of Unregistered Securities.
 
Set forth below is information regarding shares of common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock issued, and options granted, by us within the past three years that were not registered under the Securities Act. Included is the consideration, if any, we received for such shares and options and information relating to the section of the Securities Act, or rule of the Securities and Exchange Commission, under which exemption from registration was claimed.
 
(a) Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
 
In September and December 2011 and July 2012, we issued and sold an aggregate of 42,935,192 shares of our Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock at a purchase price per share of $0.54617142 for an aggregate purchase price of $23,449,975. All outstanding shares of Series D-3 redeemable convertible preferred stock will automatically convert into an aggregate of 4,100,782 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering.
 
In May and October of 2013, we issued and sold an aggregate of 56,892,391 shares of our Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock at a purchase price per share of $0.62398475 for an aggregate purchase price of $35,499,985. All outstanding shares of Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock will automatically convert into an aggregate of 5,433,834 shares of common stock upon the closing of this offering.
 
No underwriters were involved in the foregoing sales of securities. The securities described in this section (a) of Item 15 were issued to investors in reliance upon the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, as set forth in Section 4(2) under the Securities Act and Regulation D promulgated thereunder relative to transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering, to the extent an exemption from such registration was required.
 
(b) Stock Option Grants
 
Between September 2, 2011 and September 2, 2014, we granted options to purchase an aggregate of 1,979,056 shares of common stock, with exercise prices ranging from $1.37 to $6.50 per share, to employees, directors and consultants pursuant to our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended. Between September 2, 2011 and September 2, 2014, we issued an aggregate of 168,924 shares of common stock upon the exercise of options for aggregate consideration of $229,669.
 
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The stock options and the common stock issuable upon the exercise of such options as described in this section (b) of Item 15 were issued pursuant to written compensatory plans or arrangements with our employees, directors and consultants, in reliance on the exemption provided by Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act. All recipients either received adequate information about us or had access, through employment or other relationships, to such information.
 
All of the securities described in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Item 15 are deemed restricted securities for purposes of the Securities Act. All of the certificates representing such securities included appropriate legends setting forth that the securities have not been registered and the applicable restrictions on transfer.
 
Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
 
The exhibits to the registration statement are listed in the Exhibit Index attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein.
 
Item 17. Undertakings.
 
(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriter at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriter to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.
 
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
 
(c) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:
 
 	(1)	 	For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.	
 
 	(2)	 	For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.	
 
II-3

Table of Contents
Signatures
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, the registrant has duly caused this Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Cambridge, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on the 2 nd  day of September, 2014.

TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Jodie P. Morrison	
 	 	Jodie P. Morrison
President and Chief Executive Officer	
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Amendment No. 1 to the registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	  	Title	 	Date	
 	 	 	
/s/ Jodie P. Morrison
Jodie P. Morrison	  	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	 	September 2, 2014	
 	 	 	
/s/ Lee H. Kalowski
Lee H. Kalowski	  	Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	 	September 2, 2014	
 	 	 	
*
Seth L. Harrison	  	Chairman	 	September 2, 2014	
 	 	 	
*
Reinhard J. Ambros	  	Director	 	September 2, 2014	
 	 	 	
*
Timothy J. Barberich	  	Director	 	September 2, 2014	
 	 	 	
*
David A. Kessler	  	Director	 	September 2, 2014	
 	 	 	
*
Campbell Murray	  	Director	 	September 2, 2014	
 	 	 	
*
Joseph A. Yanchik, III	  	Director	 	September 2, 2014	

*By:	  	/s/ Jodie P. Morrison	
 	  	Jodie P. Morrison
Attorney-in-Fact	
 
II-4

Table of Contents
EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit
Number	 	  	Description	
 	 	
 	1.1	  	  	Underwriting Agreement	
 	 	
 	3.1*	  	  	Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended	
 	 	
 	3.2	  	  	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant to be effective upon the closing of this offering	
 	 	
 	3.3*	  	  	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant	
 	 	
 	3.4	  	  	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant to be effective upon the closing of this offering	
 	 	
 	3.5	  	  	Certificate of Amendment to Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended, effective August 29, 2014	
 	 	
 	4.1	  	  	Specimen certificate evidencing shares of common stock	
 	 	
 	5.1	  	  	Opinion of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP	
 	 	
 	10.1*	  	  	Fifth Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of May 13, 2013, among the Registrant and the other parties thereto	
 	 	
 	10.2*+	  	  	2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended	
 	 	
 	10.3*+	  	  	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under 2007 Stock Incentive Plan	
 	 	
 	10.4*+	  	  	Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under 2007 Stock Incentive Plan	
 	 	
 	10.5+	  	  	2014 Stock Incentive Plan to be effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement	
 	 	
 	10.6+	  	  	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under 2014 Stock Incentive Plan	
 	 	
 	10.7+	  	  	Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under 2014 Stock Incentive Plan	
 	 	
 	10.8*+	  	  	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of July 16, 2014, between the Registrant and Jodie P. Morrison	
 	 	
 	10.9*+	  	  	Employment Agreement, dated as of September 7, 2011, between the Registrant and Martin D. Williams	
 	 	
 	10.10*+	  	  	Separation Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2013, between the Registrant and Martin D. Williams, as amended April 3, 2013	
 	 	
 	10.11*+	  	  	Employment Agreement, dated as of July 19, 2012, between the Registrant and Adrian Senderowicz, M.D.	
 	 	
 	10.12*+	  	  	Separation Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2013, between the Registrant and Adrian Senderowicz, M.D., as amended April 2, 2013	
 	 	
 	10.13+	  	  	Form of Director and Officer Indemnification Agreement	
 	 	
 	10.14*†	  	  	Master License Agreement, dated as of May 19, 2006, between the Registrant and the University of Maryland, Baltimore, as amended by First Amendment, dated as of March 3, 2009, Second Amendment, dated as of April 10, 2012, and Third Amendment, dated as of October 28, 2013	
 	 	
 	10.15*+	  	  	Employment Agreement, dated as of January 30, 2014, between the Registrant and John S. McBride	
 	 	
 	10.16*+	  	  	Employment Agreement, dated as of April 7, 2014, between the Registrant and Karen J.
Ferrante, M.D.	
 	 	
 	10.17	  	  	2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan to be effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement	
 	 	
 	10.18	  	  	Employment Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2014, between the Registrant and Lee H. Kalowski	
 	 	
 	23.1	  	  	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	
 	 	
 	23.2	  	  	Consent of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)	
 	 	
 	24.1*	  	  	Power of Attorney (included on signature page)	
 
*	 	Previously filed.	
†	 	Confidential treatment requested as to certain portions, which portions have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.	
+	 	Indicates management contract or plan.	

Exhibit 1.1
[                ] Shares
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Common Stock
UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT
[        ]
BMO Capital Markets Corp.
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated
William Blair & Company, L.L.C.
    As Representatives of the Several Underwriters
c/o BMO Capital Markets Corp.
3 Times Square
New York, New York 10036
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), proposes, subject to the terms and conditions stated herein, to issue and sell an aggregate of [            ] shares (the “ Firm Shares ”) of the Company’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “ Common Stock ”), to the several underwriters (collectively, the “ Underwriters ”) named in  Schedule I  to this agreement (this “Agreement”), for whom BMO Capital Markets Corp. (“ BMOCM ”), Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated (“ Stifel ”) and William Blair & Company, L.L.C. are acting as representatives (the “ Representatives ”). The Company has also agreed to grant to the Underwriters an option (the “ Option ”) to purchase up to an additional [            ] shares of Common Stock (the “ Option Shares ”) on the terms set forth in Section 1(b). The Firm Shares and the Option Shares are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “ Shares .”
The Company confirms as follows its agreement with the Representatives and the several other Underwriters:
1. Agreement to Sell and Purchase.
(a) Purchase of Firm Shares. On the basis of the representations, warranties and agreements of the Company herein contained and subject to all the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Company agrees to sell to the several Underwriters and each of the several Underwriters, severally and not jointly, agrees to purchase from the Company, at a purchase price per share of $[        ] (the “Purchase Price”), the number of Firm Shares set forth opposite the name of such Underwriter in  Schedule I , plus such additional number of Firm Shares which such Underwriter may become obligated to purchase pursuant to Section 8 hereof.
 
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(b) Purchase of Option Shares. Subject to all the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Company grants the Option to the several Underwriters to purchase, severally and not jointly, the Option Shares at the Purchase Price. The Option may be exercised in whole or in part at any time on or before the 30th day after the date of this Agreement, upon written notice (the “ Option Shares Notice ”) by the Representatives to the Company no later than 12:00 noon, New York City time, at least two and, if applicable, no more than five business days before the date specified for closing in the Option Shares Notice (the “ Option Closing Date ”) setting forth the aggregate number of Option Shares to be purchased and the time and date for such purchase. On the Option Closing Date, the Company shall issue and sell to the Underwriters the number of Option Shares set forth in the Option Shares Notice and each Underwriter shall purchase from the Company such percentage of the Option Shares as is equal to the percentage of Firm Shares that such Underwriter is purchasing, as adjusted by the Representatives in such manner as they deem advisable to avoid fractional shares.
2. Delivery and Payment.
(a) Closing. Delivery of the Firm Shares shall be made to the Representatives through the facilities of the Depository Trust Company (“ DTC ”) for the respective accounts of the Underwriters against payment of the Purchase Price by wire transfer of immediately available funds to the order of the Company at the offices of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, 60 State Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02109 (or such other place as may be agreed upon among the Representatives and the Company). Such payment shall be made at 10:00 a.m., New York City time, on the third business day (the fourth business day, should the offering be priced after 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time) after the date on which the first  bona fide  offering of the Firm Shares to the public is made by the Underwriters or at such time on such other date, not later than ten business days after such date, as may be agreed upon by the Company and the Representatives (such date is hereinafter referred to as the “ Closing Date ”).
(b) Option Closing. To the extent the Option is exercised, delivery of the Option Shares against payment by the Representatives (in the manner and at the location specified above) shall take place at the time and date (which may be the Closing Date, but not earlier than the Closing Date) specified in the Option Shares Notice.
(c) Electronic Transfer. Electronic transfer of Shares shall be made at the time of purchase in such names and in such denominations as the Representatives shall specify.
3. Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company represents and warrants to, and covenants with, each Underwriter as follows:
(a) Compliance with Registration Requirements. A registration statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-198052) relating to the Shares, including a preliminary prospectus and such amendments to such registration statement as may have been required to the date of this Agreement, has been prepared by the Company under the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “ Act ”), and the rules and regulations (collectively referred to as the “ Rules and Regulations ”) of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “ Commission ”) thereunder, and has been filed with the Commission. Copies of such registration statement and of each amendment thereto, if any, including the related preliminary prospectuses, heretofore
 
- 2 -

filed by the Company with the Commission have been delivered to the Representatives. The term “preliminary prospectus” as used herein means a preliminary prospectus as contemplated by Rule 430, Rule 430A or Rule 430B of the Rules and Regulations included at any time as part of, or deemed to be part of or included in, the registration statement. The term “ Registration Statement ” means the registration statement as amended at the time it becomes or became effective, including financial statements and all exhibits and any information deemed to be included therein by Rule 430A, Rule 430B or Rule 430C of the Rules and Regulations, as applicable. If the Company files a registration statement to register a portion of the Shares and relies on Rule 462(b) of the Rules and Regulations for such registration statement to become effective upon filing with the Commission (the “ Rule 462 Registration Statement ”), then any reference to the “Registration Statement” shall be deemed to include the Rule 462 Registration Statement, as amended from time to time. The term “ Prospectus ” means the final prospectus in connection with this offering as first filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) of the Rules and Regulations or, if no such filing is required, the form of final prospectus included in the Registration Statement at the effective date. The term “ Testing-the-Waters Communication ” means any oral or written communication with potential investors in reliance on Section 5(d) of the Act. The term “ Written Testing-the-Waters Communication ” means any Testing-the-Waters Communication that is a written communication within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Act.
(b) Effectiveness of Registration. The Registration Statement, any Rule 462 Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto have been declared effective by the Commission under the Act or have become effective pursuant to Rule 462 under the Rules and Regulations. The Company has responded to all requests, if any, of the Commission for additional or supplemental information. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any Rule 462 Registration Statement is in effect and no proceedings for such purpose have been instituted or are pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, are threatened by the Commission.
(c) Accuracy of Registration Statement. Each of the Registration Statement, any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time it became effective and at all subsequent times, complied and will comply in all material respects with the Act and the Rules and Regulations, and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, as of its date and at all subsequent times, complied and will comply in all material respects with the Act and the Rules and Regulations, and did not or will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made. Each preliminary prospectus (including the preliminary prospectus or prospectuses filed as part of the Registration Statement or any amendment thereto) complied when so filed in all material respects with the Rules and Regulations, and each preliminary prospectus and the Prospectus delivered to the Underwriters for use in connection with this offering is identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission on EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T. The foregoing representations and warranties in this Section 3(c) do not apply to any statements or omissions made in reliance on and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished in writing to the Company by the Representatives specifically for inclusion in the Registration Statement or Prospectus or any
 
- 3 -

amendment or supplement thereto. For all purposes of this Agreement, the concession and reallowance figures set forth in the Prospectus, the information concerning stabilizing transactions, short sales and other information appearing in the [    ]th paragraph under the caption “Underwriting”, the information concerning penalty bids and other information appearing in the [    ]th paragraph under the caption “Underwriting”, the information concerning discretionary accounts appearing in the [    ]th paragraph under the caption “Underwriting”, the information concerning overallotments appearing in the [    ]th paragraph under the caption “Underwriting”, and the names of the Underwriters and share amounts indicated in the table under the caption “Underwriting”, constitute the only information relating to any Underwriter furnished in writing to the Company by the Representatives specifically for inclusion in the preliminary prospectus, the Registration Statement or the Prospectus.
(d) Company Not Ineligible Issuer. (i) At the time of filing the Registration Statement relating to the Shares and (ii) as of the date of the execution and delivery of this Agreement (with such date being used as the determination date for purposes of this clause (ii)), the Company was not and is not an “ineligible issuer” (as defined in Rule 405 of the Rules and Regulations).
(e) Disclosure at the Time of Sale. As of the Applicable Time, neither (i)(A) the Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectus(es) issued at or prior to the Applicable Time, and (B) the most recent preliminary prospectus related to this offering, all considered together (collectively, the “ General Disclosure Package ”), nor (ii) any individual Issuer Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus, when considered together with the General Disclosure Package, nor (iii) any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication, when considered together with the General Disclosure Package, included any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The preceding sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from the General Disclosure Package based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by or on behalf of any Underwriter consists of the information described as such in Section 3(c) hereof.
As used in this subsection and elsewhere in this Agreement:
“Applicable Time” means [5:00 p.m.] (Eastern Time) on [            ], 2014 or such other time as agreed by the Company and the Representative(s).
“Issuer Free Writing Prospectus” means any “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433 of the Rules and Regulations, relating to the Shares that (i) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, (ii) is a “a written communication that is a road show” within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i), whether or not required to be filed with the Commission or (iii) is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Shares or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company’s records pursuant to Rule 433(g);  provided ,  however , that a Written Testing-the-Waters Communication shall be deemed not to be an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.
 
- 4 -

“Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectus” means any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is intended for general distribution to prospective investors, as evidenced by its being specified in  Schedule II  hereto.
“Issuer Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus” means any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is not an Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectus.
(f) Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus does not include any information that conflicts with the information contained in the Registration Statement. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representatives specifically for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by any Underwriter consists of the information described as such in Section 3(c) hereof. If at any time following the issuance of an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement relating to the Shares or included or would include an untrue statement of material fact or omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances prevailing at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company has promptly notified or will promptly notify the Representatives and has promptly amended or will promptly amend or supplement, at its own expense, such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus to eliminate or correct such conflict, untrue statement, or omission.
(g) Distribution of Offering Material by the Company. The Company has not distributed and will not distribute, prior to the later of the Closing Date and the completion of the Underwriters’ distribution of the Shares, any offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares other than any Testing-the-Waters Communication made in compliance with Section 3(ss), the Registration Statement, the preliminary prospectus, the Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses reviewed and consented to by the Representatives and included in  Schedule II  hereto, and the Prospectus.
(h) Due Incorporation; Subsidiaries.
(i) The Company is, and at the Closing Date will be, a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation. The Company has, and at the Closing Date will have, full power and authority to conduct all the activities conducted by it, to own or lease all the assets owned or leased by it and to conduct its business as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The Company is, and at the Closing Date will be, duly licensed or qualified to do business in and in good standing as a foreign corporation in all jurisdictions in which the nature of the activities conducted by it or the character of the assets owned or leased by it makes such licensing or qualification necessary.
 
- 5 -

(ii) The Company has no “subsidiaries” (as defined in Rule 405 of the Rules and Regulations).
(i) Capitalization. The authorized, issued and outstanding capital stock of the Company is as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under the caption “Capitalization.” The outstanding shares of Common Stock and any other outstanding capital stock of the Company have been, and the Shares will be, duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and will not be subject to any preemptive, first refusal, or similar right. The description of the Common Stock included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus is now, and at the Closing Date will be, complete and accurate in all material respects. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the Company does not have outstanding, and at the Closing Date will not have outstanding, any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible into, or any contracts or commitments to issue or sell, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any such warrants, convertible securities or obligations.
Upon the issuance and delivery pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, the Underwriters will acquire good and marketable title to the Shares, free and clear of any liens, charge, claim, encumbrance, pledge, security interest, defect or other restriction or equity of any kind whatsoever.
(j) Financial Statements. (i) The financial statements and schedules included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus present fairly the financial condition of the Company as of the respective dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows of the Company for the respective periods covered thereby, all in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied in the United States on a consistent basis throughout the entire period involved. The pro forma financial statements, if any, and the other pro forma financial information included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus (i) present fairly in all material respects the information shown therein, (ii) have been prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines with respect to pro forma financial statements, and (iii) have been properly computed on the bases described therein. The assumptions used in the preparation of the pro forma financial statements, if any, and other pro forma financial information included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus are reasonable and the adjustments used therein are appropriate to give effect to the transactions or circumstances referred to therein. No other financial statements, schedules or reconciliations of “non-GAAP financial measures” (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) of the Company are required by the Act or the Rules and Regulations to be included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus.
(ii) PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (the “Independent Auditors”), which has certified certain financial statements and schedules of the Company, is an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to the Company as required by the Act and the Rules and Regulations and by the rules of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Except as described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and as preapproved in accordance with the requirements set forth in Section 10A of the Securities
 
- 6 -

Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP has not engaged in any “prohibited activities” (as defined in Section 10A of the Exchange Act) on behalf of the Company. The statements, if any, included in the Registration Statement with respect to the Independent Auditors pursuant to Rule 509 of Regulation S-K of the Rules and Regulations are true and correct in all material respects.
(k) No Material Adverse Changes. Since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and prior to the Closing Date, except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, (i) there has not been a material adverse change, or any development that would be reasonably expected to result in a prospective material adverse change, in the business, properties, business prospects, condition (financial or otherwise), results of operations or capitalization of the Company arising for any reason whatsoever (a “ Material Adverse Change ”), (ii) the Company has not incurred, nor will it incur, any material liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent, nor has it entered into any material transactions not in the ordinary course of business, other than pursuant to this Agreement and the transactions referred to herein, and (iii) the Company has not paid or declared any dividends or other distributions of any kind on any class of its capital stock.
(l) Investment Company. The Company is not, and, after giving effect to the issuance and sale of the Shares and the use of the proceeds therefrom as described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, will not be, an “investment company” or an “affiliated person” of, or “promoter” or “principal underwriter” for, an “investment company,” as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
(m) Litigation. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there are no actions, suits or proceedings pending, or to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against or affecting, the Company or any of its officers in their capacity as such, before or by any federal or state court, commission, regulatory body, including the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“ FINRA ”) and the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, administrative agency or other governmental body, domestic or foreign, wherein an unfavorable ruling, decision or finding would reasonably be expected to (i) have a material adverse effect on the business, properties, business prospects, condition (financial or otherwise), results of operations or capitalization of the Company or (ii) prevent or materially interfere with consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby (any such effect, prevention or interference, a “ Material Adverse Effect ”). The Company has not received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any authorization, approval, order, license, certificate, franchise or permit. There are no pending investigations known to the Company involving the Company by any governmental agency having jurisdiction over the Company or its business or operations.
(n) Compliance with Laws and Regulations and Performance of Obligations and Contracts. The Company has, and at the Closing Date will have, (i) complied in all material respects with all laws, regulations and orders applicable to it or its business and (ii) performed all obligations required to be performed by it, and is not, and at the Closing Date will not be, in default under any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, voting trust agreement, loan agreement, bond, debenture, note agreement, lease or other agreement or instrument (individually, a
 
- 7 -

“Contract” and collectively, “Contracts”) to which it is a party or by which its property is bound or affected. To the knowledge of the Company, no other party under any Contract to which it is a party is in default in any respect thereunder or has given written, or to the knowledge of the officers and directors of the Company oral, notice to the Company or any of its officers or directors of such other party’s intention to terminate, cancel or refuse to renew any Contract. The Company is not now, and at the Closing Date will not be, in violation of any provision of its certificate of incorporation or by-laws. The disclosures included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus concerning the effects of Federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules and regulations on the business of the Company as currently conducted and as proposed to be conducted are correct in all material respects.
(o) No Consent of Governmental Body Needed. No consent, approval, authorization, license, registration, qualification or order of, or any filing or declaration with, any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, agency or body is required in connection with the authorization, issuance, transfer, sale or delivery of the Shares by the Company, in connection with the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company or in connection with the taking by the Company of any action contemplated hereby, except as have been obtained under the Act and such as may be required under state securities or Blue Sky laws or the by-laws and rules of FINRA in connection with the purchase and distribution by the Underwriters of the Shares to be sold by the Company.
(p) Agreement Duly Authorized and No Breach of Obligations or Charter. The Company has full corporate power and authority to enter into this Agreement. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and constitutes a valid and binding agreement of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with the terms hereof, except as the enforcement may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally or general equitable principles. The execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement and the performance of this Agreement, the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, and the application of the net proceeds from the offering and sale of the Shares to be sold by the Company in the manner set forth in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under “Use of Proceeds” do not and will not (i) violate the certificate of incorporation or by-laws of the Company, or (ii) result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any of the assets of the Company pursuant to the terms or provisions of, or result in a breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, or give any other party a right to terminate any of its obligations under, or result in the acceleration of any obligation under any Contract to which the Company is a party or by which the Company or any of its properties is bound or affected, or violate or conflict with any judgment, ruling, decree, order, statute, rule or regulation of any court or other governmental agency or body applicable to the business or properties of the Company.
(q) Title to Real and Personal Property. The Company has good and marketable title to all properties and assets described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus as being owned by it, free and clear of all liens, charges, encumbrances or restrictions, except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or which are not material to the business of the Company. The Company has valid, subsisting and enforceable leases for the properties described in the General Disclosure
 
- 8 -

Package and the Prospectus as leased by it, with such exceptions as are not material and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such properties by the Company.
(r) Documents Described in Registration Statement. There is no document or Contract of a character required to be described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or to be filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement that is not described or filed as required. All such documents and Contracts described in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement were duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company, constitute valid and binding agreements of the Company and are enforceable against the Company in accordance with the terms thereof.
(s) No Untrue Statement; Statistical and Market Data. No statement, representation, warranty or covenant made by the Company in this Agreement or made in any certificate or document required by this Agreement to be delivered to Representatives was, or will be when made, inaccurate, untrue or incorrect. All statistical or market-related data included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes to be reliable and accurate, and the Company has obtained the written consent to the use of such data from such sources to the extent required.
(t) No Price Stabilization or Manipulation. Neither the Company nor any of its directors, officers or controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action intended to cause or result in, or which might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, or which has constituted, stabilization or manipulation, under the Act or otherwise, of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares.
(u) No Registration Rights. No holder of securities of the Company has rights to register any securities of the Company because of the filing of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or the offering of the Shares, except for rights that have been duly waived by such holder, have expired or have been fulfilled by registration prior to the date of this Agreement.
(v) Stock Exchange Listing. Prior to the Closing Date, the Shares are duly authorized for listing on The NASDAQ Global Market, subject only to notice of issuance.
(w) Labor Matters. The Company is not involved in any material labor dispute nor, to the knowledge of the Company, is any such dispute threatened.
(x) No Unlawful Payments. None of the Company, any director, officer or to the knowledge of the Company, any agent or employee of the Company, affiliate or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company, has (i) used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity,(ii) made or taken an act in furtherance of an offer, promise or authorization of any direct or indirect unlawful payment of corporate funds or benefit to any foreign or domestic government or regulatory official or employee, including, without limitation, of any government-owned or controlled entity or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any of the foregoing, or any political party or party official or
 
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candidate for political office, (iii) violated or is in violation of any provision of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.K Bribery Act 2010 or any applicable law or regulation implementing the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, or committed an offense under any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, or (iv) made, offered, agreed, requested or taken an act in furtherance of any unlawful bribe or other unlawful benefit, including, without limitation, any rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful or improper payment or benefit. The Company has instituted, maintained and enforced, and will continue to maintain and enforce policies and procedures designed to promote and ensure compliance with all applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws.
(y) Compliance with Anti-Money Laundering Laws. The operations of the Company are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including those of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, those of the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act), and the applicable money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions in which the Company conducts business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental or regulatory agency (collectively, the “ Money Laundering Laws ”), and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.
(z) No Conflicts with Sanctions Laws. None of the Company, any director, officer, or to the knowledge of the Company, any agent or employee of the Company, affiliate or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company is currently the subject or target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. government (including, without limitation, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (“ OFAC ”) or the U.S. Department of State and including, without limitation, the designation as a “specially designated national” or “blocked person”), the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, “ Sanctions ”), nor is the Company located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject or the target of Sanctions, including, without limitation, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria (each, a “ Sanctioned Country ”); and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering of the Shares hereunder, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity (i) to fund or facilitate any activities of or business with any person that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject or the target of Sanctions, (ii) to fund or facilitate any activities of or business in any Sanctioned Country or (iii) in any other manner that will result in a violation by any person (including any person participating in the transaction, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions. For the past five years, the Company has not knowingly engaged in, is not now knowingly engaged in, and will not engage in, any dealings or transactions with any person that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject or the target of Sanctions or with any Sanctioned Country.
 
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(aa) Taxes. The Company has filed all federal, state and foreign income and franchise tax returns and has paid all taxes required to be filed or paid by it and, if due and payable, any related or similar assessment, fine or penalty levied against it. The Company has made adequate charges, accruals and reserves in the applicable financial statements referred to in Section 3(j) above in respect of all material federal, state and foreign income and franchise taxes for all periods as to which the tax liability of the Company has not been finally determined.
(bb) Insurance. The Company carries, or is covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as it believes is adequate for the conduct of its business and the value of its properties and is customary for companies engaged in similar industries, and all such insurance is in full force and effect. The Company has no reason to believe that it will not be able to (i) renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (ii) to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as currently conducted or proposed to be conducted and at a cost that would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it has applied.
(cc) Defined Benefit Plans. The Company has not maintained or contributed to a defined benefit plan as defined in Section 3(35) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ ERISA ”). No plan maintained or contributed to by the Company that is subject to ERISA (an “ ERISA Plan ”) (or any trust created thereunder) has engaged in a “prohibited transaction” within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “ Code ”) that could subject the Company to any material tax penalty on prohibited transactions and that has not adequately been corrected. Each ERISA Plan is in compliance in all material respects with all reporting, disclosure and other requirements of the Code and ERISA as they relate to such ERISA Plan, except for any noncompliance which would not result in the imposition of a material tax or monetary penalty. With respect to each ERISA Plan that is intended to be “qualified” within the meaning of Section 401(a) of the Code, either (i) a determination letter has been issued by the Internal Revenue Service stating that such ERISA Plan and the attendant trust are qualified thereunder, or (ii) the remedial amendment period under Section 401(b) of the Code with respect to the establishment of such ERISA Plan has not ended and a determination letter application will be filed with respect to such ERISA Plan prior to the end of such remedial amendment period. The Company has never completely or partially withdrawn from a “multiemployer plan,” as defined in Section 3(37) of ERISA.
(dd) Title to Intellectual Property. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the Company owns, has valid and enforceable licenses for or otherwise has adequate rights to use technology (including but not limited to patented, patentable and unpatented inventions and unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), designs, processes, trademarks, trade secrets, know how, copyrights and other works of authorship, computer programs and technical data and information (collectively, the “ Intellectual Property ”) that are or could reasonably be expected to be material to its business as currently conducted or proposed to be conducted (including upon the commercialization of products or services described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus as under development) or to the development, manufacture, operation and sale of any products and services sold or proposed to be sold by any
 
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of the Company. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, (i) there are no third parties who have or, to the Company’s knowledge, will be able to establish rights to any Intellectual Property, except for, and to the extent of, the ownership rights of the owners of the Intellectual Property which the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus disclose is licensed to the Company, (ii) there is no infringement by third parties of any Intellectual Property, (iii) there is no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the Company’s rights in or to any Intellectual Property, and the Company is unaware of any facts which could form a reasonable basis for any such action, suit, proceeding or claim, (iv) there is no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any Intellectual Property, and the Company is unaware of any facts which could form a reasonable basis for any such action, suit, proceeding or claim, (v) there is no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others that (nor has the Company received any claim from a third party that) the Company infringes or otherwise violates, or would, upon the commercialization of any product or service described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus as under development, infringe or violate, any patent, trademark, tradename, service name, copyright, trade secret or other proprietary rights of others, and the Company is unaware of any facts which could form a reasonable basis for any such action, suit, proceeding or claim, (vi) the Company have complied with the terms of each agreement pursuant to which Intellectual Property has been licensed to the Company, and all such agreements are in full force and effect, (vii) there is no patent or patent application that contains claims that interfere with the issued or pending claims of any of the Intellectual Property or that challenges the validity, enforceability or scope of any of the Intellectual Property; (viii) there is no prior art that may render any patent application within the Intellectual Property unpatentable that has not been disclosed to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and (ix) the product candidates described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus as under development by the Company fall within the scope of the claims of one or more patents owned by, or exclusively licensed to, the Company. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the Company is not obligated or under any liability whatsoever to make any material payment by way of royalties, fees or otherwise to any owner or licensee of, or other claimant to, any Intellectual Property, with respect to the use thereof or in connection with the conduct of their respective businesses or otherwise.
(ee) Trademarks. The Company owns, or has licensed or otherwise has the full exclusive right to use, all material trademarks and trade names that are used in or reasonably necessary for the conduct of its business as described in the Prospectus. The Company has not received any notice of infringement of or conflict with asserted rights of others with respect to any such trademarks or trade names, or challenging or questioning the validity or effectiveness of any such trademark or trade name. The use, in connection with the business and operations of the Company of such trademarks and trade names does not, to the Company’s knowledge, infringe on the rights of any person. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the Company is not obligated or under any liability whatsoever to make any payment by way of royalties, fees or otherwise to any owner or licensee of, or other claimant to, any trademark, service mark or trade name with respect to the use thereof or in connection with the conduct of its business or otherwise.
 
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(ff) Protection of Intellectual Property. The Company has taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all its Intellectual Property in all material aspects, including, but not limited to complying with all duty of disclosure requirements before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and any other non-U.S. Patent Offices as appropriate, and has no reason to believe that such Intellectual Property is not or, if not yet patented or registered, would not be, valid and enforceable against an unauthorized user.
(gg) Related Party Transactions. There are no business relationships or related party transactions involving the Company or any other person that are material to the Company or that are otherwise required to be described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus that have not been described. Without limiting the generality of the immediately preceding sentence, no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders, customers or suppliers of the Company on the other hand, that is material to the Company or that is otherwise required to be described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and that is not so described. Since inception, the Company has not, directly or indirectly, extended or maintained credit, arranged to extend credit, or renewed any extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan, to or for any director or executive officer of the Company, or to or for any family member or affiliate of any director or executive officer of the Company.
(hh) Environmental Matters. The Company (i) is in compliance with any and all applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (collectively, “ Environmental Laws ”), (ii) has received all permits, licenses or other approvals required of it under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct its businesses and (iii) is in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval.
(ii) Controls and Procedures.
(i) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company has established and maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act), that (A) are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company is made known to the Company’s principal executive officer and its principal financial officer by others within the Company, particularly during the periods in which the periodic reports required under the Exchange Act are being prepared, (B) provide for the periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of such disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by the Company’s most recent annual or quarterly report filed with the Commission, and (C) are effective in all material respects to perform the functions for which they were established.
(ii) Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Internal Accounting Controls. The Company maintains (i) effective internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, and (ii) a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (A) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations, (B) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain asset accountability, (C) access to
 
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assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization, and (D) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.
(iii) No Material Weakness in Internal Controls. Except as disclosed in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, since the end of the Company’s most recent audited fiscal year, there has been (i) no material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated), and (ii) no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
(iv) The Company is not aware of (A) any significant deficiency in the design or operation of its internal control over financial reporting which is reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data or any material weaknesses in internal controls, except as disclosed in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, or in any document incorporated by reference therein, since the end of the Company’s most recent audited fiscal year, or (B) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal controls.
(jj) Off-Balance Sheet Transactions. Except as described in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there are no material off-balance sheet transactions (including, without limitation, transactions related to, and the existence of, “variable interest entities” within the meaning of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 810), arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations), or any other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons, that may have a material current or future effect on the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, capital resources, or significant components of revenues or expenses.
(kk) Audit Committee. The Company’s Board of Directors has validly appointed an audit committee whose composition, subject to the exceptions, cure periods and the phase-in periods specified in the applicable stock exchange rules, satisfies the requirements of Rule 5605 of the NASDAQ Stock Market and Section 10A of, and Rule 10A-3 under, the Exchange Act and the Board of Directors and/or the audit committee has adopted a charter that satisfies the requirements of Rule 5605 of the NASDAQ Stock Market and Section 10A of, and Rule 10A-3 under, the Exchange Act. The audit committee has reviewed the adequacy of its charter within the past twelve months. Except as disclosed in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, neither the Board of Directors nor the audit committee has been informed, nor is any director of the Company aware, of (i) any significant deficiencies in the design or operation of the Company’s internal controls that could adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data or any material weakness in the Company’s internal controls, or (ii) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees of the Company who have a significant role in the Company’s internal controls.
(ll) Sarbanes-Oxley. The Company is, and after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Shares will be, in compliance in all material respects with all applicable effective provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.
 
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(mm) Accurate Disclosure. The statements included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under the captions “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals,” “Business—Intellectual Property”, “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property,” “Material U.S. Federal Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders of Common Stock,” “Description of Capital Stock,” “Shares Eligible for Future Sale,” and “Underwriters,” and the statements in the Registration Statement under Items 14 and 15 thereof, insofar as such statements contain descriptions of the terms of statutes, rules, regulations or legal or governmental proceedings, or contracts or other documents, are fair and accurate in all material respects.
(nn) Clinical Trials. The pre-clinical studies and clinical trials conducted by or, to the knowledge of the Company, on behalf of or sponsored by the Company, or in which the Company has participated, that are described in, or the results of which are referred to in, the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication were and, if still pending, are being conducted in all material respects in accordance with protocols filed with the appropriate regulatory authorities for each such study or trial, as the case may be, and with standard medical and scientific research standards and procedures, all applicable statutes, all applicable rules and regulations of the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “ FDA ”) and comparable regulatory agencies outside of the United States to which they are subject and Good Clinical Practices and Good Laboratory Practices. Each description of the results of such studies and trials contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication is accurate and complete in all material respects and fairly presents the data derived from such studies and trials, and the Company has no knowledge of any other studies or trials the results of which are inconsistent with, or otherwise call into question, the results described or referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication. The Company has not received any notices, correspondence or other communications from the FDA or any committee thereof or from any other U.S. or foreign government or drug or medical device regulatory agency (collectively, the “ Regulatory Agencies ”) requiring or threatening the termination, suspension or modification of any clinical trials that are described or referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication. The Company has operated at all times and currently is in compliance in all material respects with all applicable statutes, rules, regulations and policies of the Regulatory Agencies.
(oo) Licenses and Permits. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect, (i) the Company holds, and is operating in compliance with, such permits, licenses, franchises, registrations, exemptions, approvals, authorizations and clearances of any other governmental authorities (including, without limitation, the FDA) required for the conduct of its business as currently conducted (collectively, the “ Permits ”), and all such Permits are in full force and effect, and (ii) the Company has fulfilled and performed all of its obligations with respect to the Permits, and, to the Company’s knowledge, no event has occurred which allows, or after notice or lapse of time would allow,
 
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revocation or termination thereof or results in any other impairment of the rights of the holder of any Permit. All applications, notifications, submissions, information, claims, reports and statistics, and other data and conclusions derived therefrom, utilized as the basis for any and all requests for a Permit from the FDA or other governmental authority relating to the Company, its business and its products, when submitted to the FDA or other governmental authority by or on behalf of the Company, were true, complete and correct in all material respects. Any necessary or required updates, changes, corrections or modification to such applications, submissions, information and data have been submitted to the FDA or other governmental authority, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not received any notification, correspondence or any other written or oral communication, including notification of any pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened claim, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action from any governmental authority, including, without limitation, the FDA or the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (“ DEA ”), of potential or actual material non-compliance by, or material liability of, the Company under any Permits. To the Company’s knowledge, there are no facts or circumstances that would reasonably be expected to give rise to any material liability of the Company under any Permits.
(pp) Compliance with Certain Regulatory Matters. The Company, its directors, officers and, to the Company’s knowledge, its employees and agents have operated and currently are in compliance in all material respects with applicable statutes and implementing regulations administered or enforced by the FDA, DEA, or any other federal, state, local, or foreign governmental authority, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-kickback Statute (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b)); the Anti-Inducement Law (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7a(a)(5)); the civil False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et seq.); the administrative False Claims Law (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(a)); the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (42 U.S.C. § 1320d et seq.), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 17921 et seq.); the exclusion laws (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7); the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. §§ 301 et seq.); Medicare (Title XVIII of the Social Security Act); Medicaid (Title XIX of the Social Security Act); the regulations promulgated pursuant to such laws; and any other similar local, state or federal law or regulation. The Company is not a party to, and does not have any ongoing reporting obligations pursuant to, any corporate integrity agreement, deferred prosecution agreement, monitoring agreement, consent decree, settlement order, plan of correction or similar agreement imposed by any governmental authority. Neither the Company nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of its directors, officers, employees or agents has been debarred, excluded or suspended from participation in or receiving payment from any federal, state or local government health care program.
(qq) Absence of Certain Regulatory Actions. Except as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, or as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect, the Company has not had any product or manufacturing site (whether Company-owned or that of a contract manufacturer for Company products) subject to a governmental authority (including, without limitation, the FDA) shutdown or import or export prohibition, nor received any FDA Form 483 or other governmental authority notice of inspectional observations, “warning letters,” “untitled letters,” requests to make changes to the Company products, processes or operations, or similar correspondence or notice from the FDA or other governmental authority alleging or asserting material noncompliance with any applicable laws. To the Company’s knowledge, neither the FDA nor any other governmental authority has threatened such action.
 
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(rr) Emerging Growth Company Status. From the time of initial confidential submission of the Registration Statement to the Commission (or, if earlier, the first date on which the Company engaged directly or through any Person authorized to act on its behalf in any Testing-the-Waters Communication) through the date hereof, the Company has been and is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Act (an “ Emerging Growth Company ”).
(ss) Testing-the-Waters Communications. The Company (i) has not engaged in any Testing-the-Waters Communication other than Testing-the-Waters Communications with the consent of the Representatives with entities that are qualified institutional buyers within the meaning of Rule 144A under the Act or institutions that are accredited investors within the meaning of Rule 501 under the Act, and (ii) has not authorized anyone other than the Representatives to engage in Testing-the-Waters Communications. The Company reconfirms that the Representatives have been authorized to act on its behalf in undertaking Testing-the-Waters Communications. The Company has not distributed or approved for distribution any Written Testing-the-Waters Communications other than those listed on  Schedule III  hereto. Each Written Testing-the-Waters Communication listed on  Schedule III  hereto did not, as of the Applicable Time, and at all times through the completion of the public offer and sale of the Shares will not, include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus.
(tt) Confidential Submission of Registration Statement. The Company has filed publicly on EDGAR at least 21 calendar days prior to any “road show” (as defined in Rule 433 under the Act), any confidentially submitted registration statement and registration statement amendments relating to the offer and sale of the Shares.
(uu) Maintenance of Rating. The Company has no debt securities or preferred stock that is rated by any “nationally recognized statistical rating organization” (as such term is defined in Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act).
(vv) No Broker’s Fees. Except as disclosed in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the Company is not a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person (other than this Agreement) that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any Underwriter for a brokerage commission, finder’s fee or like payment in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares.
(ww) Regulatory Filings. The Company has not failed to file with the Regulatory Agencies any required filing, declaration, listing, registration, report or submission with respect to the Company’s products or product candidates that are described or referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication; all such filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports or submissions were in material compliance with applicable laws when filed; and no deficiencies regarding compliance with applicable law have been asserted by any applicable regulatory authority with respect to any such filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports or submissions.
 
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4. Agreements of the Company. The Company agrees with each Underwriter as follows:
(a) Amendments and Supplements to Registration Statement. The Company shall not, either prior to any effective date or thereafter during such period as the Prospectus is required by law to be delivered (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172 of the Rules and Regulations or any similar rule) (the “ Prospectus Delivery Period ”) in connection with sales of the Shares by an Underwriter or dealer, amend or supplement to the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communications, unless a copy of such amendment or supplement thereof shall first have been submitted to the Representatives within a reasonable period of time prior to the filing or, if no filing is required, the use thereof and the Representatives shall not have objected thereto in good faith.
(b) Amendments and Supplements to the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, and the Prospectus and Other Securities Act Matters.  If, during the Prospectus Delivery Period, any event or development shall occur or condition exist as a result of which the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then prevailing or under which they were made, as the case may be, not misleading, or if it shall be necessary to amend or supplement the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then prevailing or under which they were made, as the case may be, not misleading, or if in the opinion of the Representative(s) it is otherwise necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication, or to file a new registration statement containing the Prospectus, in order to comply with law, including in connection with the delivery of the Prospectus, the Company agrees to (i) promptly notify the Representatives of any such event or condition and (ii) promptly prepare (subject to Section 4(a) and 4(g) hereof), file with the Commission (and use its best efforts to have any amendment to the Registration Statement or any new registration statement to be declared effective) and furnish at its own expense to the Underwriters (and, if applicable, to dealers), amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication, or any new registration statement, necessary in order to make the statements in the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or the applicable Written Testing-the-Waters Communication as so amended or supplemented, in the light of the circumstances then prevailing or under which they were made, as the case may be, not misleading or so that the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package, the Prospectus or the applicable Written Testing-the-Waters Communication, as amended or supplemented, will comply with law.
(c) Notifications to the Representatives. The Company shall use its best efforts to cause the Registration Statement to become effective, and shall notify the
 
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Representatives promptly, and shall confirm such advice in writing, (i) when any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement has become effective and when any post-effective amendment thereto becomes effective, (ii) of any request by the Commission for amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or for additional information, (iii) of the commencement by the Commission or by any state securities commission of any proceedings for the suspension of the qualification of any of the Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction or of the initiation, or the threatening, of any proceeding for that purpose, including, without limitation, the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose or the threat thereof, (iv) of the happening of any event during the period mentioned in the second sentence of Section 4(f) hereof that in the judgment of the Company makes any statement made in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication untrue or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances in which they are made, not misleading (v) of receipt by the Company or any representative of the Company of any other communication from the Commission relating to the Company, the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication and (vi) of any distribution of Written Testing-the-Waters Communication by or on behalf of the Company (other than through any Underwriter). If at any time the Commission shall issue any order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the Company shall use best efforts to obtain the withdrawal of such order at the earliest possible moment. The Company shall comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings with the Commission pursuant to Rules 424(b), 430A, 430B, 430C or 462(b) of the Rules and Regulations and to notify the Representatives promptly of all such filings.
(d) Executed Registration Statement. The Company shall furnish to the Representatives, without charge, for transmittal to each of the other Underwriters, two signed copies of the Registration Statement and of any post-effective amendment thereto, including financial statements and schedules, and all exhibits thereto, and shall furnish to the Representatives, without charge, for transmittal to each of the other Underwriters, a copy of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, including financial statements and schedules but without exhibits.
(e) Undertakings. The Company shall comply with all the provisions of any undertakings contained and required to be contained in the Registration Statement.
(f) Prospectus. The Company shall prepare the Prospectus in a form approved by the Representatives and shall file such Prospectus pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Rules and Regulations with a filing date not later than the second business day following the execution and delivery of this Agreement. Promptly after the effective date of the Registration Statement, and thereafter from time to time, the Company shall deliver to each of the Underwriters, without charge, as many copies of the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto as the Representative may reasonably request. The Company consents to the use of the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto by the Underwriters and by all dealers to whom the Shares may be sold, both in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares and for any period of time thereafter during which the Prospectus is required by law to be delivered in connection therewith (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172 of
 
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the Rules and Regulations or any similar rule). If during such period of time any event shall occur that in the judgment of the Company or counsel to the Underwriters should be set forth in the Prospectus in order to make any statement therein, in the light of the circumstances under which it was made, not misleading, or if it is necessary to supplement or amend the Prospectus to comply with law, the Company shall forthwith prepare and duly file with the Commission an appropriate supplement or amendment thereto, and shall deliver to each of the Underwriters, without charge, such number of copies thereof as the Representatives may reasonably request.
(g) Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses. The Company represents and agrees that it has not made and, unless it obtains the prior consent of the Representatives, will not make, any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute a “free writing prospectus” as defined in Rule 405 of the Rules and Regulations, required to be filed or retained by the Company under Rule 433 of the Rules and Regulations;  provided  that the prior written consent of the Representatives hereto shall be deemed to have been given in respect of the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses included in  Schedule II  hereto. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Representatives is herein referred to as a “ Permitted Free Writing Prospectus .” The Company agrees that (i) it has treated and will treat, as the case may be, each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and (ii) has complied and will comply, as the case may be, with the requirements of Rules 164 and 433 of the Act applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including in respect of timely filing with the Commission, legending and record keeping. The Company represents that it has satisfied and agrees that it will satisfy the conditions in Rule 433 to avoid a requirement to file with the Commission any electronic road show.
(h) Compliance with Blue Sky Laws. Prior to any public offering of the Shares by the Underwriters, the Company shall cooperate with the Representatives and counsel to the Underwriters in connection with the registration or qualification (or the obtaining of exemptions from the application thereof) of the Shares for offer and sale under the securities or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives may request, including, without limitation, the provinces and territories of Canada and other jurisdictions outside the United States;  provided ,  however , that in no event shall the Company be obligated to qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not now so qualified or to take any action which would subject it to general service of process in any jurisdiction where it is not now so subject.
(i) Delivery of Financial Statements. During the period of five years commencing on the effective date of the Registration Statement applicable to the Underwriters, the Company shall furnish to the Representatives and each other Underwriter who may so request copies of such financial statements and other periodic and special reports as the Company may from time to time distribute generally to the holders of any class of its capital stock, and will furnish to the Representatives and each other Underwriter who may so request a copy of each annual or other report it shall be required to file with the Commission; provided, however, that electronically transmitted copies filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR shall satisfy the Company’s obligation to furnish copies hereunder.
(j) Availability of Earnings Statements. The Company shall make generally available to holders of its securities as soon as may be practicable but in no event later than the last day of the fifteenth full calendar month following the calendar quarter in which the most
 
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recent effective date occurs in accordance with Rule 158 of the Rules and Regulations, an earnings statement (which need not be audited but shall be in reasonable detail) for a period of 12 months ended commencing after the effective date, and satisfying the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Act (including Rule 158 of the Rules and Regulations).
(k) Payment of Expenses. The Company will pay or cause to be paid, or reimburse if paid by the Representatives, all costs and expenses incident to the performance of the obligations of the Company under this Agreement, including but not limited to (i) the costs incident to the authorization, issuance, sale, preparation and delivery of the Shares and any taxes payable in connection therewith, (ii) the costs incident to the preparation, printing and filing under the Act of the Registration Statement and exhibits to it, each preliminary prospectus, each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, the Prospectus, each Written Testing-the-Waters Communications, if any, and any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication, and the distribution thereof, (iii) the costs of preparing, printing and delivering certificates representing the Shares, (iv) the costs of producing and delivering this Agreement and any other related documents in connection with the offering, purchase, sale and delivery of the Shares, (v) the costs of furnishing (including costs of shipping, mailing and courier) such copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any preliminary prospectus, any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus and any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication, and all amendments and supplements thereto, as may be requested for use in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares by the Underwriters or by dealers to whom Shares may be sold, (vi) the costs, fees and expenses of listing the Shares on The NASDAQ Global Market, (vii) the filing fees incident to, and the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel to the Underwriters in connection with, the review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Shares, which fees and disbursements shall not exceed $25,000 in the aggregate, (viii) up to $10,000 in fees and expenses incident to the registration or qualification of the Shares for offer and sale under the securities or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions designated pursuant to Section 4(h) hereof, including the fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel to the Underwriters in connection therewith, and, if requested by the Representatives, the preparation and printing of preliminary, supplemental and final Blue Sky memoranda, (ix) the fees and expenses of counsel to the Company, (x) the costs and charges of DTC and the transfer agent for the Shares, (xi) the fees and expenses of the Accountants , (xii) the costs and expenses of the Company relating to investor presentations on any “road show,” or any Testing-the-Waters Communication, undertaken in connection with the marketing of the Shares, including, without limitation, all costs and expenses associated with any electronic road show, travel and lodging expenses of the officers, employees, agents and other representatives of the Company (but not officers, employees, agents or other representatives of the Representatives) and fifty percent (50%) of the cost of any aircraft and other transportation chartered in connection with the road show, and (xiii) all fees, costs and expenses for consultants used by the Company in connection with the offering.
(l) Reimbursement of Expenses upon Termination of Agreement. If this Agreement shall be terminated by the Company pursuant to any of the provisions hereof or if for any reason the Company shall be unable to perform its obligations or to fulfill any conditions hereunder or if the Underwriters shall terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 7, the Company shall reimburse the Underwriters for all out-of-pocket expenses (including the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel to the Underwriters) reasonably incurred by them in connection herewith;  provided ,  however , that the Company shall not be obligated to reimburse the expenses of any defaulting Underwriter under Section 8.
 
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(m) No Stabilization or Manipulation. The Company shall not at any time, directly or indirectly, take any action intended to cause or result in, or which might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, or which will constitute, stabilization or manipulation, under the Act or otherwise, of the price of the shares of Common Stock to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Shares.
(n) Use of Proceeds. The Company shall apply the net proceeds from the offering and sale of the Shares to be sold by the Company in the manner set forth in the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under “Use of Proceeds” and shall file such reports with the Commission with respect to the sale of the Shares and the application of the proceeds therefrom as may be required in accordance with Rule 463 under the Act.
(o) Lock-Up Agreements of Company, Management and Affiliates. The Company shall not, and shall cause each of its executive officers, directors and beneficial owners of its capital stock (including stockholders, option holders and other equityholders) to enter into agreements with the Representatives in the form set forth in  Exhibit A  to the effect that they shall not, for a period of 180 days after the date of the Prospectus (the “ Lock-Up Period ”), without the prior written consent of BMOCM and Stifel (which consent may be withheld in their discretion), (1) offer, sell, pledge, contract to sell, purchase any option to sell, grant any option for the purchase of, lend, or otherwise dispose of, or require the Company to file with the Commission a registration statement under the Act to register, any shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into, exercisable for or exchangeable for Common Stock of which they are now, or may in the future become, the beneficial owner (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) or (2) enter into any swap or other derivative transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of such shares of Common Stock, whether any such transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above is to be settled by delivery of Common Stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to enter into any transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above.
(p) Lock-Up Releases. If BMOCM and Stifel, in their discretion, agree to release or waive the restrictions set forth in a lock-up letter described in Section 5(j) hereof for an officer or director of the Company and provide the Company with notice of the impending release or waiver at least three business days before the effective date of the release or waiver, the Company agrees to announce the impending release or waiver by a press release substantially in the form of  Exhibit D  hereto through a major news service at least two Business Days before the effective date of such release or waiver, unless the Company’s counsel (including internal counsel) determines that such an announcement would violate any applicable laws, in which case such announcement shall be made as promptly as practicable thereafter.
(q) Emerging Growth Company Status. The Company shall promptly notify the Representatives if the Company ceases to be an Emerging Growth Company at any time prior to the later of (x) the time when a prospectus relating to the offering or sale of the Shares is not required by the Act to be delivered (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172 of the Rules and Regulations or any similar rule) and (B) completion of the Lock-Up Period.
 
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5. Conditions of the Obligations of the Underwriters. The obligations of each Underwriter hereunder are subject to the following conditions:
(a) Post Effective Amendments and Prospectus Filings. Notification that the Registration Statement has become effective shall be received by the Representatives not later than 6:00 p.m., New York City time, on the date of this Agreement or at such later date and time as shall be consented to in writing by the Representatives and all filings made pursuant to Rule Rules 424, 430A, 430B or 430C of the Rules and Regulations, as applicable, shall have been made or will be made prior to the Closing Date in accordance with all such applicable rules.
(b) No Stop Orders, Requests for Information and No Amendments. (i) No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall have been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall be pending or are, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened by the Commission, (ii) no order suspending the qualification or registration of the Shares under the securities or Blue Sky laws of any jurisdiction shall be in effect and no proceeding for such purpose shall be pending before or threatened or contemplated by the authorities of any such jurisdiction, (iii) any request for additional information on the part of the staff of the Commission or any such authorities shall have been complied with to the satisfaction of the staff of the Commission or such authorities and (iv) after the date hereof no amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall have been filed unless a copy thereof was first submitted to the Representatives and the Representatives did not reasonably object thereto in good faith, and the Representatives shall have received certificates, dated the Closing Date and, if applicable, the Option Closing Date and signed by the Chief Executive Officer or the Chairman of the Board of Directors and the Chief Financial Officer of the Company (who may, as to proceedings threatened, rely upon their information and belief), to the effect of clauses (i), (ii) and (iii).
(c) No Material Adverse Changes. Since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus there shall not have been a Material Adverse Change.
(d) No Actions, Suits or Proceedings. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect, since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there shall have been no actions, suits or proceedings instituted, or to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against or affecting, the Company or any of its officers in their capacity as such, before or by any Federal, state or local court, commission, regulatory body, administrative agency or other governmental body, domestic or foreign.
(e) All Representations True and Correct and All Conditions Fulfilled. Each of the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein shall be true and correct at the Closing Date as if made at the Closing Date and, if applicable, with respect to the Option Shares, at the Option Closing Date as if made at the Option Closing Date, and all covenants and agreements contained herein to be performed by the Company and all conditions contained herein to be fulfilled or complied with by the Company at or prior to the Closing Date and, if applicable, with respect to the Option Shares, at or prior to the Option Closing Date, shall have been duly performed, fulfilled or complied with.
 
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(f) Opinions of Counsel to the Company. The Representatives shall have received the opinions and letters, each dated the Closing Date and, with respect to the Option Shares, the Option Closing Date, reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to counsel for the Underwriters, from Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, counsel and regulatory counsel to the Company, to the effect set forth in  Exhibit B , and Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, P.C., intellectual property counsel to the Company, to the effect set forth in  Exhibit C .
(g) Opinion of Counsel to the Underwriters. The Representatives shall have received an opinion, dated as of the Closing Date and, if applicable, as of the Option Closing Date, from Goodwin Procter LLP, counsel to the Underwriters, with respect to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and this Agreement, which opinion shall be satisfactory in all respects to the Representatives.
(h) Independent Auditors’ Comfort Letter. On the date of the Prospectus, the Representatives shall have received from the Independent Auditors a letter dated the date of its delivery, addressed to the Representatives, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives, containing statements and information of the type ordinarily included in accountant’s “comfort letters” to underwriters, delivered according to Statement of Auditing Standards No. 72 (or any successor bulletin), with respect to the audited and unaudited financial statements and certain financial information contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. At the Closing Date and, if applicable, as to the Option Shares, the Option Closing Date, the Representatives shall have received from the Independent Auditors a letter dated such date, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives, to the effect that they reaffirm the statements made in the letter furnished by them pursuant to the preceding sentence and have conducted additional procedures with respect to certain financial figures included in the Prospectus, except that the specified date referred to therein for the carrying out of procedures shall be no more than three business days prior to the Closing Date.
(i) Officers’ Certificates. At the Closing Date and, if applicable, as to the Option Shares, the Option Closing Date, there shall be furnished to the Representatives an accurate certificate, dated the date of its delivery, signed by each of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representatives, to the effect that:
(i) each signer of such certificate has carefully examined the Registration Statement and the Prospectus;
(ii) there has not been a Material Adverse Change;
(iii) each of the representations and warranties of the Company contained in this Agreement are, at the time such certificate is delivered, true and correct; and
(iv) each of the covenants required herein to be performed by the Company on or prior to the date of such certificate has been duly, timely and fully performed and each condition herein required to be complied with by the Company on or prior to the delivery of such certificate has been duly, timely and fully complied with.
 
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(j) Lock-Up Agreements. On or prior to the Closing Date, the Representatives shall have received the executed “lock-up” agreements referred to in Section 4(o) from the Company’s executive officers, directors and beneficial owners (including stockholders, option holders and other equityholders) owning in the aggregate substantially all of the Company’s fully diluted capital stock.
(k) Compliance with Blue Sky Laws. The Shares shall be qualified for sale in such states and jurisdictions as the Representatives may reasonably request, including, without limitation, the provinces and territories of Canada and other jurisdictions outside the United States, and each such qualification shall be in effect and not subject to any stop order or other proceeding on the Closing Date and, if applicable, the Option Closing Date.
(l) Stock Exchange Listing. The Shares shall have been duly authorized for listing or quotation on The NASDAQ Global Market, subject only to notice of issuance.
(m) Company Certificates. The Company shall have furnished to the Representatives such certificates, in addition to those specifically mentioned herein, as the Representatives may have reasonably requested as to the accuracy and completeness at the Closing Date and, if applicable, the Option Closing Date of any statement in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication, as to the accuracy at the Closing Date and, if applicable, the Option Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the Company herein, as to the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, or as to the fulfillment of the conditions concurrent and precedent to the obligations hereunder of the Underwriters.
6. Indemnification.
(a) Indemnification of the Underwriters. The Company shall indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, the directors, officers, employees, counsel and agents of each Underwriter and each person, if any, who controls each Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act from and against any and all losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any and all investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding between any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any indemnified party and any third party, or otherwise, or any claim asserted), to which they, or any of them, may become subject under the Act, the Exchange Act or other Federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses or damages arise out of or are based on (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rules 430A, 430B or 430C, as applicable or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in any preliminary prospectus, any preliminary prospectus supplement, any Issuer Free Writing
 
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Prospectus, the Prospectus or any Written Testing-the-Waters Communication (or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing) or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading or (iii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in any materials or information provided to investors by, or with the approval of, the Company in connection with the marketing of the offering of the Shares, including any roadshow or investor presentations made to investors by the Company (whether in person or electronically) or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading;  provided ,  however , that the Company shall not be liable to the extent that such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage arises from the sale of the Shares in the public offering to any person by an Underwriter and is based on an untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in reliance on and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished in writing to the Company by the Representatives on behalf of any Underwriter expressly for inclusion in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus. If multiple claims are brought against any Underwriter, the directors, officers, employees, counsel and agents of such Underwriter and any person, if any, who controls such Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, in an arbitration proceeding, and indemnification is permitted under applicable law and is provided for under this Agreement with respect to at least one such claim, the Company agrees that any arbitration award shall be conclusively deemed to be based on claims as to which indemnification is permitted and provided for, except to the extent the arbitration award expressly states that the award, or any portion thereof, is based solely on a claim as to which indemnification is not available. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Company might otherwise have.
(b) Indemnification of the Company. Each Underwriter shall indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its agents, each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, each director of the Company and each officer of the Company who signs the Registration Statement to the same extent as the foregoing indemnity from the Company to each Underwriter, but only insofar as losses, claims, liabilities, expenses or damages arise out of or are based on any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or alleged omission made in reliance on and in conformity with information relating to each Underwriter furnished in writing to the Company by the Representatives on behalf of such Underwriter expressly for use in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus. This indemnity will be in addition to any liability that each Underwriter might otherwise have.
(c) Indemnification Procedures. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this Section 6 shall, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this Section 6, notify each such indemnifying party in writing of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party shall not relieve the indemnifying party from any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provisions of this Section 6 unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by
 
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the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except for the reasonable costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (i) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (ii) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (iii) a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party shall not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (iv) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel shall be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges shall be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly as they are incurred. An indemnifying party shall not be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent (which consent will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed). No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this Section 6 (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising or that may arise out of such claim, action or proceeding.
(d) Contribution. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this Section 6 is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable from the Company or the Underwriters, the Company and the Underwriters shall contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other than the Underwriters, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Act, officers of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company and the Underwriters may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the
 
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Underwriters on the other. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total underwriting discounts and commissions received by the Underwriters, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover page of the Prospectus. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters, on the other, with respect to the statements or omissions which resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or Representatives on behalf of the Underwriters, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 6(d) were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) which does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this Section 6(d) shall be deemed to include, for purpose of this Section 6(d), any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 6(d), no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the underwriting discounts and commissions received by it, and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. The Underwriters’ obligation to contribute as provided in this Section 6(d) are several in proportion to their respective underwriting obligations and not joint. For purposes of this Section 6(d), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Act will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, and each director, officer, employee, counsel or agent of any Underwriter will have the same rights to contribution as such Underwriter, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section 6(d), will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission so to notify will not relieve the party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section 6(d). No party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent (which consent will not be unreasonably withheld).
(e) Survival. The obligations of the Company under this Section 6 shall be in addition to any liability which the Company may otherwise have and shall extend, upon the same terms and conditions, to any affiliate of the Underwriter and each person, if any, who controls the Underwriter or any such affiliate within the meaning of the Act; and the obligations of the Underwriter under this Section 6 shall be in addition to any liability which the Underwriter may
 
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otherwise have and shall extend, upon the same terms and conditions, to each officer and director of the Company and to each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Act. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in this Section 6 and the representations and warranties of the Company contained in this Agreement shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Underwriters, (ii) acceptance of any of the Shares and payment therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement.
7. Termination. The obligations of the several Underwriters under this Agreement may be terminated at any time prior to the Closing Date (or, if applicable, with respect to the Option Shares, on or prior to the Option Closing Date), by notice to the Company from the Representatives, without liability on the part of any Underwriter to the Company, if, prior to delivery and payment for the Firm Shares (or the Option Shares, as the case may be), in the sole judgment of the Representatives, any of the following shall occur:
(a) trading or quotation in any of the equity securities of the Company shall have been suspended or limited by the Commission or by an exchange or otherwise;
(b) trading in securities generally on the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ Global Market or the NASDAQ Global Select Market shall have been suspended or limited or minimum or maximum prices shall have been generally established on such exchange, or additional material governmental restrictions, not in force on the date of this Agreement, shall have been imposed upon trading in securities generally by such exchange or by order of the Commission or any court or other governmental authority;
(c) a general banking moratorium shall have been declared by any of Federal, New York or Delaware authorities;
(d) the United States shall have become engaged in new hostilities, there shall have been an escalation in hostilities involving the United States or there shall have been a declaration of a national emergency or war by the United States or there shall have occurred such a material adverse change in general economic, political or financial conditions, including, without limitation, as a result of terrorist activities after the date hereof (or the effect of international conditions on the financial markets in the United States shall be such), or any other calamity or crisis shall have occurred, the effect of any of which is such as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to market the Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated by the Prospectus; or
(e) if the Company shall have sustained a loss material or substantial to the Company by reason of flood, fire, accident, hurricane, earthquake, theft, sabotage, or other calamity or malicious act, whether or not such loss shall have been insured, the effect of any of which is such as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to market the Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated by the Prospectus.
8. Substitution of Underwriters. If any one or more of the Underwriters shall fail or refuse to purchase any of the Firm Shares which it or they have agreed to purchase hereunder, and the aggregate number of Firm Shares which such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters
 
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agreed but failed or refused to purchase is not more than one-tenth of the aggregate number of Firm Shares, the other Underwriters shall be obligated, severally, to purchase the Firm Shares which such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters agreed but failed or refused to purchase, in the proportions which the number of Firm Shares which they have respectively agreed to purchase pursuant to Section 1 bears to the aggregate number of Firm Shares which all such non-defaulting Underwriters have so agreed to purchase, or in such other proportions as the Representatives may specify;  provided  that in no event shall the maximum number of Firm Shares which any Underwriter has become obligated to purchase pursuant to Section 1 be increased pursuant to this Section 8 by more than one-ninth of the number of Firm Shares agreed to be purchased by such Underwriter without the prior written consent of such Underwriter. If any Underwriter or Underwriters shall fail or refuse to purchase any Firm Shares and the aggregate number of Firm Shares which such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters agreed but failed or refused to purchase exceeds one-tenth of the aggregate number of the Firm Shares and arrangements satisfactory to the Company and the Representatives for the purchase of such Firm Shares are not made within 48 hours after such default, this Agreement will terminate without liability on the part of any non-defaulting Underwriter, or the Company (except as provided in Section 4(l)) for the purchase or sale of any Shares under this Agreement. In any such case either the Representatives or the Company shall have the right to postpone the Closing Date, but in no event for longer than seven days, in order that the required changes, if any, in the Registration Statement and in the Prospectus or in any other documents or arrangements may be effected. Any action taken pursuant to this Section 8 shall not relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability in respect of any default of such Underwriter under this Agreement.
9. Miscellaneous.
(a) Notices. Notice given pursuant to any of the provisions of this Agreement shall be in writing and, unless otherwise specified, shall be mailed, hand delivered or telecopied (a) if to the Company, at the office of the Company, One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, Attention: Chief Executive Officer or (b) if to the Underwriters, c/o BMO Capital Markets Corp., 3 Times Square, New York, New York 10036, Attention: Legal Department (Fax: (212) 702-1205); c/o Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, One Montgomery Street, Suite 3700, San Francisco, California 94104, Attention: Legal Department (Fax (415) 364-2695); and c/o William Blair & Company, L.L.C., 222 West Adams Street, Suite 3300, Chicago, Illinois 60606, Attention: Legal Department (Fax: (312) 368-9418. Any such notice shall be effective only upon receipt. Any notice under Section 6 may be made by telecopy or telephone, but if so made shall be subsequently confirmed in writing.
(b) No Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement has been and is made solely for the benefit of the several Underwriters, the Company and of the controlling persons, directors, officers, employees, counsel and agents referred to in Section 6, and their respective successors and assigns, and no other person shall acquire or have any right under or by virtue of this Agreement. The term “successors and assigns” as used in this Agreement shall not include a purchaser of Shares from the Underwriters in his, her or its capacity as such a purchaser, as such purchaser of Shares from any of the several Underwriters.
 
- 30 -

(c) Survival of Representations and Warranties. All representations, warranties and agreements of the Company contained herein or in certificates or other instruments delivered pursuant hereto shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or any of their controlling persons and shall survive delivery of and payment for the Shares hereunder.
(d) Disclaimer of Fiduciary Relationship. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) the purchase and sale of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement, including the determination of the public offering price of the Shares and any related discounts and commissions, is an arm’s-length commercial transaction between the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters, on the other hand, (ii) in connection with the offering contemplated by this Agreement and the process leading to such transaction, each of the Underwriters is and has been acting solely as a principal and is not the agent or fiduciary of the Company or its securityholders, creditors, employees or any other party, (iii) none of the Underwriters has assumed nor will it assume any advisory or fiduciary responsibility in favor of the Company with respect to the offering of the Shares contemplated by this Agreement or the process leading thereto (irrespective of whether any Underwriter or its affiliates has advised or is currently advising the Company on other matters) and the Underwriters have no obligation to the Company with respect to the offering of the Shares contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement, (iv) each of the Underwriters and their respective affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that involve interests that differ from those of the Company, and (v) the Underwriters have not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the offering contemplated by this Agreement and the Company has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it deemed appropriate.
(e) Actions of the Representatives. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Representatives under this Agreement may be taken by them jointly or by BMOCM and Stifel.
(f) Governing Law. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK APPLICABLE TO AGREEMENTS MADE AND TO BE PERFORMED ENTIRELY WITHIN SUCH STATE. Each party hereto hereby irrevocably submits for purposes of any action arising from this Agreement brought by the other party hereto to the jurisdiction of the courts of New York State located in the Borough of Manhattan and the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. This Agreement may be signed in two or more counterparts with the same effect as if the signatures thereto and hereto were upon the same instrument.
(g) Survival of Provisions Upon Invalidity of Any single Provision. In case any provision in this Agreement shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby.
(h) Waiver of Jury Trial. The Company and the Underwriters each hereby irrevocably waive any right they may have to a trial by jury in respect of any claim based upon or arising out of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.
 
- 31 -

(i) Titles and Subtitles. The titles of the sections and subsections of this Agreement are for convenience and reference only and are not to be considered in construing this Agreement.
(j) Entire Agreement. This Agreement embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof. This Agreement may not be amended or otherwise modified or any provision hereof waived except by an instrument in writing signed by the Representatives, the Selling Stockholders and the Company.
[Signature page follows]
 
- 32 -

Please confirm that the foregoing correctly sets forth the agreement between the Company and the several Underwriters.

Very truly yours,	
 	
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	 	
Title:	 	 	

 	 	 	
Confirmed as of the date first above mentioned:	
 	
BMO CAPITAL MARKETS CORP.
STIFEL, NICOLAUS & COMPANY, I NCORPORATED  W ILLIAM  B LAIR  & C OMPANY , L.L.C.	
 	
Acting on behalf of themselves and as Representatives of the several Underwriters named in  Schedule I  hereof	
 	
BMO CAPITAL MARKETS CORP.	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	 	
Title:	 	 	
 	
STIFEL, NICOLAUS & COMPANY, I NCORPORATED	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	 	
Title:	 	 	
 	
WILLIAM BLAIR & COMPANY, L.L.C.	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	 	
Title:	 	 	

Schedule I

Underwriter	  	Number of
Firm Shares	 	
BMO Capital Markets Corp.	  	 	[            	] 	
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated	  	 	[            	] 	
William Blair & Company, L.L.C	  	 	[            	] 	
Janney Montgomery Scott LLC.	  	 	[            	] 	
 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	 	[            	] 	

S-I-1

Schedule II
ISSUER FREE WRITING PROSPECTUSES:
[            ]
 
S-II-1

Schedule III
WRITTEN TESTING-THE-WATERS COMMUNICATIONS:
[            ]
 
S-III-1

EXHIBIT A
Lockup Agreement
[                    ], 2014
BMO Capital Markets Corp.
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated
William Blair & Company, L.L.C.
    As Representatives of the several Underwriters
3 Times Square
New York, New York 10036
Ladies and Gentlemen:
In consideration of the agreement of the several Underwriters, for whom BMO Capital Markets Corp. (“ BMOCM ”), Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated (“ Stifel ”) and William Blair & Company, L.L.C. intend to act as representatives with respect to a proposed underwritten public offering (the “ Offering ”) of shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “ Stock ”), of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), the undersigned hereby agrees that, for a period beginning on the date of this letter agreement (this “ Lock-Up Agreement ”) and ending 180 days after the public offering date set forth on the final prospectus used to sell the Stock (the “ Public Offering Date ”) pursuant to the underwriting agreement entered into in connection with the Offering (the “ Underwriting Agreement ”) (such period being referred to herein as the “ Lock-Up Period ”), the undersigned will not, without the prior written consent of BMOCM and Stifel, (1) offer, sell, pledge, contract to sell, purchase any option to sell, grant any option for the purchase of, lend, or otherwise dispose of, or require the Company to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, to register, any shares of Stock or any securities convertible into, exercisable for or exchangeable for Stock of which the undersigned is now, or may in the future become, the beneficial owner (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “ Exchange Act ”)) (such securities collectively, the “ Restricted Securities ”), or (2) enter into any swap or other derivative transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of such Stock, whether any such transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above is to be settled by delivery of Stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to enter into any transaction described in clause (1) or (2) above. The undersigned also agrees and consents to the entry of stop transfer instructions with the Company’s transfer agent and registrar against the transfer of shares of Restricted Securities except in compliance with the foregoing restrictions. Any Stock acquired by the undersigned in the Offering (including pursuant to any Company-directed share program) will also be Restricted Securities subject to this Lock-Up Agreement; provided that any Stock acquired by the undersigned in open market transactions after the date of the Underwriting Agreement will not be Restricted Securities subject to this Lock-Up Agreement.
 
A-1

The foregoing restrictions shall not apply to: (i) transfers of Restricted Securities as bona fide gifts by the undersigned; (ii) the surrender or forfeiture of Restricted Securities to the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon exercise or vesting of stock options or equity awards; (iii) transfers of Restricted Securities to any immediate family members of the undersigned or any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of the undersigned or an immediate family member of the undersigned or to any corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity all of the beneficial ownership interests of which are held by the undersigned and/or one or more immediate family members of the undersigned in a transaction not involving a disposition for value; (iv) transfers of Restricted Securities upon death by will or intestate succession; (v) if the undersigned is a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business entity, transfers of Restricted Securities to one or more affiliates of the undersigned or transfers or distributions of Restricted Securities to the partners, members or stockholders or other equityholders of the undersigned or, in the case of a corporation, transfers of Restricted Securities to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the undersigned; (vi) transfers of Restricted Securities made by the undersigned to (1) any trust, corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other legal entity that, directly or indirectly, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the undersigned, (2) any trust or other legal entity for which the undersigned or the undersigned’s spouse serves as trustee or investment advisor, or (3) any member of the immediate family of the undersigned or any trust or other legal entity for the direct or indirect benefit of the undersigned or any member of the immediate family of the undersigned; (vii) the entry into any trading plan established pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act for the transfer of shares of Restricted Securities, provided that such plan does not provide for any sales or other dispositions of Restricted Securities during the Lock-Up Period and no public announcement or filing under the Exchange Act is made by or on behalf of the undersigned or the Company regarding the establishment of such plan; or (viii) transfers of Restricted Securities by the undersigned with the prior written consent of BMOCM and Stifel on behalf of the Underwriters; provided that, (a) in the case of a transfer or distribution pursuant to the preceding clauses (i), (iii), (iv), (v) or (vi), each donee, trustee, legatee, heir, distributee or other transferee, as the case may be, of the Restricted Securities executes and delivers to BMOCM and Stifel an agreement reasonably satisfactory to BMOCM and Stifel certifying that such donee, trustee, legatee, heir, distributee or other transferee shall be bound by the terms of this Lock-Up Agreement and to the extent any interest in the Restricted Securities is retained by the undersigned, such Restricted Securities shall remain subject to the restrictions contained in this Lock-Up Agreement, (b) in the case of a transfer or distribution pursuant to the preceding clauses (i), (iii), (v) or (vi) no public filing by the undersigned or any donee, trustee, legatee, heir, distributee or other transferee, as the case may be, under the Exchange Act or other public announcement shall be required or shall be voluntarily made reporting a reduction in beneficial ownership of shares of Stock in connection with such transfer or distribution during the Lock-Up Period (other than a filing on Form 5 made after the expiration of the Lock-Up Period) and (c) in the case of a surrender or forfeiture to the Company pursuant to the preceding clause (ii), no public filing by the undersigned or any donee, trustee, legatee, heir, distributee or other transferee, as the case may be, under the Exchange Act or other public announcement shall be required or shall be voluntarily made in connection with such surrender or forfeiture during the Lock-Up Period (other than a filing on a Form 4 that reports such surrender or forfeiture under the transaction code “F”). For purposes of this Lock-Up Agreement, “immediate family” shall mean any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption, not more remote than first cousin.
 
A-2

If the undersigned is an officer or director of the Company, (i) BMOCM and Stifel agree that, at least three business days before the effective date of any release or waiver of the foregoing restrictions in connection with a transfer of Restricted Securities, BMOCM and Stifel will notify the Company of the impending release or waiver, and (ii) the Company has agreed in the Underwriting Agreement to announce the impending release or waiver by issuing a press release through a major news service at least two business days before the effective date of the release or waiver. Any release or waiver granted by BMOCM and Stifel hereunder to any such officer or director shall only be effective two business days after the publication date of such press release. The provisions of this paragraph will not apply if (a) the release or waiver is effected solely to permit a transfer not for consideration and (b) the transferee has agreed in writing to be bound by the same terms described in this Lock-Up Agreement to the extent and for the duration that such terms remain in effect at the time of the transfer.
In the event that during the Restricted Period, BMOCM and Stifel waive any prohibition on the transfer of shares of Restricted Securities held by any person or entity that beneficially owns 5% or more of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company as of the date of such waiver, BMOCM and Stifel shall be deemed to have also waived, on the same terms, the prohibitions set forth in this Lock-Up Agreement that would otherwise have applied to the undersigned with respect to the same percentage of the undersigned’s Restricted Securities as the relative percentage of aggregate Restricted Securities held by such party receiving the waiver which are subject to such waiver. The provisions of this paragraph will not apply: (1) unless and until BMOCM and Stifel have first waived more than 1.0% of the Company’s total outstanding shares of Stock (assuming conversion, exercise and exchange of all securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Stock) from such prohibitions, (2) (a) if the release or waiver is effected solely to permit a transfer not involving a disposition for value and (b) the transferee has agreed in writing to be bound by the same terms described in this Lock-Up Agreement to the extent and for the duration that such terms remain in effect at the time of the transfer, or (3) if the release or waiver is granted to a holder of Restricted Securities in connection with a follow-on public offering of the Company’s securities pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 that is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the event that any percentage of such Restricted Securities released from the prohibitions set forth in this Lock-Up Agreement are subject to any restrictions of the type set forth in the second paragraph of this Lock-Up Agreement, the same restrictions shall be applicable to the release of the same percentage of the undersigned’s Restricted Securities. In the event that, as a result of this paragraph, any Restricted Securities held by the undersigned are released from the restrictions imposed by this Lock-Up Agreement, BMOCM and Stifel shall use commercially reasonable efforts to notify the Company within two business day of the effective date of such release, and the Company, in turn, in consultation with BMOCM and Stifel, shall use commercially reasonable efforts to notify the undersigned within two business days thereafter that the same percentage of aggregate Restricted Securities held by the undersigned has been released; provided that the failure to give such notice to the Company or the undersigned shall not give rise to any claim or liability against the Company or the Underwriters, including BMOCM and Stifel.
 
A-3

This Lock-Up Agreement shall not become effective unless and until all of the officers and directors of the Company and holders of more than 3.5% of the Company’s capital stock on a fully diluted basis enter into substantially similar agreements with BMOCM and Stifel.
The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the undersigned has full power and authority to enter into this Lock-Up Agreement. This Lock-Up Agreement is irrevocable and all authority herein conferred or agreed to be conferred shall survive the death or incapacity or dissolution of the undersigned and any obligations of the undersigned shall be binding on the undersigned and the successors, heirs, personal representatives and assigns of the undersigned. This Lock-Up Agreement shall automatically terminate and become null and void upon the earliest to occur, if any, of (i) such time as BMOCM and Stifel, on the one hand, or the Company, on the other hand, advises the other in writing, prior to the execution of the Underwriting Agreement that they have or it has determined not to proceed with the Offering, (ii) the termination of the Underwriting Agreement, (iii) such time as the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to the Offering is withdrawn or (iv) in the event that the Underwriting Agreement has not been executed by December 31, 2014, provided, however, that BMOCM and Stifel and the Company may, by written notice to the undersigned prior to December 31, 2014, extend such date for a period of up to three additional months. This agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.

Very truly yours,	
 	 	
By:	 	 	

Print Name:	 	 	
 
A-4

EXHIBIT B
Form of Opinion of
Counsel to the Company and Regulatory Counsel to the Company
 
B-1

EXHIBIT C
Form of Opinion of
Intellectual Property Counsel to the Company
 
C-1

EXHIBIT D
Form of Press Release
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
[Date]
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) announced today that BMO Capital Markets Corp. and Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, the lead book-running managers in the Company’s recent public sale of shares of common stock, is [waiving][releasing] a lock-up restriction with respect to [              ] shares of the Company’s common stock held by [certain officers or directors][an officer or director] of the Company. The [waiver][release] will take effect on [              ], and the shares may be sold on or after such date.
This press release is not an offer for sale of the securities in the United States or in any other jurisdiction where such offer is prohibited, and such securities may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an exemption from registration under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
 
D-1

Exhibit 3.2
RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
OF
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(originally incorporated on March 26, 2004)
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Corporation”), a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “General Corporation Law”), does hereby certify as follows:
1. The current name of the Corporation is Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
2. The original certificate of incorporation of the Corporation was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 26, 2004 and was amended and restated on April 27, 2004, May 30, 2007, October 14, 2008, May 6, 2009, November 15, 2010, September 9, 2011 and May 10, 2013 and further amended on February 27, 2014, April 17, 2014 and August 29, 2014.
3. The Board of Directors of the Corporation duly adopted resolutions pursuant to Sections 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law proposing this Restated Certificate of Incorporation and declaring the advisability of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation. The stockholders of the Corporation duly approved and adopted this Restated Certificate of Incorporation by written consent in accordance with Sections 228, 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law.
Accordingly, the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as previously amended and restated, is hereby further amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:
FIRST: The name of the Corporation is Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
SECOND: The address of the Corporation’s registered office in the State of Delaware is Corporation Trust Center, 1209 Orange Street, in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, Delaware 19801. The name of its registered agent at such address is The Corporation Trust Company.
THIRD: The nature of the business or purposes to be conducted or promoted by the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
FOURTH: The total number of shares of all classes of stock which the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 205,000,000 shares, consisting of (i) 200,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Common Stock”), and (ii) 5,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Preferred Stock”).

-1-

The following is a statement of the designations and the powers, privileges and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof in respect of each class of capital stock of the Corporation.
 
A.	COMMON STOCK.	
1. General. The voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights of the holders of the Preferred Stock of any series as may be designated by the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board of Directors”) upon any issuance of the Preferred Stock of any series.
2. Voting. The holders of the Common Stock shall have voting rights at all meetings of stockholders, each such holder being entitled to one vote for each share thereof held by such holder;  provided ,  however , that, except as otherwise required by law, holders of Common Stock shall not be entitled to vote on any amendment to this Certificate of Incorporation (which, as used herein, shall mean the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, as amended from time to time, including the terms of any certificate of designations of any series of Preferred Stock) that relates solely to the terms of one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the holders of such affected series are entitled, either separately or together as a class with the holders of one or more other such series, to vote thereon pursuant to this Certificate of Incorporation. There shall be no cumulative voting.
The number of authorized shares of Common Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the stock of the Corporation entitled to vote, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
3. Dividends. Dividends may be declared and paid on the Common Stock from funds lawfully available therefor as and when determined by the Board of Directors and subject to any preferential dividend or other rights of any then outstanding Preferred Stock.
4. Liquidation. Upon the dissolution or liquidation of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Common Stock will be entitled to receive all assets of the Corporation available for distribution to its stockholders, subject to any preferential or other rights of any then outstanding Preferred Stock.
 
B.	PREFERRED STOCK.	
Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series, each of such series to have such terms as stated or expressed herein and in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issue of such series adopted by the Board of Directors as hereinafter provided. Any shares of Preferred Stock which may be redeemed, purchased or acquired by the Corporation may be reissued except as otherwise provided by law.
Authority is hereby expressly granted to the Board of Directors from time to time to issue the Preferred Stock in one or more series, and in connection with the creation of any such series, by adopting a resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of the shares thereof and by
 
-2-

filing a certificate of designations relating thereto in accordance with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, to determine and fix the number of shares of such series and such voting powers, full or limited, or no voting powers, and such designations, preferences and relative participating, optional or other special rights, and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including without limitation thereof, dividend rights, conversion rights, redemption privileges and liquidation preferences, as shall be stated and expressed in such resolutions, all to the full extent now or hereafter permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the resolutions providing for issuance of any series of Preferred Stock may provide that such series shall be superior or rank equally or be junior to any other series of Preferred Stock to the extent permitted by law.
The number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, voting as a single class, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
FIFTH: Except as otherwise provided herein, the Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute and this Certificate of Incorporation, and all rights conferred upon stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation.
SIXTH: In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred upon it by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, and subject to the terms of any series of Preferred Stock, the Board of Directors shall have the power to adopt, amend, alter or repeal the By-laws of the Corporation by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present at any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors at which a quorum is present. The stockholders may not adopt, amend, alter or repeal the By-laws of the Corporation, or adopt any provision inconsistent therewith, unless such action is approved, in addition to any other vote required by this Certificate of Incorporation, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the votes that all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors or class of directors. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors or class of directors shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article SIXTH.
SEVENTH: Except to the extent that the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware prohibits the elimination or limitation of liability of directors for breaches of fiduciary duty, no director of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director, notwithstanding any provision of law imposing such liability. No amendment to or repeal of this provision shall apply to or have any effect on the liability or alleged liability of any director of the Corporation for or with respect to any acts or omissions of such director occurring prior to such amendment or repeal. If the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware is amended
 
-3-

to permit further elimination or limitation of the personal liability of directors, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware as so amended.
EIGHTH: The Corporation shall provide indemnification as follows:
1. Actions, Suits and Proceedings Other than by or in the Right of the Corporation. The Corporation shall indemnify each person who was or is a party or threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the Corporation) by reason of the fact that he or she is or was, or has agreed to become, a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving, or has agreed to serve, at the request of the Corporation, as a director, officer, partner, employee or trustee of, or in a similar capacity with, another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise (including any employee benefit plan) (all such persons being referred to hereafter as an “Indemnitee”), or by reason of any action alleged to have been taken or omitted in such capacity, against all expenses (including attorneys’ fees), liabilities, losses, judgments, fines (including excise taxes and penalties arising under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974), and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by or on behalf of Indemnitee in connection with such action, suit or proceeding and any appeal therefrom, if Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner which Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction or upon a plea of  nolo contendere  or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner which Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful.
2. Actions or Suits by or in the Right of the Corporation. The Corporation shall indemnify any Indemnitee who was or is a party to or threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that Indemnitee is or was, or has agreed to become, a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving, or has agreed to serve, at the request of the Corporation, as a director, officer, partner, employee or trustee of, or in a similar capacity with, another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise (including any employee benefit plan), or by reason of any action alleged to have been taken or omitted in such capacity, against all expenses (including attorneys’ fees) and, to the extent permitted by law, amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by or on behalf of Indemnitee in connection with such action, suit or proceeding and any appeal therefrom, if Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner which Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Corporation, except that no indemnification shall be made under this Section 2 in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which Indemnitee shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Corporation, unless, and only to the extent, that the Court of Chancery of Delaware or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of such liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, Indemnitee is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses (including attorneys’ fees) which the Court of Chancery of Delaware or such other court shall deem proper.
 
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3. Indemnification for Expenses of Successful Party. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Article EIGHTH, to the extent that an Indemnitee has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to in Sections 1 and 2 of this Article EIGHTH, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, or on appeal from any such action, suit or proceeding, Indemnitee shall be indemnified against all expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by or on behalf of Indemnitee in connection therewith. Without limiting the foregoing, if any action, suit or proceeding is disposed of, on the merits or otherwise (including a disposition without prejudice), without (i) the disposition being adverse to Indemnitee, (ii) an adjudication that Indemnitee was liable to the Corporation, (iii) a plea of guilty or  nolo contendere by Indemnitee, (iv) an adjudication that Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and (v) with respect to any criminal proceeding, an adjudication that Indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful, Indemnitee shall be considered for the purposes hereof to have been wholly successful with respect thereto.
4. Notification and Defense of Claim. As a condition precedent to an Indemnitee’s right to be indemnified, such Indemnitee must notify the Corporation in writing as soon as practicable of any action, suit, proceeding or investigation involving such Indemnitee for which indemnity will or could be sought. With respect to any action, suit, proceeding or investigation of which the Corporation is so notified, the Corporation will be entitled to participate therein at its own expense and/or to assume the defense thereof at its own expense, with legal counsel reasonably acceptable to Indemnitee. After notice from the Corporation to Indemnitee of its election so to assume such defense, the Corporation shall not be liable to Indemnitee for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by Indemnitee in connection with such action, suit, proceeding or investigation, other than as provided below in this Section 4. Indemnitee shall have the right to employ his or her own counsel in connection with such action, suit, proceeding or investigation, but the fees and expenses of such counsel incurred after notice from the Corporation of its assumption of the defense thereof shall be at the expense of Indemnitee unless (i) the employment of counsel by Indemnitee has been authorized by the Corporation, (ii) counsel to Indemnitee shall have reasonably concluded that there may be a conflict of interest or position on any significant issue between the Corporation and Indemnitee in the conduct of the defense of such action, suit, proceeding or investigation or (iii) the Corporation shall not in fact have employed counsel to assume the defense of such action, suit, proceeding or investigation, in each of which cases the fees and expenses of counsel for Indemnitee shall be at the expense of the Corporation, except as otherwise expressly provided by this Article EIGHTH. The Corporation shall not be entitled, without the consent of Indemnitee, to assume the defense of any claim brought by or in the right of the Corporation or as to which counsel for Indemnitee shall have reasonably made the conclusion provided for in clause (ii) above. The Corporation shall not be required to indemnify Indemnitee under this Article EIGHTH for any amounts paid in settlement of any action, suit, proceeding or investigation effected without its written consent. The Corporation shall not settle any action, suit, proceeding or investigation in any manner which would impose any penalty or limitation on Indemnitee without Indemnitee’s written consent. Neither the Corporation nor Indemnitee will unreasonably withhold or delay its consent to any proposed settlement.
 
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5. Advance of Expenses. Subject to the provisions of Section 6 of this Article EIGHTH, in the event of any threatened or pending action, suit, proceeding or investigation of which the Corporation receives notice under this Article EIGHTH, any expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by or on behalf of an Indemnitee in defending an action, suit, proceeding or investigation or any appeal therefrom shall be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such matter; provided ,  however , that the payment of such expenses incurred by or on behalf of Indemnitee in advance of the final disposition of such matter shall be made only upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of Indemnitee to repay all amounts so advanced in the event that it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal that Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this Article EIGHTH; and  provided further  that no such advancement of expenses shall be made under this Article EIGHTH if it is determined (in the manner described in Section 6 of this Article EIGHTH) that (i) Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the Corporation, or (ii) with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, Indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. Such undertaking shall be accepted without reference to the financial ability of Indemnitee to make such repayment.
6. Procedure for Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses. In order to obtain indemnification or advancement of expenses pursuant to Section 1, 2, 3 or 5 of this Article EIGHTH, an Indemnitee shall submit to the Corporation a written request. Any such advancement of expenses shall be made promptly, and in any event within 60 days after receipt by the Corporation of the written request of Indemnitee, unless (i) the Corporation has assumed the defense pursuant to Section 4 of this Article EIGHTH (and none of the circumstances described in Section 4 of this Article EIGHTH that would nonetheless entitle the Indemnitee to indemnification for the fees and expenses of separate counsel have occurred) or (ii) the Corporation determines within such 60-day period that Indemnitee did not meet the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 1, 2 or 5 of this Article EIGHTH, as the case may be. Any such indemnification, unless ordered by a court, shall be made with respect to requests under Section 1 or 2 of this Article EIGHTH only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination by the Corporation that the indemnification of Indemnitee is proper because Indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 1 or 2 of this Article EIGHTH, as the case may be. Such determination shall be made in each instance (a) by a majority vote of the directors of the Corporation consisting of persons who are not at that time parties to the action, suit or proceeding in question (“disinterested directors”), whether or not a quorum, (b) by a committee of disinterested directors designated by majority vote of disinterested directors, whether or not a quorum, (c) if there are no disinterested directors, or if the disinterested directors so direct, by independent legal counsel (who may, to the extent permitted by law, be regular legal counsel to the Corporation) in a written opinion, or (d) by the stockholders of the Corporation.
7. Remedies. The right to indemnification or advancement of expenses as granted by this Article EIGHTH shall be enforceable by Indemnitee in any court of competent
 
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jurisdiction. Neither the failure of the Corporation to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such action that indemnification is proper in the circumstances because Indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct, nor an actual determination by the Corporation pursuant to Section 6 of this Article EIGHTH that Indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that Indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct. In any suit brought by Indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification, or brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the Corporation shall have the burden of proving that Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of expenses, under this Article EIGHTH. Indemnitee’s expenses (including attorneys’ fees) reasonably incurred in connection with successfully establishing Indemnitee’s right to indemnification, in whole or in part, in any such proceeding shall also be indemnified by the Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in any suit brought by Indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder it shall be a defense that the Indemnitee has not met any applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
8. Limitations. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Article EIGHTH, except as set forth in Section 7 of this Article EIGHTH, the Corporation shall not indemnify an Indemnitee pursuant to this Article EIGHTH in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such Indemnitee unless the initiation thereof was approved by the Board of Directors. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Article EIGHTH, the Corporation shall not indemnify an Indemnitee to the extent such Indemnitee is reimbursed from the proceeds of insurance, and in the event the Corporation makes any indemnification payments to an Indemnitee and such Indemnitee is subsequently reimbursed from the proceeds of insurance, such Indemnitee shall promptly refund indemnification payments to the Corporation to the extent of such insurance reimbursement.
9. Subsequent Amendment. No amendment, termination or repeal of this Article EIGHTH or of the relevant provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or any other applicable laws shall adversely affect or diminish in any way the rights of any Indemnitee to indemnification under the provisions hereof with respect to any action, suit, proceeding or investigation arising out of or relating to any actions, transactions or facts occurring prior to the final adoption of such amendment, termination or repeal.
10. Other Rights. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by this Article EIGHTH shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which an Indemnitee seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under any law (common or statutory), agreement or vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in Indemnitee’s official capacity and as to action in any other capacity while holding office for the Corporation, and shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to be a director or officer, and shall inure to the benefit of the estate, heirs, executors and administrators of Indemnitee. Nothing contained in this Article EIGHTH shall be deemed to prohibit, and the Corporation is specifically authorized to enter into, agreements with officers and directors providing indemnification rights and procedures different from those set forth in this Article EIGHTH. In addition, the Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by its Board of Directors, grant indemnification rights to other employees or agents of the Corporation or other persons serving the Corporation and such rights may be equivalent to, or greater or less than, those set forth in this Article EIGHTH.
 
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11. Partial Indemnification. If an Indemnitee is entitled under any provision of this Article EIGHTH to indemnification by the Corporation for some or a portion of the expenses (including attorneys’ fees), liabilities, losses, judgments, fines (including excise taxes and penalties arising under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) or amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by or on behalf of Indemnitee in connection with any action, suit, proceeding or investigation and any appeal therefrom but not, however, for the total amount thereof, the Corporation shall nevertheless indemnify Indemnitee for the portion of such expenses (including attorneys’ fees), liabilities, losses, judgments, fines (including excise taxes and penalties arising under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) or amounts paid in settlement to which Indemnitee is entitled.
12. Insurance. The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise (including any employee benefit plan) against any expense, liability or loss incurred by him or her in any such capacity, or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
13. Savings Clause. If this Article EIGHTH or any portion hereof shall be invalidated on any ground by any court of competent jurisdiction, then the Corporation shall nevertheless indemnify each Indemnitee as to any expenses (including attorneys’ fees), liabilities, losses, judgments, fines (including excise taxes and penalties arising under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) and amounts paid in settlement in connection with any action, suit, proceeding or investigation, whether civil, criminal or administrative, including an action by or in the right of the Corporation, to the fullest extent permitted by any applicable portion of this Article EIGHTH that shall not have been invalidated and to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.
14. Definitions. Terms used herein and defined in Section 145(h) and Section 145(i) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware shall have the respective meanings assigned to such terms in such Section 145(h) and Section 145(i).
NINTH: This Article NINTH is inserted for the management of the business and for the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation.
1. General Powers. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.
2. Number of Directors; Election of Directors. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, the number of directors of the Corporation shall be established by the Board of Directors. Election of directors need not be by written ballot, except as and to the extent provided in the By-laws of the Corporation.
 
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3. Classes of Directors. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, the Board of Directors shall be and is divided into three classes, designated Class I, Class II and Class III. Each class shall consist, as nearly as may be possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting the entire Board of Directors. The Board of Directors is authorized to assign members of the Board of Directors already in office to Class I, Class II or Class III at the time such classification becomes effective.
4. Terms of Office. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, each director shall serve for a term ending on the date of the third annual meeting of stockholders following the annual meeting of stockholders at which such director was elected;  provided  that each director initially assigned to Class I shall serve for a term expiring at the Corporation’s first annual meeting of stockholders held after the effectiveness of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation; each director initially assigned to Class II shall serve for a term expiring at the Corporation’s second annual meeting of stockholders held after the effectiveness of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation; and each director initially assigned to Class III shall serve for a term expiring at the Corporation’s third annual meeting of stockholders held after the effectiveness of this Restated Certificate of Incorporation;  provided further , that the term of each director shall continue until the election and qualification of his or her successor and be subject to his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.
5. Quorum. The greater of (a) a majority of the directors at any time in office and (b) one-third of the number of directors fixed pursuant to Section 2 of this Article NINTH shall constitute a quorum of the Board of Directors. If at any meeting of the Board of Directors there shall be less than such a quorum, a majority of the directors present may adjourn the meeting from time to time without further notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.
6. Action at Meeting. Every act or decision done or made by a majority of the directors present at a meeting duly held at which a quorum is present shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors unless a greater number is required by law or by this Certificate of Incorporation.
7. Removal. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock, directors of the Corporation may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors or class of directors.
8. Vacancies. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock, any vacancy or newly created directorship in the Board of Directors, however occurring, shall be filled only by vote of a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director and shall not be filled by the stockholders. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall hold office until the next election of the class for which such director shall have been chosen, subject to the election and qualification of a successor and to such director’s earlier death, resignation or removal.
 
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9. Stockholder Nominations and Introduction of Business, Etc. Advance notice of stockholder nominations for election of directors and other business to be brought by stockholders before a meeting of stockholders shall be given in the manner provided by the By-laws of the Corporation.
10. Amendments to Article. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors or class of directors shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article NINTH.
TENTH: Stockholders of the Corporation may not take any action by written consent in lieu of a meeting. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors or class of directors shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article TENTH.
ELEVENTH: Special meetings of stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by only the Board of Directors, and may not be called by any other person or persons. Business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to matters relating to the purpose or purposes stated in the notice of meeting. Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws of the Corporation, and notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors or class of directors shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Article ELEVENTH.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which restates, integrates and amends the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, and which has been duly adopted in accordance with Sections 228, 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, has been executed by its duly authorized officer this             day of                     , 2014.

TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	Jodie P. Morrison	
Title:	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	
 
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Exhibit 3.4
AMENDED AND RESTATED BY-LAWS
OF
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 	 	 	 	 	  	Page	 	
ARTICLE I
 
STOCKHOLDERS	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.1	 	Place of Meetings	  	 	1	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.2	 	Annual Meeting	  	 	1	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.3	 	Special Meetings	  	 	1	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.4	 	Notice of Meetings	  	 	1	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.5	 	Voting List	  	 	2	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.6	 	Quorum	  	 	2	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.7	 	Adjournments	  	 	2	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.8	 	Voting and Proxies	  	 	3	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.9	 	Action at Meeting	  	 	3	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.10	 	Nomination of Directors.	  	 	4	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.11	 	Notice of Business at Annual Meetings.	  	 	8	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.12	 	Conduct of Meetings.	  	 	11	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	1.13	 	No Action by Consent in Lieu of a Meeting	  	 	12	  	
 	 	
ARTICLE II
 
DIRECTORS	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.1	 	General Powers	  	 	12	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.2	 	Number, Election and Qualification	  	 	13	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.3	 	Chairman of the Board; Vice Chairman of the Board	  	 	13	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.4	 	Classes of Directors	  	 	13	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.5	 	Terms of Office	  	 	13	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.6	 	Quorum	  	 	14	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.7	 	Action at Meeting	  	 	14	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.8	 	Removal	  	 	14	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.9	 	Vacancies	  	 	14	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.10	 	Resignation	  	 	14	  	
 
i

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.11	 	Regular Meetings	  	 	15	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.12	 	Special Meetings	  	 	15	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.13	 	Notice of Special Meetings	  	 	15	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.14	 	Meetings by Conference Communications Equipment	  	 	15	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.15	 	Action by Consent	  	 	15	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.16	 	Committees	  	 	16	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	2.17	 	Compensation of Directors	  	 	16	  	
 	 	
ARTICLE III
 
OFFICERS	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.1	 	Titles	  	 	17	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.2	 	Election	  	 	17	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.3	 	Qualification	  	 	17	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.4	 	Tenure	  	 	17	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.5	 	Resignation and Removal	  	 	17	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.6	 	Vacancies	  	 	18	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.7	 	President; Chief Executive Officer	  	 	18	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.8	 	Vice Presidents	  	 	18	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.9	 	Secretary and Assistant Secretaries	  	 	18	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.10	 	Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers	  	 	19	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.11	 	Salaries	  	 	20	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	3.12	 	Delegation of Authority	  	 	20	  	
 	 	
ARTICLE IV	  	 	 	 	
 	 	
CAPITAL STOCK	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	4.1	 	Issuance of Stock	  	 	20	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	4.2	 	Stock Certificates; Uncertificated Shares	  	 	20	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	4.3	 	Transfers	  	 	21	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	4.4	 	Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates	  	 	22	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	4.5	 	Record Date	  	 	22	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	4.6	 	Regulations	  	 	23	  	
 
ii

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
ARTICLE V	  	 	 	 	
 	 	
GENERAL PROVISIONS	  	 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.1	 	Fiscal Year	  	 	23	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.2	 	Corporate Seal	  	 	23	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.3	 	Waiver of Notice	  	 	23	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.4	 	Voting of Securities	  	 	23	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.5	 	Evidence of Authority	  	 	23	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.6	 	Certificate of Incorporation	  	 	24	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.7	 	Severability	  	 	24	  	
 	 	 	 	
 	 	5.8	 	Pronouns	  	 	24	  	
 	 	
ARTICLE VI	  	 	 	 	
 	 	
AMENDMENTS	  	 	24	  	
 
iii

ARTICLE I
STOCKHOLDERS
1.1 Place of Meetings. All meetings of stockholders shall be held at such place as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer or the President or, if not so designated, at the principal office of the corporation.
1.2 Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of stockholders for the election of directors to succeed those whose terms expire and for the transaction of such other business as may properly be brought before the meeting shall be held on a date and at a time designated by the Board of Directors (which date shall not be a legal holiday in the place where the meeting is to be held).
1.3 Special Meetings. Special meetings of stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by only the Board of Directors, and may not be called by any other person or persons. The Board of Directors may postpone or reschedule any previously scheduled special meeting of stockholders. Business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to matters relating to the purpose or purposes stated in the notice of meeting.
1.4 Notice of Meetings. Except as otherwise provided by law, notice of each meeting of stockholders, whether annual or special, shall be given not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting. Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given to stockholders, any notice shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission consented to (in a manner consistent with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware) by the stockholder to whom the notice is given. The notices of all meetings shall state the place, date and time of the meeting and the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxyholders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting. The notice of a special meeting shall state, in addition, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. If notice is given by mail, such notice shall be deemed given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder’s address as it appears on the records of the corporation. If notice is given by electronic transmission, such notice shall be deemed given at the time specified in Section 232 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
 
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1.5 Voting List. The Secretary shall prepare, at least 10 days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, for a period of at least 10 days prior to the meeting: (a) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (b) during ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the corporation. The list shall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present. The list shall presumptively determine the identity of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting and the number of shares held by each of them.
1.6 Quorum. Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of the capital stock of the corporation issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at the meeting, present in person, present by means of remote communication in a manner, if any, authorized by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion, or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; provided, however, that where a separate vote by a class or classes or series of capital stock is required by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of such class or classes or series of the capital stock of the corporation issued and outstanding and entitled to vote on such matter, present in person, present by means of remote communication in a manner, if any, authorized by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion, or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to the vote on such matter. A quorum, once established at a meeting, shall not be broken by the withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than a quorum.
1.7 Adjournments. Any meeting of stockholders may be adjourned from time to time to any other time and to any other place at which a meeting of stockholders may be held under
 
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these By-laws by the chairman of the meeting or by the stockholders present or represented at the meeting and entitled to vote, although less than a quorum. It shall not be necessary to notify any stockholder of any adjournment of less than 30 days if the time and place of the adjourned meeting, and the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxyholders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned meeting, are announced at the meeting at which adjournment is taken, unless after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting. At the adjourned meeting, the corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting.
1.8 Voting and Proxies. Each stockholder shall have one vote for each share of stock entitled to vote held of record by such stockholder and a proportionate vote for each fractional share so held, unless otherwise provided by law or the Certificate of Incorporation. Each stockholder of record entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders may vote in person (including by means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting) or may authorize another person or persons to vote for such stockholder by a proxy executed or transmitted in a manner permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware by the stockholder or such stockholder’s authorized agent and delivered (including by electronic transmission) to the Secretary of the corporation. No such proxy shall be voted upon after three years from the date of its execution, unless the proxy expressly provides for a longer period.
1.9 Action at Meeting. When a quorum is present at any meeting, any matter other than the election of directors to be voted upon by the stockholders at such meeting shall be decided by the vote of the holders of shares of stock having a majority in voting power of the votes cast by the holders of all of the shares of stock present or represented at the meeting and voting affirmatively or negatively on such matter (or if there are two or more classes or series of stock entitled to vote as separate classes, then in the case of each such class or series, the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of stock of that class or series present or represented at the meeting and voting affirmatively or negatively on such matter), except when a different vote is required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws. When a quorum is present at any meeting, any election by stockholders of directors shall be determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election.
 
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1.10 Nomination of Directors.
(a) Except for (1) any directors entitled to be elected by the holders of preferred stock, (2) any directors elected in accordance with Section 2.9 hereof by the Board of Directors to fill a vacancy or newly-created directorship or (3) as otherwise required by applicable law or stock exchange regulation, at any meeting of stockholders, only persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures in this Section 1.10 shall be eligible for election as directors. Nomination for election to the Board of Directors at a meeting of stockholders may be made (i) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (ii) by any stockholder of the corporation who (x) timely complies with the notice procedures in Section 1.10(b), (y) is a stockholder of record on the date of the giving of such notice and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting and (z) is entitled to vote at such meeting.
(b) To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received in writing by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation as follows: (i) in the case of an election of directors at an annual meeting of stockholders, not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that (x) in the case of the annual meeting of stockholders of the corporation to be held in 2015 or (y) in the event that the date of the annual meeting in any other year is advanced by more than 20 days, or delayed by more than 60 days, from the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, a stockholder’s notice must be so received not earlier than the 120th day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of (A) the 90th day prior to such annual meeting and (B) the tenth day following the day on which notice of the date of such annual meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the date of such annual meeting was made, whichever first occurs; or (ii) in the case of an election of directors at a special meeting of stockholders, provided that the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer has determined, in accordance with Section 1.3, that directors shall be elected at such special meeting and provided further that the nomination made by the stockholder is for one of the director positions that the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer, as the case may be, has determined will be filled at such special meeting, not earlier than the 120th day prior to such special meeting and not later than
 
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the close of business on the later of (x) the 90th day prior to such special meeting and (y) the tenth day following the day on which notice of the date of such special meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the date of such special meeting was made, whichever first occurs. In no event shall the adjournment or postponement of a meeting (or the public disclosure thereof) commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice.
The stockholder’s notice to the Secretary shall set forth: (A) as to each proposed nominee (1) such person’s name, age, business address and, if known, residence address, (2) such person’s principal occupation or employment, (3) the class and series and number of shares of stock of the corporation that are, directly or indirectly, owned, beneficially or of record, by such person, (4) a description of all direct and indirect compensation and other material monetary agreements, arrangements and understandings during the past three years, and any other material relationships, between or among (x) the stockholder, the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is being made and the respective affiliates and associates of, or others acting in concert with, such stockholder and such beneficial owner, on the one hand, and (y) each proposed nominee, and his or her respective affiliates and associates, or others acting in concert with such nominee(s), on the other hand, including all information that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K if the stockholder making the nomination and any beneficial owner on whose behalf the nomination is made or any affiliate or associate thereof or person acting in concert therewith were the “registrant” for purposes of such Item and the proposed nominee were a director or executive officer of such registrant, and (5) any other information concerning such person that must be disclosed as to nominees in proxy solicitations pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”); and (B) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is being made (1) the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the corporation’s books, and of such beneficial owner, (2) the class and series and number of shares of stock of the corporation that are, directly or indirectly, owned, beneficially or of record, by such stockholder and such beneficial owner, (3) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding between or among such stockholder and/or such beneficial owner and each proposed nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to which the nomination(s) are being made or who may
 
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participate in the solicitation of proxies in favor of electing such nominee(s), (4) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative or short positions, swaps, profit interests, options, warrants, convertible securities, stock appreciation or similar rights, hedging transactions, and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into by, or on behalf of, such stockholder or such beneficial owner, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of, such stockholder or such beneficial owner with respect to shares of stock of the corporation, (5) any other information relating to such stockholder and such beneficial owner that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for the election of directors in a contested election pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, (6) a representation that such stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person(s) named in its notice and (7) a representation whether such stockholder and/or such beneficial owner intends or is part of a group which intends (x) to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the corporation’s outstanding capital stock reasonably believed by such stockholder or such beneficial owner to be sufficient to elect the nominee (and such representation shall be included in any such proxy statement and form of proxy) and/or (y) otherwise to solicit proxies from stockholders in support of such nomination (and such representation shall be included in any such solicitation materials). Not later than 10 days after the record date for the meeting, the information required by Items (A)(1)-(5) and (B)(1)-(5) of the prior sentence shall be supplemented by the stockholder giving the notice to provide updated information as of the record date. In addition, to be effective, the stockholder’s notice must be accompanied by the written consent of the proposed nominee to serve as a director if elected. The corporation may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information as the corporation may reasonably require to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as a director of the corporation or whether such nominee would be independent under applicable Securities and Exchange Commission and stock exchange rules and the corporation’s publicly disclosed corporate governance guidelines. A stockholder shall not have complied with this Section 1.10(b) if the stockholder (or beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is made) solicits or does not solicit, as the case may be, proxies in support of such stockholder’s nominee in contravention of the representations with respect thereto required by this Section 1.10.
 
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(c) The chairman of any meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination was made in accordance with the provisions of this Section 1.10 (including whether the stockholder or beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is made solicited (or is part of a group which solicited) or did not so solicit, as the case may be, proxies in support of such stockholder’s nominee in compliance with the representations with respect thereto required by this Section 1.10), and if the chairman should determine that a nomination was not made in accordance with the provisions of this Section 1.10, the chairman shall so declare to the meeting and such nomination shall not be brought before the meeting.
(d) Except as otherwise required by law, nothing in this Section 1.10 shall obligate the corporation or the Board of Directors to include in any proxy statement or other stockholder communication distributed on behalf of the corporation or the Board of Directors information with respect to any nominee for director submitted by a stockholder.
(e) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.10, unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the meeting to present a nomination, such nomination shall not be brought before the meeting, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such nominee may have been received by the corporation. For purposes of this Section 1.10, to be considered a “qualified representative of the stockholder”, a person must be authorized by a written instrument executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders and such person must produce such written instrument or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the written instrument or electronic transmission, at the meeting of stockholders.
(f) For purposes of this Section 1.10, “public disclosure” shall include disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
 
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1.11 Notice of Business at Annual Meetings.
(a) At any annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly brought before an annual meeting, business must be (1) specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, (2) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, or (3) properly brought before the meeting by a stockholder. For business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder, (i) if such business relates to the nomination of a person for election as a director of the corporation, the procedures in Section 1.10 must be complied with and (ii) if such business relates to any other matter, the business must constitute a proper matter under Delaware law for stockholder action and the stockholder must (x) have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary in accordance with the procedures in Section 1.11(b), (y) be a stockholder of record on the date of the giving of such notice and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at such annual meeting and (z) be entitled to vote at such annual meeting.
(b) To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received in writing by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that (x) in the case of the annual meeting of stockholders of the corporation to be held in 2015 or (y) in the event that the date of the annual meeting in any other year is advanced by more than 20 days, or delayed by more than 60 days, from the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, a stockholder’s notice must be so received not earlier than the 120th day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of (A) the 90th day prior to such annual meeting and (B) the tenth day following the day on which notice of the date of such annual meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the date of such annual meeting was made, whichever first occurs. In no event shall the adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting (or the public disclosure thereof) commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice.
 
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The stockholder’s notice to the Secretary shall set forth: (A) as to each matter the stockholder proposes to bring before the annual meeting (1) a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the annual meeting, (2) the text of the proposal (including the exact text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and, in the event that such business includes a proposal to amend the By-laws, the exact text of the proposed amendment), and (3) the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting, and (B) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is being made (1) the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the corporation’s books, and of such beneficial owner, (2) the class and series and number of shares of stock of the corporation that are, directly or indirectly, owned, beneficially or of record, by such stockholder and such beneficial owner, (3) a description of any material interest of such stockholder or such beneficial owner and the respective affiliates and associates of, or others acting in concert with, such stockholder or such beneficial owner in such business, (4) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding between or among such stockholder and/or such beneficial owner and any other person or persons (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business or who may participate in the solicitation of proxies in favor of such proposal, (5) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative or short positions, swaps, profit interests, options, warrants, convertible securities, stock appreciation or similar rights, hedging transactions, and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into by, or on behalf of, such stockholder or such beneficial owner, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of, such stockholder or such beneficial owner with respect to shares of stock of the corporation, (6) any other information relating to such stockholder and such beneficial owner that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for the business proposed pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, (7) a representation that such stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the annual meeting to bring such business before the meeting and (8) a representation whether such stockholder and/or such beneficial owner intends or is part of a group which intends (x) to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the corporation’s outstanding capital stock required to approve or adopt the proposal (and such representation shall be included in any
 
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such proxy statement and form of proxy) and/or (y) otherwise to solicit proxies from stockholders in support of such proposal (and such representation shall be included in any such solicitation materials). Not later than 10 days after the record date for the meeting, the information required by Items (A)(3) and (B)(1)-(6) of the prior sentence shall be supplemented by the stockholder giving the notice to provide updated information as of the record date. Notwithstanding anything in these By-laws to the contrary, no business shall be conducted at any annual meeting of stockholders except in accordance with the procedures in this Section 1.11; provided that any stockholder proposal which complies with Rule 14a-8 of the proxy rules (or any successor provision) promulgated under the Exchange Act and is to be included in the corporation’s proxy statement for an annual meeting of stockholders shall be deemed to comply with the notice requirements of this Section 1.11. A stockholder shall not have complied with this Section 1.11(b) if the stockholder (or beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made) solicits or does not solicit, as the case may be, proxies in support of such stockholder’s proposal in contravention of the representations with respect thereto required by this Section 1.11.
(c) The chairman of any annual meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether business was properly brought before the annual meeting in accordance with the provisions of this Section 1.11 (including whether the stockholder or beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made solicited (or is part of a group which solicited) or did not so solicit, as the case may be, proxies in support of such stockholder’s proposal in compliance with the representation with respect thereto required by this Section 1.11), and if the chairman should determine that business was not properly brought before the annual meeting in accordance with the provisions of this Section 1.11, the chairman shall so declare to the meeting and such business shall not be brought before the annual meeting.
(d) Except as otherwise required by law, nothing in this Section 1.11 shall obligate the corporation or the Board of Directors to include in any proxy statement or other stockholder communication distributed on behalf of the corporation or the Board of Directors information with respect to any proposal submitted by a stockholder.
 
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(e) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.11, unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the annual meeting to present business, such business shall not be considered, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such business may have been received by the corporation.
(f) For purposes of this Section 1.11, the terms “qualified representative of the stockholder” and “public disclosure” shall have the same meaning as in Section 1.10.
1.12 Conduct of Meetings.
(a) Meetings of stockholders shall be presided over by the Chairman of the Board, if any, or in the Chairman’s absence by the Vice Chairman of the Board, if any, or in the Vice Chairman’s absence by the Chief Executive Officer, or in the Chief Executive Officer’s absence, by the President, or in the President’s absence by a Vice President, or in the absence of all of the foregoing persons by a chairman designated by the Board of Directors. The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in the Secretary’s absence the chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting.
(b) The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution such rules, regulations and procedures for the conduct of any meeting of stockholders of the corporation as it shall deem appropriate including, without limitation, such guidelines and procedures as it may deem appropriate regarding the participation by means of remote communication of stockholders and proxyholders not physically present at a meeting. Except to the extent inconsistent with such rules, regulations and procedures as adopted by the Board of Directors, the chairman of any meeting of stockholders shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairman, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations or procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the chairman of the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following: (i) the establishment of an agenda or order of business for the meeting; (ii) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present; (iii) limitations on attendance at or participation in the meeting to stockholders of record of the corporation, their duly authorized and constituted proxies or such other persons as
 
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shall be determined; (iv) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof; and (v) limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants. Unless and to the extent determined by the Board of Directors or the chairman of the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.
(c) The chairman of the meeting shall announce at the meeting when the polls for each matter to be voted upon at the meeting will be opened and closed. After the polls close, no ballots, proxies or votes or any revocations or changes thereto may be accepted.
(d) In advance of any meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer or the President shall appoint one or more inspectors of election to act at the meeting and make a written report thereof. One or more other persons may be designated as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act. If no inspector or alternate is present, ready and willing to act at a meeting of stockholders, the chairman of the meeting shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting. Unless otherwise required by law, inspectors may be officers, employees or agents of the corporation. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of such inspector’s duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of such inspector’s ability. The inspector shall have the duties prescribed by law and shall take charge of the polls and, when the vote is completed, shall make a certificate of the result of the vote taken and of such other facts as may be required by law. Every vote taken by ballots shall be counted by a duly appointed inspector or duly appointed inspectors.
1.13 No Action by Consent in Lieu of a Meeting. Stockholders of the corporation may not take any action by written consent in lieu of a meeting.
ARTICLE II
DIRECTORS
2.1 General Powers. The business and affairs of the corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of a Board of Directors, who may exercise all of the powers of the corporation except as otherwise provided by law or the Certificate of Incorporation.
 
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2.2 Number, Election and Qualification. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, the number of directors of the corporation shall be established by the Board of Directors. Election of directors need not be by written ballot. Directors need not be stockholders of the corporation.
2.3 Chairman of the Board; Vice Chairman of the Board. The Board of Directors may appoint from its members a Chairman of the Board and a Vice Chairman of the Board, neither of whom need be an employee or officer of the corporation. If the Board of Directors appoints a Chairman of the Board, such Chairman shall perform such duties and possess such powers as are assigned by the Board of Directors and, if the Chairman of the Board is also designated as the corporation’s Chief Executive Officer, shall have the powers and duties of the Chief Executive Officer prescribed in Section 3.7 of these By-laws. If the Board of Directors appoints a Vice Chairman of the Board, such Vice Chairman shall perform such duties and possess such powers as are assigned by the Board of Directors. Unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board or, in the Chairman’s absence, the Vice Chairman of the Board, if any, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors.
2.4 Classes of Directors. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, the Board of Directors shall be and is divided into three classes: Class I, Class II and Class III. Each class shall consist, as nearly as may be possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting the entire Board of Directors. The allocation of directors among classes shall be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.
2.5 Terms of Office. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, each director shall serve for a term ending on the date of the third annual meeting of stockholders following the annual meeting of stockholders at which such director was elected; provided that each director initially assigned to Class I shall serve for a term expiring at the corporation’s first annual meeting of stockholders held after the effectiveness of these Amended and Restated By-laws; each director initially assigned to Class II shall serve for a term expiring at the corporation’s second annual meeting of stockholders held after the effectiveness of these Amended and Restated By-laws; and each director initially assigned to Class III shall serve for a term expiring at the corporation’s third annual meeting of stockholders held after the
 
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effectiveness of these Amended and Restated By-laws; provided further, that the term of each director shall continue until the election and qualification of his or her successor and be subject to his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.
2.6 Quorum. The greater of (a) a majority of the directors at any time in office and (b) one-third of the number of directors established by the Board of Directors pursuant to Section 2.2 of these By-laws shall constitute a quorum of the Board of Directors. If at any meeting of the Board of Directors there shall be less than such a quorum, a majority of the directors present may adjourn the meeting from time to time without further notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.
2.7 Action at Meeting. Every act or decision done or made by a majority of the directors present at a meeting duly held at which a quorum is present shall be regarded as the act of the Board of Directors, unless a greater number is required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation.
2.8 Removal. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock, directors of the corporation may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors or class of directors.
2.9 Vacancies. Subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock, any vacancy or newly-created directorship on the Board of Directors, however occurring, shall be filled only by vote of a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director and shall not be filled by the stockholders. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall hold office until the next election of the class for which such director shall have been chosen, subject to the election and qualification of a successor or until such director’s earlier death, resignation or removal.
2.10 Resignation. Any director may resign by delivering a resignation in writing or by electronic transmission to the corporation at its principal office or to the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President or the Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective upon delivery unless it is specified to be effective at some later time or upon the happening of some later event.
 
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2.11 Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held without notice at such time and place as shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors; provided that any director who is absent when such a determination is made shall be given notice of the determination. A regular meeting of the Board of Directors may be held without notice immediately after and at the same place as the annual meeting of stockholders.
2.12 Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any time and place designated in a call by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, two or more directors, or by one director in the event that there is only a single director in office.
2.13 Notice of Special Meetings. Notice of the date, place and time of any special meeting of directors shall be given to each director by the Secretary or by the officer or one of the directors calling the meeting. Notice shall be duly given to each director (a) in person or by telephone at least 24 hours in advance of the meeting, (b) by sending written notice by reputable overnight courier, telecopy, facsimile or electronic transmission, or delivering written notice by hand, to such director’s last known business, home or electronic transmission address at least 48 hours in advance of the meeting, or (c) by sending written notice by first-class mail to such director’s last known business or home address at least 72 hours in advance of the meeting. A notice or waiver of notice of a meeting of the Board of Directors need not specify the purposes of the meeting.
2.14 Meetings by Conference Communications Equipment. Directors may participate in meetings of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation by such means shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.
2.15 Action by Consent. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting, if all
 
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members of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent to the action in writing or by electronic transmission, and the written consents or electronic transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee. Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.
2.16 Committees. The Board of Directors may designate one or more committees to serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors, each committee to consist of such number of the directors of the corporation as the Board of Directors shall determine and to have such lawfully delegable powers and duties as the Board of Directors thereby confers. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members of the committee present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors and subject to the provisions of law, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the corporation and may authorize the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it. Each such committee shall keep minutes and make such reports as the Board of Directors may from time to time request. Except as the Board of Directors may otherwise determine, any committee may make rules for the conduct of its business, but unless otherwise provided by the directors or in such rules, its business shall be conducted as nearly as possible in the same manner as is provided in these By-laws for the Board of Directors. Except as otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, these By-laws, or the resolution of the Board of Directors designating the committee, a committee may create one or more subcommittees, each subcommittee to consist of one or more members of the committee, and delegate to a subcommittee any or all of the powers and authority of the committee.
2.17 Compensation of Directors. Directors may be paid such compensation for their services and such reimbursement for expenses of attendance at meetings as the Board of
 
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Directors may from time to time determine. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the corporation or any of its parent or subsidiary entities in any other capacity and receiving compensation for such service.
ARTICLE III
OFFICERS
3.1 Titles. The officers of the corporation shall consist of a Chief Executive Officer, a President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and such other officers with such other titles as the Board of Directors shall determine, including one or more Vice Presidents, Assistant Treasurers and Assistant Secretaries. The Board of Directors may appoint such other officers as it may deem appropriate.
3.2 Election. The Chief Executive Officer, President, Treasurer and Secretary shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors at its first meeting following the annual meeting of stockholders. Other officers may be appointed by the Board of Directors at such meeting or at any other meeting.
3.3 Qualification. No officer need be a stockholder. Any two or more offices may be held by the same person.
3.4 Tenure. Except as otherwise provided by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-laws, each officer shall hold office until such officer’s successor is elected and qualified, unless a different term is specified in the resolution electing or appointing such officer, or until such officer’s earlier death, resignation or removal.
3.5 Resignation and Removal. Any officer may resign by delivering a written resignation to the corporation at its principal office or to the Chief Executive Officer, the President or the Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless it is specified to be effective at some later time or upon the happening of some later event. Any officer may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by vote of a majority of the directors then in office. Except as the Board of Directors may otherwise determine, no officer who resigns or is removed shall have any right to any compensation as an officer for any period following such officer’s resignation or removal, or any right to damages on account of such removal, whether such officer’s compensation be by the month or by the year or otherwise, unless such compensation is expressly provided for in a duly authorized written agreement with the corporation.
 
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3.6 Vacancies. The Board of Directors may fill any vacancy occurring in any office for any reason and may, in its discretion, leave unfilled for such period as it may determine any offices other than those of Chief Executive Officer, President, Treasurer and Secretary. Each such successor shall hold office for the unexpired term of such officer’s predecessor and until a successor is elected and qualified, or until such officer’s earlier death, resignation or removal.
3.7 President; Chief Executive Officer. Unless the Board of Directors has designated another person as the corporation’s Chief Executive Officer, the President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the corporation. The Chief Executive Officer shall have general charge and supervision of the business of the corporation subject to the direction of the Board of Directors, and shall perform all duties and have all powers that are commonly incident to the office of chief executive or that are delegated to such officer by the Board of Directors. The President shall perform such other duties and shall have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer (if the President is not the Chief Executive Officer) may from time to time prescribe. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of the Chief Executive Officer or the President (if the President is not the Chief Executive Officer), the Vice President (or if there shall be more than one, the Vice Presidents in the order determined by the Board of Directors) shall perform the duties of the Chief Executive Officer and when so performing such duties shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Chief Executive Officer.
3.8 Vice Presidents. Each Vice President shall perform such duties and possess such powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer may from time to time prescribe. The Board of Directors may assign to any Vice President the title of Executive Vice President, Senior Vice President or any other title selected by the Board of Directors.
3.9 Secretary and Assistant Secretaries. The Secretary shall perform such duties and shall have such powers as the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer may from time to time prescribe. In addition, the Secretary shall perform such duties and have such powers as are incident to the office of the secretary, including without limitation the duty and power to give
 
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notices of all meetings of stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, to attend all meetings of stockholders and the Board of Directors and keep a record of the proceedings, to maintain a stock ledger and prepare lists of stockholders and their addresses as required, to be custodian of corporate records and the corporate seal and to affix and attest to the same on documents.
Any Assistant Secretary shall perform such duties and possess such powers as the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the Secretary may from time to time prescribe. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary (or if there shall be more than one, the Assistant Secretaries in the order determined by the Board of Directors) shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Secretary.
In the absence of the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary at any meeting of stockholders or directors, the chairman of the meeting shall designate a temporary secretary to keep a record of the meeting.
3.10 Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers. The Treasurer shall perform such duties and shall have such powers as may from time to time be assigned by the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer. In addition, the Treasurer shall perform such duties and have such powers as are incident to the office of treasurer, including without limitation the duty and power to keep and be responsible for all funds and securities of the corporation, to deposit funds of the corporation in depositories selected in accordance with these By-laws, to disburse such funds as ordered by the Board of Directors, to make proper accounts of such funds, and to render as required by the Board of Directors statements of all such transactions and of the financial condition of the corporation.
The Assistant Treasurers shall perform such duties and possess such powers as the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the Treasurer may from time to time prescribe. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of the Treasurer, the Assistant Treasurer (or if there shall be more than one, the Assistant Treasurers in the order determined by the Board of Directors) shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Treasurer.
 
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3.11 Salaries. Officers of the corporation shall be entitled to such salaries, compensation or reimbursement as shall be fixed or allowed from time to time by the Board of Directors.
3.12 Delegation of Authority. The Board of Directors may from time to time delegate the powers or duties of any officer to any other officer or agent, notwithstanding any provision hereof.
ARTICLE IV
CAPITAL STOCK
4.1 Issuance of Stock. Subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, the whole or any part of any unissued balance of the authorized capital stock of the corporation or the whole or any part of any shares of the authorized capital stock of the corporation held in the corporation’s treasury may be issued, sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of by vote of the Board of Directors in such manner, for such lawful consideration and on such terms as the Board of Directors may determine.
4.2 Stock Certificates; Uncertificated Shares. The shares of the corporation shall be represented by certificates, provided that the Board of Directors may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of the corporation’s stock shall be uncertificated shares. Every holder of stock of the corporation represented by certificates shall be entitled to have a certificate, in such form as may be prescribed by law and by the Board of Directors, representing the number of shares held by such holder registered in certificate form. Each such certificate shall be signed in a manner that complies with Section 158 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
Each certificate for shares of stock which are subject to any restriction on transfer pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation, these By-laws, applicable securities laws or any agreement among any number of stockholders or among such holders and the corporation shall have conspicuously noted on the face or back of the certificate either the full text of the restriction or a statement of the existence of such restriction.
 
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If the corporation shall be authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, the powers, designations, preferences and relative participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of each certificate representing shares of such class or series of stock, provided that in lieu of the foregoing requirements there may be set forth on the face or back of each certificate representing shares of such class or series of stock a statement that the corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests a copy of the full text of the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights.
Within a reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of uncertificated shares, the corporation shall send to the registered owner thereof a written notice containing the information required to be set forth or stated on certificates pursuant to Sections 151, 202(a) or 218(a) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or, with respect to Section 151 of General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, a statement that the corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights.
4.3 Transfers. Shares of stock of the corporation shall be transferable in the manner prescribed by law and in these By-laws. Transfers of shares of stock of the corporation shall be made only on the books of the corporation or by transfer agents designated to transfer shares of stock of the corporation. Subject to applicable law, shares of stock represented by certificates shall be transferred only on the books of the corporation by the surrender to the corporation or its transfer agent of the certificate representing such shares properly endorsed or accompanied by a written assignment or power of attorney properly executed, and with such proof of authority or the authenticity of signature as the corporation or its transfer agent may reasonably require. Except as may be otherwise required by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-laws, the corporation shall be entitled to treat the record holder of stock as shown on its books as the owner of such stock for all purposes, including the payment of dividends and the right to vote
 
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with respect to such stock, regardless of any transfer, pledge or other disposition of such stock until the shares have been transferred on the books of the corporation in accordance with the requirements of these By-laws.
4.4 Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates. The corporation may issue a new certificate of stock in place of any previously issued certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon such terms and conditions as the Board of Directors may prescribe, including the presentation of reasonable evidence of such loss, theft or destruction and the giving of such indemnity and posting of such bond as the Board of Directors may require for the protection of the corporation or any transfer agent or registrar.
4.5 Record Date. The Board of Directors may fix in advance a date as a record date for the determination of the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action. Such record date shall not precede the date on which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and such record date shall not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days before the date of such meeting, nor more than 60 days prior to any other action to which such record date relates.
If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day before the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day before the day on which the meeting is held. If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating to such purpose.
A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.
 
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4.6 Regulations. The issue, transfer, conversion and registration of shares of stock of the corporation shall be governed by such other regulations as the Board of Directors may establish.
ARTICLE V
GENERAL PROVISIONS
5.1 Fiscal Year. Except as from time to time otherwise designated by the Board of Directors, the fiscal year of the corporation shall begin on the first day of January of each year and end on the last day of December in each year.
5.2 Corporate Seal. The corporate seal shall be in such form as shall be approved by the Board of Directors.
5.3 Waiver of Notice. Whenever notice is required to be given by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-laws, a written waiver signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before, at or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to notice required to be given to such person. Neither the business nor the purpose of any meeting need be specified in any such waiver. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.
5.4 Voting of Securities. Except as the Board of Directors may otherwise designate, the Chief Executive Officer, the President or the Treasurer may waive notice of, vote, or appoint any person or persons to vote, on behalf of the corporation at, and act as, or appoint any person or persons to act as, proxy or attorney-in-fact for this corporation (with or without power of substitution) at, any meeting of stockholders or securityholders of any other entity, the securities of which may be held by this corporation.
5.5 Evidence of Authority. A certificate by the Secretary, or an Assistant Secretary, or a temporary Secretary, as to any action taken by the stockholders, directors, a committee or any officer or representative of the corporation shall as to all persons who rely on the certificate in good faith be conclusive evidence of such action.
 
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5.6 Certificate of Incorporation. All references in these By-laws to the Certificate of Incorporation shall be deemed to refer to the Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation, as amended and in effect from time to time.
5.7 Severability. Any determination that any provision of these By-laws is for any reason inapplicable, illegal or ineffective shall not affect or invalidate any other provision of these By-laws.
5.8 Pronouns. All pronouns used in these By-laws shall be deemed to refer to the masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or plural, as the identity of the person or persons may require.
ARTICLE VI
AMENDMENTS
These By-laws may be altered, amended or repealed, in whole or in part, or new By-laws may be adopted by the Board of Directors or by the stockholders as provided in the Certificate of Incorporation.
 
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Exhibit 3.5
CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT
TO
SEVENTH AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
OF
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Pursuant to Section 242 of the
General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware

Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Corporation”), a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, does hereby certify:
1. That resolutions were duly adopted by the Board of Directors of the Corporation setting forth proposed amendments to the Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended to date, and declaring such amendments to be advisable and that such amendments be submitted to the stockholders of the Corporation for their consideration, as follows:

RESOLVED:	  	That the first paragraph of Article FOURTH of the Certificate of Incorporation be and hereby is deleted in its entirety and the following is inserted in lieu thereof:	
 	 	
 	  	“FOURTH: Effective upon the filing of this Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Effective Time”), a one-for-10.47 reverse stock split of the Corporation’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “Common Stock”), shall become effective, pursuant to which each 10.47 shares of Common Stock issued or outstanding (including treasury shares) immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be reclassified and combined into one validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable share of Common Stock automatically and without any action by the holder thereof upon the Effective Time and shall represent one share of Common Stock from and after the Effective Time (such reclassification and combination of shares, the “Reverse Stock Split”). The par value of the Common Stock following the Reverse Stock Split shall remain at $0.001 par value per share. No fractional shares of Common Stock shall be issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split and, in lieu thereof, upon surrender after the Effective Time of a certificate which formerly represented shares of Common Stock that were issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, any person who would otherwise be entitled to a fractional share of Common Stock as a result	

 	 	 	
 	  	of the Reverse Stock Split, following the Effective Time, shall be entitled to receive a cash payment equal to the fraction of a share of Common Stock to which such holder would otherwise be entitled multiplied by the fair value per share of the Common Stock immediately prior to the Effective Time as determined by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.	
 	 	
 	  	Each stock certificate that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, represented shares of Common Stock that were issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall, from and after the Effective Time, automatically and without the necessity of presenting the same for exchange, represent that number of whole shares of Common Stock after the Effective Time into which the shares formerly represented by such certificate have been reclassified (as well as the right to receive cash in lieu of fractional shares of Common Stock after the Effective Time); provided, however, that each person of record holding a certificate that represented shares of Common Stock that were issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall receive, upon surrender of such certificate, a new certificate evidencing and representing the number of whole shares of Common Stock after the Effective Time into which the shares of Common Stock formerly represented by such certificate shall have been reclassified.	
 	 	
 	  	The total number of shares of all classes of stock that the Corporation shall have the authority to issue is (i) 200,000,000 shares of Common Stock and (ii) 155,586,141 shares of Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Preferred Stock”), of which: 4,500,000 shares have been designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”), 798,067 shares have been designated as Series B-1 Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B-1 Preferred Stock”), 1,503,819 shares have been designated as Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B-2 Preferred Stock,” and together with the Series B-1 Preferred Stock, the “Series B Preferred Stock,”), 15,999,998 shares have been designated as Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series C Preferred Stock”), 29,294,828 shares have been designated as Series D-1 Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series D-1 Preferred Stock”), 3,661,846 shares have been designated as Series D-2 Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series D-2 Preferred Stock”), 42,935,192 shares have been designated as Series D-3 Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series D-3 Preferred Stock,” and together with the Series D-1 Preferred Stock and the Series D-2 Preferred Stock, the “Series D Preferred Stock”), and 56,892,391 shares have been designated as Series E Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E Preferred Stock”). The Series C Preferred Stock, the Series D Preferred Stock and the Series E Preferred Stock are collectively referred to as the “Senior Preferred Stock,” and the Senior Preferred Stock and the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B Preferred Stock are collectively referred to as the “Preferred Stock.”	
 
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FURTHER RESOLVED:	  	That Subsection 5.1 of Article FOURTH C. of the Certificate of Incorporation be and hereby is deleted in its entirety and the following is inserted in lieu thereof:	
 	 	
 	  	“5.1 Trigger Events. Upon either (a) the closing of the sale of shares of Common Stock to the public in a firm-commitment underwritten public offering pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (i) at a price per share to the public which when multiplied by the total number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding or then issuable upon conversion of outstanding Preferred Stock immediately prior to the consummation of the offering, exceeds $75,000,000, or such lower amount as shall be determined by a majority of the Senior Preferred Directors, and (ii) which results in at least $40,000,000 of gross proceeds to the Corporation (a “Qualified Public Offering”) or (b) the date and time, or the occurrence of an event, specified by vote or written consent of the holders of shares of the Senior Preferred Stock, representing at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the combined voting power of the outstanding shares of the Senior Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class in accordance with Section 3.1 (the time of such closing or the date and time specified or the time of the event specified in such vote or written consent is referred to herein as the “Mandatory Conversion Time”), (i) all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock shall automatically be converted in shares of Common Stock, at the then effective conversion rate for each series of Preferred Stock and (ii) such shares may not be reissued by the Corporation.”	
2. That in lieu of a meeting and vote of stockholders, the stockholders have given written consent to the forgoing amendments in accordance with the provisions of Section 228 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
3. That the foregoing amendments have been duly adopted in accordance with the applicable provisions of Sections 228 and 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
[Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank.]
 
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Corporation has caused its corporate seal to be affixed hereto and this Certificate of Amendment to be signed by its President and Chief Executive Officer on this 29 th  day of August, 2014.

TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Jodie P. Morrison	
Name:	 	Jodie P. Morrison	
Title:	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	
[Certificate of Amendment
of Restated Certificate of Incorporation]

Exhibit 4.1

The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of this certificate, shall be construed as though they were written out in full according to applicable laws or regulations:

TEN COM - as tenants in common	  	UNIF GIFT MIN ACT -	  	..................Custodian....................	
TEN ENT  - as tenants by the entireties	  	 	  	        (Cust)                     (Minor)	
JT TEN      - as joint tenants with right of	  	 	  	under Uniform Gifts to Minors	
     survivorship and not as tenants	  	 	  	Act..................................................	
     in common	  	 	  	                        (State)	

Additional abbreviations may also be used though not in the above list.	

For Value Received,                                          hereby sell, assign and transfer unto	

PLEASE INSERT SOCIAL SECURITY OR OTHER	  	 	  	 	
IDENTIFYING NUMBER OF ASSIGNEE	  	 	  	 	

 	
 
(PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE NAME AND ADDRESS, INCLUDING ZIP CODE, OF ASSIGNEE)	

 	

 	 	
 	  	Shares	
of the stock represented by the within Certificate, and do hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint	
 	 	
 	  	Attorney	
to transfer the said stock on the books of the within named Corporation with full power of substitution in the premises.	

Dated	 	 	 	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	

 	 	 	
 	 	NOTICE: THE SIGNATURE TO THIS ASSIGNMENT MUST CORRESPOND WITH THE NAME AS WRITTEN UPON THE FACE OF THE CERTIFICATE IN EVERY PARTICULAR, WITHOUT ALTERATION OR ENLARGEMENT OR ANY CHANGE WHATSOEVER.	
THE CORPORATION WILL FURNISH TO ANY STOCKHOLDER, UPON REQUEST AND WITHOUT CHARGE, A FULL STATEMENT OF THE DESIGNATIONS, RELATIVE RIGHTS, PREFERENCES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SHARES OF EACH CLASS AND SERIES AUTHORIZED TO BE ISSUED, SO FAR AS THE SAME HAVE BEEN DETERMINED, AND OF THE AUTHORITY, IF ANY, OF THE BOARD TO DIVIDE THE SHARES INTO CLASSES OR SERIES AND TO DETERMINE AND CHANGE THE RELATIVE RIGHTS, PREFERENCES AND LIMITATIONS OF ANY CLASS OR SERIES. SUCH REQUEST MAY BE MADE TO THE SECRETARY OF THE CORPORATION OR TO THE TRANSFER AGENT NAMED ON THIS CERTIFICATE.

THE SIGNATURE TO THE ASSIGNMENT MUST CORRESPOND TO THE NAME AS WRITTEN UPON THE FACE OF THIS CERTIFICATE IN EVERY PARTICULAR, WITHOUT ALTERATION OR ENLARGEMENT OR ANY CHANGE WHATSOEVER, AND MUST BE GUARANTEED BY A COMMERCIAL BANK OR TRUST COMPANY OR A MEMBER FIRM OF A NATIONAL OR REGIONAL OR OTHER RECOGNIZED STOCK EXCHANGE IN CONFORMANCE WITH
A SIGNATURE GUARANTEE MEDALLION PROGRAM.

COLUMBIA FINANCIAL PRINTING CORP. - www.stockinformation.com

Exhibit 5.1

+1 617 526 6000 (t)
+1 617 526 5000 (f)
wilmerhale.com
September 2, 2014
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
One Broadway, 14th Floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
Re: Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. – Registration Statement on Form S-1
Ladies and Gentlemen:
This opinion is furnished to you in connection with a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-198052) (the “Registration Statement”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for the registration of 6,210,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”) (the “Shares”), including Shares issuable upon exercise of an over-allotment option granted by the Company.
The Shares are to be sold by the Company pursuant to an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) to be entered into by and among the Company and BMO Capital Markets Corp., Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated and William Blair & Company, L.L.C., as representatives of the several underwriters named in the Underwriting Agreement, the form of which has been filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Registration Statement.
We are acting as counsel for the Company in connection with the issue and sale by the Company of the Shares. We have examined signed copies of the Registration Statement as filed with the Commission. We have also examined and relied upon the Underwriting Agreement, minutes of meetings and actions of the stockholders and the Board of Directors of the Company as provided to us by the Company, stock record books of the Company as provided to us by the Company, the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of the Company, each as restated and/or amended to date, and such other documents as we have deemed necessary for purposes of rendering the opinions hereinafter set forth.
In our examination of the foregoing documents, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, the authenticity of the originals of such latter documents and the legal competence of all signatories to such documents.
We express no opinion herein as to the laws of any state or jurisdiction other than the state laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the federal laws of the United States of America.
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, we are of the opinion that the Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and, when the Shares are issued and paid for in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Underwriting Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
September 2, 2014
Page 2
 
Please note that we are opining only as to the matters expressly set forth herein, and no opinion should be inferred as to any other matters. This opinion is based upon currently existing statutes, rules, regulations and judicial decisions, and we disclaim any obligation to advise you of any change in any of these sources of law or subsequent legal or factual developments which might affect any matters or opinions set forth herein.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion with the Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act and to the use of our name therein and in the related Prospectus under the caption “Legal Matters.” In giving such consent, we do not hereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission.

Very truly yours,	
 	
WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Stuart M. Falber	
 	 	Stuart M. Falber, a Partner	

Exhibit 10.5
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
2014 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN
 
1.	Purpose	
The purpose of this 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), is to advance the interests of the Company’s stockholders by enhancing the Company’s ability to attract, retain and motivate persons who are expected to make important contributions to the Company and by providing such persons with equity ownership opportunities and performance-based incentives that are intended to better align the interests of such persons with those of the Company’s stockholders. Except where the context otherwise requires, the term “ Company ” shall include any of the Company’s present or future parent or subsidiary corporations as defined in Sections 424(e) or (f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any regulations thereunder (the “ Code ”) and any other business venture (including, without limitation, joint venture or limited liability company) in which the Company has a controlling interest, as determined by the Board of Directors of the Company (the “ Board ”).
 
2.	Eligibility	
All of the Company’s employees, officers and directors, as well as consultants and advisors to the Company (as such terms are defined and interpreted for purposes of Form S-8 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “ Securities Act ”), or any successor form) are eligible to be granted Awards under the Plan. Each person who is granted an Award under the Plan is deemed a “ Participant .” “ Award ” means Options (as defined in Section 5), SARs (as defined in Section 6), Restricted Stock (as defined in Section 7), Restricted Stock Units (as defined in Section 7) and Other Stock-Based Awards (as defined in Section 8).
 
3.	Administration and Delegation	
(a) Administration by Board of Directors. The Plan will be administered by the Board. The Board shall have authority to grant Awards and to adopt, amend and repeal such administrative rules, guidelines and practices relating to the Plan as it shall deem advisable. The Board may construe and interpret the terms of the Plan and any Award agreements entered into under the Plan. The Board may correct any defect, supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in the Plan or any Award in the manner and to the extent it shall deem expedient and it shall be the sole and final judge of such expediency. All decisions by the Board shall be made in the Board’s sole discretion and shall be final and binding on all persons having or claiming any interest in the Plan or in any Award.
(b) Appointment of Committees. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Board may delegate any or all of its powers under the Plan to one or more committees or subcommittees of the Board (a “ Committee ”). All references in the Plan to the “ Board ” shall mean the Board or a Committee of the Board or the officers referred to in Section 3(c) to the extent that the Board’s powers or authority under the Plan have been delegated to such Committee or officers.

(c) Delegation to Officers. To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Board may delegate to one or more officers of the Company the power to grant Options and other Awards that constitute rights under Delaware law (subject to any limitations under the Plan) to employees or officers of the Company and to exercise such other powers under the Plan as the Board may determine,  provided  that the Board shall fix the terms of such Awards to be granted by such officers (including the exercise price of such Awards, which may include a formula by which the exercise price will be determined) and the maximum number of shares subject to such Awards that the officers may grant;  provided further , however, that no officer shall be authorized to grant such Awards to any “executive officer” of the Company (as defined by Rule 3b-7 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “ Exchange Act ”)) or to any “officer” of the Company (as defined by Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act). The Board may not delegate authority under this Section 3(c) to grant Restricted Stock, unless Delaware law then permits such delegation.
 
4.	Stock Available for Awards	
(a) Number of Shares; Share Counting.
(1) Authorized Number of Shares. Subject to adjustment under Section 9, Awards may be made under the Plan (any or all of which Awards may be in the form of Incentive Stock Options, as defined in Section 5(b)) for up to such number of shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, of the Company (the “ Common Stock ”) as is equal to the sum of:
(A) 1,700,000 shares of Common Stock; plus
(B) such additional number of shares of Common Stock (up to 1,678,220 shares) as is equal to the sum of (x) the number of shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance under the Company’s 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “ Existing Plan ”) that remain available for grant under the Existing Plan immediately prior to the closing of the Company’s initial public offering and (y) the number of shares of Common Stock subject to awards granted under the Existing Plan which awards expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right (subject, however, in the case of Incentive Stock Options to any limitations of the Code); plus
(C) an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2015 and continuing for each fiscal year until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, equal to the least of (i) 1,800,000 shares of Common Stock, (ii) 4.0% of the outstanding shares on such date and (iii) an amount determined by the Board.
Shares issued under the Plan may consist in whole or in part of authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares.
 
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(2) Share Counting. For purposes of counting the number of shares available for the grant of Awards under the Plan:
(A) all shares of Common Stock covered by SARs shall be counted against the number of shares available for the grant of Awards under the Plan;  provided ,  however , that (i) SARs that may be settled only in cash shall not be so counted and (ii) if the Company grants an SAR in tandem with an Option for the same number of shares of Common Stock and provides that only one such Award may be exercised (a “ Tandem SAR ”), only the shares covered by the Option, and not the shares covered by the Tandem SAR, shall be so counted, and the expiration of one in connection with the other’s exercise will not restore shares to the Plan;
(B) if any Award (i) expires or is terminated, surrendered or canceled without having been fully exercised or is forfeited in whole or in part (including as the result of shares of Common Stock subject to such Award being repurchased by the Company at the original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right) or (ii) results in any Common Stock not being issued (including as a result of an SAR that was settleable either in cash or in stock actually being settled in cash), the unused Common Stock covered by such Award shall again be available for the grant of Awards;  provided, however , that (1) in the case of Incentive Stock Options, the foregoing shall be subject to any limitations under the Code, (2) in the case of the exercise of an SAR, the number of shares counted against the shares available under the Plan shall be the full number of shares subject to the SAR multiplied by the percentage of the SAR actually exercised, regardless of the number of shares actually used to settle such SAR upon exercise and (3) the shares covered by a Tandem SAR shall not again become available for grant upon the expiration or termination of such Tandem SAR; and
(C) shares of Common Stock delivered (either by actual delivery, attestation, or net exercise) to the Company by a Participant to (i) purchase shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of an Award or (ii) satisfy tax withholding obligations (including shares retained from the Award creating the tax obligation) shall not be added back to the number of shares available for the future grant of Awards.
(b) Substitute Awards. In connection with a merger or consolidation of an entity with the Company or the acquisition by the Company of property or stock of an entity, the Board may grant Awards in substitution for any options or other stock or stock-based awards granted by such entity or an affiliate thereof. Substitute Awards may be granted on such terms as the Board deems appropriate in the circumstances, notwithstanding any limitations on Awards contained in the Plan. Substitute Awards shall not count against the overall share limit set forth in Section 4(a)(1), except as may be required by reason of Section 422 and related provisions of the Code.
 
5.	Stock Options	
(a) General. The Board may grant options to purchase Common Stock (each, an “Option”) and determine the number of shares of Common Stock to be covered by each Option, the exercise price of each Option and the conditions and limitations applicable to the exercise of each Option, including conditions relating to applicable federal or state securities laws, as it considers necessary or advisable.
 
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(b) Incentive Stock Options. An Option that the Board intends to be an “incentive stock option” as defined in Section 422 of the Code (an “ Incentive Stock Option ”) shall only be granted to employees of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., any of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s present or future parent or subsidiary corporations as defined in Sections 424(e) or (f) of the Code, and any other entities the employees of which are eligible to receive Incentive Stock Options under the Code, and shall be subject to and shall be construed consistently with the requirements of Section 422 of the Code. An Option that is not intended to be an Incentive Stock Option shall be designated a “Nonstatutory Stock Option.” The Company shall have no liability to a Participant, or any other party, if an Option (or any part thereof) that is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option is not an Incentive Stock Option or if the Company converts an Incentive Stock Option to a Nonstatutory Stock Option.
(c) Exercise Price. The Board shall establish the exercise price of each Option and specify the exercise price in the applicable Option agreement. The exercise price shall be not less than 100% of the fair market value per share of Common Stock as determined by (or in a manner approved by) the Board (“ Fair Market Value ”) on the date the Option is granted; provided  that if the Board approves the grant of an Option with an exercise price to be determined on a future date, the exercise price shall be not less than 100% of the Fair Market Value on such future date.
(d) Duration of Options. Each Option shall be exercisable at such times and subject to such terms and conditions as the Board may specify in the applicable option agreement;  provided, however , that no Option will be granted with a term in excess of 10 years.
(e) Exercise of Options. Options may be exercised by delivery to the Company of a notice of exercise in a form (which may be electronic) approved by the Company, together with payment in full (in the manner specified in Section 5(f)) of the exercise price for the number of shares for which the Option is exercised. Shares of Common Stock subject to the Option will be delivered by the Company as soon as practicable following exercise.
(f) Payment Upon Exercise. Common Stock purchased upon the exercise of an Option granted under the Plan shall be paid for as follows:
(1) in cash or by check, payable to the order of the Company;
(2) except as may otherwise be provided in the applicable Option agreement or approved by the Board, in its sole discretion, by (i) delivery of an irrevocable and unconditional undertaking by a creditworthy broker to deliver promptly to the Company sufficient funds to pay the exercise price and any required tax withholding or (ii) delivery by the Participant to the Company of a copy of irrevocable and unconditional instructions to a creditworthy broker to deliver promptly to the Company cash or a check sufficient to pay the exercise price and any required tax withholding;
(3) to the extent provided for in the applicable Option agreement or approved by the Board, in its sole discretion, by delivery (either by actual delivery or attestation) of shares of Common Stock owned by the Participant valued at their Fair Market Value, provided (i) such method of payment is then permitted under applicable law, (ii) such Common Stock, if acquired directly from the Company, was owned by the Participant for such minimum period of time, if any, as may be established by the Board in its discretion and (iii) such Common Stock is not subject to any repurchase, forfeiture, unfulfilled vesting or other similar requirements;
 
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(4) to the extent provided for in the applicable Nonstatutory Stock Option agreement or approved by the Board in its sole discretion, by delivery of a notice of “net exercise” to the Company, as a result of which the Participant would receive (i) the number of shares underlying the portion of the Option being exercised, less (ii) such number of shares as is equal to (A) the aggregate exercise price for the portion of the Option being exercised divided by (B) the Fair Market Value on the date of exercise;
(5) to the extent permitted by applicable law and provided for in the applicable Option agreement or approved by the Board, in its sole discretion, by payment of such other lawful consideration as the Board may determine; or
(6) by any combination of the above permitted forms of payment.
(g) Limitation on Repricing. Unless such action is approved by the Company’s stockholders, the Company may not (except as provided for under Section 9): (1) amend any outstanding Option granted under the Plan to provide an exercise price per share that is lower than the then-current exercise price per share of such outstanding Option, (2) cancel any outstanding option (whether or not granted under the Plan) and grant in substitution therefor new Awards under the Plan (other than Awards granted pursuant to Section 4(b)) covering the same or a different number of shares of Common Stock and having an exercise price per share lower than the then-current exercise price per share of the cancelled option, (3) cancel in exchange for a cash payment any outstanding Option with an exercise price per share above the then-current Fair Market Value, or (4) take any other action under the Plan that constitutes a “repricing” within the meaning of the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market (“ NASDAQ ”).
 
6.	Stock Appreciation Rights	
(a) General. The Board may grant Awards consisting of stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) entitling the holder, upon exercise, to receive an amount of Common Stock or cash or a combination thereof (such form to be determined by the Board) determined by reference to appreciation, from and after the date of grant, in the Fair Market Value of a share of Common Stock over the measurement price established pursuant to Section 6(b). The date as of which such appreciation is determined shall be the exercise date.
(b) Measurement Price. The Board shall establish the measurement price of each SAR and specify it in the applicable SAR agreement. The measurement price shall not be less than 100% of the Fair Market Value on the date the SAR is granted; provided  that if the Board approves the grant of an SAR effective as of a future date, the measurement price shall be not less than 100% of the Fair Market Value on such future date.
(c) Duration of SARs. Each SAR shall be exercisable at such times and subject to such terms and conditions as the Board may specify in the applicable SAR agreement;  provided, however , that no SAR will be granted with a term in excess of 10 years.
 
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(d) Exercise of SARs. SARs may be exercised by delivery to the Company of a notice of exercise in a form (which may be electronic) approved by the Company, together with any other documents required by the Board.
(e) Limitation on Repricing. Unless such action is approved by the Company’s stockholders, the Company may not (except as provided for under Section 9): (1) amend any outstanding SAR granted under the Plan to provide a measurement price per share that is lower than the then-current measurement price per share of such outstanding SAR, (2) cancel any outstanding SAR (whether or not granted under the Plan) and grant in substitution therefor new Awards under the Plan (other than Awards granted pursuant to Section 4(b)) covering the same or a different number of shares of Common Stock and having an exercise or measurement price per share lower than the then-current measurement price per share of the cancelled SAR, (3) cancel in exchange for a cash payment any outstanding SAR with a measurement price per share above the then-current Fair Market Value, or (4) take any other action under the Plan that constitutes a “repricing” within the meaning of the rules of NASDAQ.
 
7.	Restricted Stock; Restricted Stock Units	
(a) General. The Board may grant Awards entitling recipients to acquire shares of Common Stock (“Restricted Stock ”), subject to the right of the Company to repurchase all or part of such shares at their issue price or other stated or formula price (or to require forfeiture of such shares if issued at no cost) from the recipient in the event that conditions specified by the Board in the applicable Award are not satisfied prior to the end of the applicable restriction period or periods established by the Board for such Award. The Board may also grant Awards entitling the recipient to receive shares of Common Stock or cash to be delivered at the time such Award vests (“ Restricted Stock Units ”) (Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units are each referred to herein as a “ Restricted Stock Award ”).
(b) Terms and Conditions for All Restricted Stock Awards. The Board shall determine the terms and conditions of a Restricted Stock Award, including the conditions for vesting and repurchase (or forfeiture) and the issue price, if any.
(c) Additional Provisions Relating to Restricted Stock.
(1) Dividends. Unless otherwise provided in the applicable Award agreement, any dividends (whether paid in cash, stock or property) declared and paid by the Company with respect to shares of Restricted Stock (“ Accrued Dividends ”) shall be paid to the Participant only if and when such shares become free from the restrictions on transferability and forfeitability that apply to such shares. Each payment of Accrued Dividends will be made no later than the end of the calendar year in which the dividends are paid to stockholders of that class of stock or, if later, the 15th day of the third month following the lapsing of the restrictions on transferability and the forfeitability provisions applicable to the underlying shares of Restricted Stock.
(2) Stock Certificates. The Company may require that any stock certificates issued in respect of shares of Restricted Stock, as well as dividends or distributions paid on such Restricted Stock, shall be deposited in escrow by the Participant, together with a stock power
 
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endorsed in blank, with the Company (or its designee). At the expiration of the applicable restriction periods, the Company (or such designee) shall deliver the certificates no longer subject to such restrictions to the Participant or if the Participant has died, to his or her Designated Beneficiary. “ Designated Beneficiary ” means (i) the beneficiary designated, in a manner determined by the Board, by a Participant to receive amounts due or exercise rights of the Participant in the event of the Participant’s death or (ii) in the absence of an effective designation by a Participant, the Participant’s estate.
(d) Additional Provisions Relating to Restricted Stock Units.
(1) Settlement. Upon the vesting of and/or lapsing of any other restrictions (i.e., settlement) with respect to each Restricted Stock Unit, the Participant shall be entitled to receive from the Company such number of shares of Common Stock or (if so provided in the applicable Award agreement) an amount of cash equal to the Fair Market Value of such number of shares of Common Stock as are set forth in the applicable Restricted Stock Unit agreement. The Board may, in its discretion, provide that settlement of Restricted Stock Units shall be deferred, on a mandatory basis or at the election of the Participant in a manner that complies with Section 409A of the Code.
(2) Voting Rights. A Participant shall have no voting rights with respect to any Restricted Stock Units.
(3) Dividend Equivalents. The Award agreement for Restricted Stock Units may provide Participants with the right to receive an amount equal to any dividends or other distributions declared and paid on an equal number of outstanding shares of Common Stock (“ Dividend Equivalents ”). Dividend Equivalents may be settled in cash and/or shares of Common Stock and shall be subject to the same restrictions on transfer and forfeitability as the Restricted Stock Units with respect to which paid, in each case to the extent provided in the Award agreement.
 
8.	Other Stock-Based Awards	
(a) General. Other Awards of shares of Common Stock, and other Awards that are valued in whole or in part by reference to, or are otherwise based on, shares of Common Stock or other property, may be granted hereunder to Participants (“ Other Stock-Based-Awards ”). Such Other Stock-Based Awards shall also be available as a form of payment in the settlement of other Awards granted under the Plan or as payment in lieu of compensation to which a Participant is otherwise entitled. Other Stock-Based Awards may be paid in shares of Common Stock or cash, as the Board shall determine.
(b) Terms and Conditions. Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Board shall determine the terms and conditions of each Other Stock-Based Award, including any purchase price applicable thereto.
 
9.	Adjustments for Changes in Common Stock and Certain Other Events	
(a) Changes in Capitalization. In the event of any stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, combination of shares, reclassification of shares, spin-off or
 
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other similar change in capitalization or event, or any dividend or distribution to holders of Common Stock other than an ordinary cash dividend, (i) the number and class of securities available under the Plan, (ii) the share counting rules set forth in Section 4(a), (iii) the number and class of securities and exercise price per share of each outstanding Option, (iv) the share and per-share provisions and the measurement price of each outstanding SAR, (v) the number of shares subject to and the repurchase price per share subject to each outstanding Restricted Stock Award and (vi) the share and per-share-related provisions and the purchase price, if any, of each outstanding Other Stock-Based Award, shall be equitably adjusted by the Company (or substituted Awards may be made, if applicable) in the manner determined by the Board. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, in the event the Company effects a split of the Common Stock by means of a stock dividend and the exercise price of and the number of shares subject to an outstanding Option are adjusted as of the date of the distribution of the dividend (rather than as of the record date for such dividend), then an optionee who exercises an Option between the record date and the distribution date for such stock dividend shall be entitled to receive, on the distribution date, the stock dividend with respect to the shares of Common Stock acquired upon such Option exercise, notwithstanding the fact that such shares were not outstanding as of the close of business on the record date for such stock dividend.
(b) Reorganization Events.
(1) Definition. A “Reorganization Event” shall mean: (a) any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity as a result of which all of the Common Stock of the Company is converted into or exchanged for the right to receive cash, securities or other property or is cancelled, (b) any transfer or disposition of all of the Common Stock of the Company for cash, securities or other property pursuant to a share exchange or other transaction or (c) any liquidation or dissolution of the Company.
(2) Consequences of a Reorganization Event on Awards Other than Restricted Stock.
(A) In connection with a Reorganization Event, the Board may take any one or more of the following actions as to all or any (or any portion of) outstanding Awards other than Restricted Stock on such terms as the Board determines (except to the extent specifically provided otherwise in an applicable Award agreement or another agreement between the Company and the Participant): (i) provide that such Awards shall be assumed, or substantially equivalent Awards shall be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof), (ii) upon written notice to a Participant, provide that all of the Participant’s unvested and/or unexercised Awards will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such Reorganization Event unless exercised by the Participant (to the extent then exercisable) within a specified period following the date of such notice, (iii) provide that outstanding Awards shall become exercisable, realizable, or deliverable, or restrictions applicable to an Award shall lapse, in whole or in part prior to or upon such Reorganization Event, (iv) in the event of a Reorganization Event under the terms of which holders of Common Stock will receive upon consummation thereof a cash payment for each share surrendered in the Reorganization Event (the “ Acquisition Price ”), make or provide for a cash payment to Participants with respect to each Award held by a Participant equal to (A) the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the vested portion of the Award (after giving effect to any
 
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acceleration of vesting that occurs upon or immediately prior to such Reorganization Event) multiplied by (B) the excess, if any, of (I) the Acquisition Price over (II) the exercise, measurement or purchase price of such Award and any applicable tax withholdings, in exchange for the termination of such Award, (v) provide that, in connection with a liquidation or dissolution of the Company, Awards shall convert into the right to receive liquidation proceeds (if applicable, net of the exercise, measurement or purchase price thereof and any applicable tax withholdings) and (vi) any combination of the foregoing. In taking any of the actions permitted under this Section 9(b)(2), the Board shall not be obligated by the Plan to treat all Awards, all Awards held by a Participant, or all Awards of the same type, identically.
(B) Notwithstanding the terms of Section 9(b)(2)(A), in the case of outstanding Restricted Stock Units that are subject to Section 409A of the Code: (i) if the applicable Restricted Stock Unit agreement provides that the Restricted Stock Units shall be settled upon a “change in control event” within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5)(i), and the Reorganization Event constitutes such a “change in control event”, then no assumption or substitution shall be permitted pursuant to Section 9(b)(2)(A)(i) and the Restricted Stock Units shall instead be settled in accordance with the terms of the applicable Restricted Stock Unit agreement; and (ii) the Board may only undertake the actions set forth in clauses (iii), (iv) or (v) of Section 9(b)(2)(A) if the Reorganization Event constitutes a “change in control event” as defined under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-3(i)(5)(i) and such action is permitted or required by Section 409A of the Code; if the Reorganization Event is not a “change in control event” as so defined or such action is not permitted or required by Section 409A of the Code, and the acquiring or succeeding corporation does not assume or substitute the Restricted Stock Units pursuant to clause (i) of Section 9(b)(2)(A), then the unvested Restricted Stock Units shall terminate immediately prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Event without any payment in exchange therefor.
(C) For purposes of Section 9(b)(2)(A)(i), an Award (other than Restricted Stock) shall be considered assumed if, following consummation of the Reorganization Event, such Award confers the right to purchase or receive pursuant to the terms of such Award, for each share of Common Stock subject to the Award immediately prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Event, the consideration (whether cash, securities or other property) received as a result of the Reorganization Event by holders of Common Stock for each share of Common Stock held immediately prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Event (and if holders were offered a choice of consideration, the type of consideration chosen by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock);  provided, however , that if the consideration received as a result of the Reorganization Event is not solely common stock of the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof), the Company may, with the consent of the acquiring or succeeding corporation, provide for the consideration to be received upon the exercise or settlement of the Award to consist solely of such number of shares of common stock of the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof) that the Board determined to be equivalent in value (as of the date of such determination or another date specified by the Board) to the per share consideration received by holders of outstanding shares of Common Stock as a result of the Reorganization Event.
(3) Consequences of a Reorganization Event on Restricted Stock. Upon the occurrence of a Reorganization Event other than a liquidation or dissolution of the Company, the
 
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repurchase and other rights of the Company with respect to outstanding Restricted Stock shall inure to the benefit of the Company’s successor and shall, unless the Board determines otherwise, apply to the cash, securities or other property which the Common Stock was converted into or exchanged for pursuant to such Reorganization Event in the same manner and to the same extent as they applied to such Restricted Stock;  provided ,  however , that the Board may provide for termination or deemed satisfaction of such repurchase or other rights under the instrument evidencing any Restricted Stock or any other agreement between a Participant and the Company, either initially or by amendment. Upon the occurrence of a Reorganization Event involving the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, except to the extent specifically provided to the contrary in the instrument evidencing any Restricted Stock or any other agreement between a Participant and the Company, all restrictions and conditions on all Restricted Stock then outstanding shall automatically be deemed terminated or satisfied.
 
10.	General Provisions Applicable to Awards	
(a) Transferability of Awards. Awards shall not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise encumbered by the person to whom they are granted, either voluntarily or by operation of law, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution or, other than in the case of an Incentive Stock Option, pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order, and, during the life of the Participant, shall be exercisable only by the Participant;  provided, however , that the Board may permit or provide in an Award for the gratuitous transfer of the Award by the Participant to or for the benefit of any immediate family member, family trust or other entity established for the benefit of the Participant and/or an immediate family member thereof if the Company would be eligible to use a Form S-8 under the Securities Act for the registration of the sale of the Common Stock subject to such Award to such proposed transferee;  provided further , that the Company shall not be required to recognize any such permitted transfer until such time as such permitted transferee shall, as a condition to such transfer, deliver to the Company a written instrument in form and substance satisfactory to the Company confirming that such transferee shall be bound by all of the terms and conditions of the Award. References to a Participant, to the extent relevant in the context, shall include references to authorized transferees. For the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained in this Section 10(a) shall be deemed to restrict a transfer to the Company.
(b) Documentation. Each Award shall be evidenced in such form (written, electronic or otherwise) as the Board shall determine. Each Award may contain terms and conditions in addition to those set forth in the Plan.
(c) Board Discretion. Except as otherwise provided by the Plan, each Award may be made alone or in addition or in relation to any other Award. The terms of each Award need not be identical, and the Board need not treat Participants uniformly.
(d) Termination of Status. The Board shall determine the effect on an Award of the disability, death, termination or other cessation of employment, authorized leave of absence or other change in the employment or other status of a Participant and the extent to which, and the period during which, the Participant, or the Participant’s legal representative, conservator, guardian or Designated Beneficiary, may exercise rights under the Award.
 
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(e) Withholding. The Participant must satisfy all applicable federal, state, and local or other income and employment tax withholding obligations before the Company will deliver stock certificates or otherwise recognize ownership of Common Stock under an Award. The Company may decide to satisfy the withholding obligations through additional withholding on salary or wages. If the Company elects not to or cannot withhold from other compensation, the Participant must pay the Company the full amount, if any, required for withholding or have a broker tender to the Company cash equal to the withholding obligations. Payment of withholding obligations is due before the Company will issue any shares on exercise, vesting or release from forfeiture of an Award or at the same time as payment of the exercise or purchase price, unless the Company determines otherwise. If provided for in an Award or approved by the Board in its sole discretion, a Participant may satisfy such tax obligations in whole or in part by delivery (either by actual delivery or attestation) of shares of Common Stock, including shares retained from the Award creating the tax obligation, valued at their Fair Market Value;  provided, however , except as otherwise provided by the Board, that the total tax withholding where stock is being used to satisfy such tax obligations cannot exceed the Company’s minimum statutory withholding obligations (based on minimum statutory withholding rates for federal and state tax purposes, including payroll taxes, that are applicable to such supplemental taxable income). Shares used to satisfy tax withholding requirements cannot be subject to any repurchase, forfeiture, unfulfilled vesting or other similar requirements.
(f) Amendment of Award. Except as otherwise provided in Sections 5(g) and 6(e) with respect to repricings and Section 11(d) with respect to actions requiring stockholder approval, the Board may amend, modify or terminate any outstanding Award, including but not limited to, substituting therefor another Award of the same or a different type, changing the date of exercise or realization, and converting an Incentive Stock Option to a Nonstatutory Stock Option. The Participant’s consent to such action shall be required unless (i) the Board determines that the action, taking into account any related action, does not materially and adversely affect the Participant’s rights under the Plan or (ii) the change is permitted under Section 9.
(g) Conditions on Delivery of Stock. The Company will not be obligated to deliver any shares of Common Stock pursuant to the Plan or to remove restrictions from shares previously issued or delivered under the Plan until (i) all conditions of the Award have been met or removed to the satisfaction of the Company, (ii) in the opinion of the Company’s counsel, all other legal matters in connection with the issuance and delivery of such shares have been satisfied, including any applicable securities laws and regulations and any applicable stock exchange or stock market rules and regulations, and (iii) the Participant has executed and delivered to the Company such representations or agreements as the Company may consider appropriate to satisfy the requirements of any applicable laws, rules or regulations.
(h) Acceleration. The Board may at any time provide that any Award shall become immediately exercisable in whole or in part, free of some or all restrictions or conditions, or otherwise realizable in whole or in part, as the case may be.
 
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11.	Miscellaneous	
(a) No Right To Employment or Other Status. No person shall have any claim or right to be granted an Award by virtue of the adoption of the Plan, and the grant of an Award shall not be construed as giving a Participant the right to continued employment or any other relationship with the Company. The Company expressly reserves the right at any time to dismiss or otherwise terminate its relationship with a Participant free from any liability or claim under the Plan, except as expressly provided in the applicable Award.
(b) No Rights As Stockholder. Subject to the provisions of the applicable Award, no Participant or Designated Beneficiary shall have any rights as a stockholder with respect to any shares of Common Stock to be distributed with respect to an Award until becoming the record holder of such shares.
(c) Effective Date and Term of Plan. The Plan shall become effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-1 for the Company’s initial public offering of its Common Stock (the “ Effective Date ”). No Awards shall be granted under the Plan after the expiration of 10 years from the Effective Date, but Awards previously granted may extend beyond that date.
(d) Amendment of Plan. The Board may amend, suspend or terminate the Plan or any portion thereof at any time provided that (i) to the extent required by Section 162(m) of the Code, no Award granted to a Participant that is intended to comply with Section 162(m) of the Code after the date of such amendment shall become exercisable, realizable or vested, as applicable to such Award, unless and until the Company’s stockholders approve such amendment in the manner required by Section 162(m) of the Code; and (ii) no amendment that would require stockholder approval under the rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market may be made effective unless and until the Company’s stockholders approve such amendment. In addition, if at any time the approval of the Company’s stockholders is required as to any other modification or amendment under Section 422 of the Code or any successor provision with respect to Incentive Stock Options, the Board may not effect such modification or amendment without such approval. Unless otherwise specified in the amendment, any amendment to the Plan adopted in accordance with this Section 11(d) shall apply to, and be binding on the holders of, all Awards outstanding under the Plan at the time the amendment is adopted, provided the Board determines that such amendment, taking into account any related action, does not materially and adversely affect the rights of Participants under the Plan. No Award shall be made that is conditioned upon stockholder approval of any amendment to the Plan unless the Award provides that (i) it will terminate or be forfeited if stockholder approval of such amendment is not obtained within no more than 12 months from the date of grant and (2) it may not be exercised or settled (or otherwise result in the issuance of Common Stock) prior to such stockholder approval.
(e) Authorization of Sub-Plans (including for Grants to non-U.S. Employees). The Board may from time to time establish one or more sub-plans under the Plan for purposes of satisfying applicable securities, tax or other laws of various jurisdictions. The Board shall establish such sub-plans by adopting supplements to the Plan containing (i) such limitations on the Board’s discretion under the Plan as the Board deems necessary or desirable or (ii) such additional terms and conditions not otherwise inconsistent with the Plan as the Board shall deem
 
-12-

necessary or desirable. All supplements adopted by the Board shall be deemed to be part of the Plan, but each supplement shall apply only to Participants within the affected jurisdiction and the Company shall not be required to provide copies of any supplement to Participants in any jurisdiction which is not the subject of such supplement.
(f) Compliance with Section 409A of the Code. Except as provided in individual Award agreements initially or by amendment, if and to the extent (i) any portion of any payment, compensation or other benefit provided to a Participant pursuant to the Plan in connection with his or her employment termination constitutes “nonqualified deferred compensation” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code and (ii) the Participant is a specified employee as defined in Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, in each case as determined by the Company in accordance with its procedures, by which determinations the Participant (through accepting the Award) agrees that he or she is bound, such portion of the payment, compensation or other benefit shall not be paid before the day that is six months plus one day after the date of “separation from service” (as determined under Section 409A of the Code) (the “ New Payment Date ”), except as Section 409A of the Code may then permit. The aggregate of any payments that otherwise would have been paid to the Participant during the period between the date of separation from service and the New Payment Date shall be paid to the Participant in a lump sum on such New Payment Date, and any remaining payments will be paid on their original schedule.
The Company makes no representations or warranty and shall have no liability to the Participant or any other person if any provisions of or payments, compensation or other benefits under the Plan are determined to constitute nonqualified deferred compensation subject to Section 409A of the Code but do not to satisfy the conditions of that section.
(g) Limitations on Liability. Notwithstanding any other provisions of the Plan, no individual acting as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company will be liable to any Participant, former Participant, spouse, beneficiary, or any other person for any claim, loss, liability, or expense incurred in connection with the Plan, nor will such individual be personally liable with respect to the Plan because of any contract or other instrument he or she executes in his or her capacity as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company. The Company will indemnify and hold harmless each director, officer, employee or agent of the Company to whom any duty or power relating to the administration or interpretation of the Plan has been or will be delegated, against any cost or expense (including attorneys’ fees) or liability (including any sum paid in settlement of a claim with the Board’s approval) arising out of any act or omission to act concerning the Plan unless arising out of such person’s own fraud or bad faith.
(h) Governing Law. The provisions of the Plan and all Awards made hereunder shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, excluding choice-of-law principles of the law of such state that would require the application of the laws of a jurisdiction other than the State of Delaware.
 
-13-

Exhibit 10.6
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Incentive Stock Option Agreement
Granted Under 2014 Stock Incentive Plan
 
1.	Grant of Option.	
(a) This agreement evidences the grant by Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), on [            ] (the “ Grant Date ”) to [                    ], an employee of the Company (the “ Participant ”) of an option to purchase, in whole or in part, on the terms provided herein and in the Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “ Plan ”), a total of [                ] shares (the “ Shares ”) of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, of the Company (“ Common Stock ”), at an exercise price of $[    ] per Share. Unless earlier terminated, this option shall expire at 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on [                ] (the “ Final Exercise Date ”).
(b) It is intended that the option evidenced by this agreement shall be an incentive stock option as defined in Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any regulations promulgated thereunder (the “ Code ”) to the maximum extent permitted by law. Except as otherwise indicated by the context, the term “ Participant ”, as used in this option, shall be deemed to include any person who acquires the right to exercise this option validly under its terms.
 
2.	Vesting Schedule.	
(a) This option shall become exercisable (“vest”) as to [            ] of the shares underlying the option on [                    ] and as to an additional [        ] of the original number of shares on the first day of each successive [            ] thereafter until [                    ].
(b) The right of exercise shall be cumulative so that to the extent the option is not exercised in any period to the maximum extent permissible it shall continue to be exercisable, in whole or in part, with respect to all Shares for which it is vested until the earlier of the Final Exercise Date or the termination of this option under Section 3 hereof or the Plan.
(c) 1[Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the option shall automatically vest with respect to all of the Shares not already vested and shall become exercisable in full upon the consummation of a Change of Control Event.
(d) For the purposes of this option, a “Change of Control Event” shall mean (i) the consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other corporation or other entity (other than a merger or consolidation in which all or substantially all of the individuals and entities who were beneficial owners of outstanding securities entitled to vote generally in the election of directors of the Company (“ Company Voting Securities ”) immediately prior to such transaction beneficially own, directly or indirectly, a majority of the combined voting power of the then outstanding securities entitled to vote generally in the election of directors of the resulting, surviving or acquiring corporation in such transaction in substantially the same proportions as
 
1 	Include Sections 2(c) and (d) if change of control acceleration desired.	

their ownership of Company Voting Securities immediately prior to such merger or consolidation ), or (ii) the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company to any other corporation or other entity.]
 
3.	Exercise of Option.	
(a) Form of Exercise. Each election to exercise this option shall be in writing, in the form of the Stock Option Exercise Notice attached as  Annex A , signed by the Participant, and received by the Company at its principal office, accompanied by this agreement, or in such other form (which may be electronic) as is approved by the Company, together with payment in full in the manner provided in the Plan. The Participant may purchase less than the number of shares covered hereby, provided that no partial exercise of this option may be for any fractional share.
(b) Continuous Relationship with the Company Required. Except as otherwise provided in this Section 3, this option may not be exercised unless the Participant, at the time he or she exercises this option, is, and has been at all times since the Grant Date, an employee, director or officer of, or consultant or advisor to, the Company or any other entity the employees, officers, directors, consultants, or advisors of which are eligible to receive option grants under the Plan (an “ Eligible Participant ”).
(c) Termination of Relationship with the Company. If the Participant ceases to be an Eligible Participant for any reason, then, except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) below, the right to exercise this option shall terminate three months after such cessation (but in no event after the Final Exercise Date),  provided that  this option shall be exercisable only to the extent that the Participant was entitled to exercise this option on the date of such cessation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Participant, prior to the Final Exercise Date, violates the non-competition or confidentiality provisions of any employment contract, confidentiality and nondisclosure agreement or other agreement between the Participant and the Company, the right to exercise this option shall terminate immediately upon such violation.
(d) Exercise Period Upon Death or Disability. If the Participant dies or becomes disabled (within the meaning of
Section 22(e)(3) of the Code) prior to the Final Exercise Date while he or she is an Eligible Participant and the Company has not terminated such relationship for “Cause” as specified in paragraph (e) below, this option shall be exercisable, within the period of one year following the date of death or disability of the Participant, by the Participant (or in the case of death by an authorized transferee),  provided that  this option shall be exercisable only to the extent that this option was exercisable by the Participant on the date of his or her death or disability, and further provided that this option shall not be exercisable after the Final Exercise Date.
(e) Termination for Cause. If, prior to the Final Exercise Date, the Participant’s employment is terminated by the Company for Cause, the right to exercise this option shall terminate immediately upon the effective date of such termination of employment. “ Cause ” shall have the meaning set forth in any employment or other agreement between the Participant and the Company or, in the absence of such an agreement, shall mean, in the good faith determination of the Company, the Participant has: (i) committed gross negligence or willful malfeasance in the performance of the Participant’s work or duties; (ii) committed a breach of
 
- 2 -

fiduciary duty or a breach of any non-competition, non-solicitation or confidentiality obligations to the Company; (iii) failed to follow the proper directions of the Participant’s direct or indirect supervisor after written notice of such failure; (iv) been convicted of, or pleaded “guilty” or “no contest” to, any misdemeanor relating to the affairs of the Company or any felony; (v) disregarded the material rules or material policies of the Company which has not been cured within 15 days after notice thereof from the Company; or (vi) engaged in intentional acts that have generated material adverse publicity toward or about the Company.
 
4.	Tax Matters.	
(a) Withholding. No Shares will be issued pursuant to the exercise of this option unless and until the Participant pays to the Company, or makes provision satisfactory to the Company for payment of, any federal, state or local withholding taxes required by law to be withheld in respect of this option.
(b) Disqualifying Disposition. If the Participant disposes of Shares acquired upon exercise of this option within two years from the Grant Date or one year after such Shares were acquired pursuant to exercise of this option, the Participant shall notify the Company in writing of such disposition.
 
5.	Transfer Restrictions.	
This option may not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise encumbered by the Participant, either voluntarily or by operation of law, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and, during the lifetime of the Participant, this option shall be exercisable only by the Participant.
 
6.	Provisions of the Plan.	
This option is subject to the provisions of the Plan (including the provisions relating to amendments to the Plan), a copy of which is furnished to the Participant with this option.
[Signature pages follow.]
 
- 3 -

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this option to be executed under its corporate seal by its duly authorized officer. This option shall take effect as a sealed instrument.

TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	 	
Title:	 	 	
 
- 4 -

The undersigned hereby accepts the foregoing option and agrees to the terms and conditions thereof. This option satisfies in full all commitments that the Company has to the Participant with respect to the issuance of stock, stock options or other equity securities. The undersigned hereby acknowledges receipt of a copy of the Plan.

PARTICIPANT:	
 	
Signature of Participant	
 	
Print Name of Participant	
 	
Street Address	
 	
City/State/Zip Code	
 
- 5 -

ANNEX A
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Stock Option Exercise Notice
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
One Broadway, 14th floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
Dear Sir or Madam:
I,                                  (the “Participant”), hereby irrevocably exercise the right to purchase                  shares of the Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “ Shares ”), of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “ Company ”) at $           per share pursuant to the Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and a stock option agreement with the Company dated                        (the “ Option Agreement ”). Enclosed herewith is a payment of $          , the aggregate purchase price for the Shares. The certificate for the Shares should be registered in my name as it appears below or, if so indicated below, jointly in my name and the name of the person designated below, with right of survivorship.

Dated:	 	 	
 	
Signature of Participant	
 	
Print Name of Participant	
 	
Address:	

 	
Name and address of persons in whose name the Shares are to be jointly registered (if applicable):

 
- 6 -

Exhibit 10.7
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement
Granted Under 2014 Stock Incentive Plan
 
1.	Grant of Option.	
(a) This agreement evidences the grant by Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), on [            ] (the “ Grant Date ”) to [            ], an employee of the Company (the “ Participant ”) of an option to purchase, in whole or in part, on the terms provided herein and in the Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “ Plan ”), a total of [            ] shares (the “ Shares ”) of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, of the Company (“ Common Stock ”), at an exercise price of $[            ] per Share. Unless earlier terminated, this option shall expire at 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on [            ] (the “ Final Exercise Date ”).
(b) It is intended that the option evidenced by this agreement shall not be an incentive stock option as defined in Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any regulations promulgated thereunder (the “ Code ”). Except as otherwise indicated by the context, the term “ Participant ”, as used in this option, shall be deemed to include any person who acquires the right to exercise this option validly under its terms.
 
2.	Vesting Schedule.	
(a) This option shall become exercisable (“vest”) as to [            ] of the shares underlying the option on [                ] and as to an additional [            ] of the original number of shares on the first day of each successive [                    ] thereafter until [                    ].
(b) The right of exercise shall be cumulative so that to the extent the option is not exercised in any period to the maximum extent permissible it shall continue to be exercisable, in whole or in part, with respect to all Shares for which it is vested until the earlier of the Final Exercise Date or the termination of this option under Section 3 hereof or the Plan.
(c) 1[Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the option shall automatically vest with respect to all of the Shares not already vested and shall become exercisable in full upon the consummation of a Change of Control Event.
(d) For the purposes of this option, a “Change of Control Event” shall mean (i) the consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other corporation or other entity (other than a merger or consolidation in which all or substantially all of the individuals and entities who were beneficial owners of outstanding securities entitled to vote generally in the election of directors of the Company (“ Company Voting Securities ”) immediately prior to such transaction beneficially own, directly or indirectly, a majority of the combined voting power of the then outstanding securities entitled to vote generally in the election of directors of the resulting, surviving or acquiring corporation in such transaction in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of Company Voting Securities immediately prior to such merger or consolidation ), or (ii) the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company to any other corporation or other entity.]
 
1 	Include Sections 2(c) and (d) if change of control acceleration desired.	

3.	Exercise of Option.	
(a) Form of Exercise. Each election to exercise this option shall be in writing, in the form of the Stock Option Exercise Notice attached as  Annex A , signed by the Participant, and received by the Company at its principal office, accompanied by this agreement, or in such other form (which may be electronic) as is approved by the Company, together with payment in full in the manner provided in the Plan. The Participant may purchase less than the number of shares covered hereby, provided that no partial exercise of this option may be for any fractional share.
(b) Continuous Relationship with the Company Required. Except as otherwise provided in this Section 3, this option may not be exercised unless the Participant, at the time he or she exercises this option, is, and has been at all times since the Grant Date, an employee, director or officer of, or consultant or advisor to, the Company or any other entity the employees, officers, directors, consultants, or advisors of which are eligible to receive option grants under the Plan (an “ Eligible Participant ”).
(c) Termination of Relationship with the Company. If the Participant ceases to be an Eligible Participant for any reason, then, except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) below, the right to exercise this option shall terminate three months after such cessation (but in no event after the Final Exercise Date),  provided that  this option shall be exercisable only to the extent that the Participant was entitled to exercise this option on the date of such cessation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Participant, prior to the Final Exercise Date, violates the non-competition or confidentiality provisions of any employment contract, confidentiality and nondisclosure agreement or other agreement between the Participant and the Company, the right to exercise this option shall terminate immediately upon such violation.
(d) Exercise Period Upon Death or Disability. If the Participant dies or becomes disabled (within the meaning of
Section 22(e)(3) of the Code) prior to the Final Exercise Date while he or she is an Eligible Participant and the Company has not terminated such relationship for “Cause” as specified in paragraph (e) below, this option shall be exercisable, within the period of one year following the date of death or disability of the Participant, by the Participant (or in the case of death by an authorized transferee),  provided that  this option shall be exercisable only to the extent that this option was exercisable by the Participant on the date of his or her death or disability, and further provided that this option shall not be exercisable after the Final Exercise Date.
(e) Termination for Cause. If, prior to the Final Exercise Date, the Participant’s employment or other relationship with the Company is terminated by the Company for Cause, the right to exercise this option shall terminate immediately upon the effective date of such termination of employment or other relationship. “ Cause ” shall have the meaning set forth in any employment or other agreement between the Participant and the Company or, in the absence of such an agreement, shall mean, in the good faith determination of the Company, the Participant has: (i) committed gross negligence or willful malfeasance in the performance of the Participant’s work or duties; (ii) committed a breach of fiduciary duty or a breach of any
 
- 2 -

non-competition, non-solicitation or confidentiality obligations to the Company; (iii) failed to follow the proper directions of the Participant’s direct or indirect supervisor after written notice of such failure; (iv) been convicted of, or pleaded “guilty” or “no contest” to, any misdemeanor relating to the affairs of the Company or any felony; (v) disregarded the material rules or material policies of the Company which has not been cured within 15 days after notice thereof from the Company; or (vi) engaged in intentional acts that have generated material adverse publicity toward or about the Company.
 
4.	Withholding.	
No Shares will be issued pursuant to the exercise of this option unless and until the Participant pays to the Company, or makes provision satisfactory to the Company for payment of, any federal, state or local withholding taxes required by law to be withheld in respect of this option.
 
5.	Transfer Restrictions.	
This option may not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise encumbered by the Participant, either voluntarily or by operation of law, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and, during the lifetime of the Participant, this option shall be exercisable only by the Participant.
 
6.	Provisions of the Plan.	
This option is subject to the provisions of the Plan (including the provisions relating to amendments to the Plan), a copy of which is furnished to the Participant with this option.
[Signature pages follow.]
 
- 3 -

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this option to be executed under its corporate seal by its duly authorized officer. This option shall take effect as a sealed instrument.

TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	 	
Title:	 	 	
 
- 4 -

The undersigned hereby accepts the foregoing option and agrees to the terms and conditions thereof. This option satisfies in full all commitments that the Company has to the Participant with respect to the issuance of stock, stock options or other equity securities. The undersigned hereby acknowledges receipt of a copy of the Plan.

PARTICIPANT:	
 	
Signature of Participant	
 	
Print Name of Participant	
 	
Street Address	
 	
City/State/Zip Code	
 
- 5 -

ANNEX A
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Stock Option Exercise Notice
Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
One Broadway, 14th floor
Cambridge, MA 02142
Dear Sir or Madam:
I,                                  (the “Participant”), hereby irrevocably exercise the right to purchase                  shares of the Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share (the “ Shares ”), of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “ Company ”) at $           per share pursuant to the Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan and a stock option agreement with the Company dated                        (the “ Option Agreement ”). Enclosed herewith is a payment of $          , the aggregate purchase price for the Shares. The certificate for the Shares should be registered in my name as it appears below or, if so indicated below, jointly in my name and the name of the person designated below, with right of survivorship.

Dated:	 	 	

Signature of Participant	
 	
Print Name of Participant	
 	
Address:	

 	

Name and address of persons in whose name the Shares are to be jointly registered (if applicable):

 
- 6 -

Exhibit 10.13
INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT
This Indemnification Agreement (“Agreement”) is made as of                     , 2014 by and between Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and                      (the “Indemnitee”). This Agreement supersedes and replaces any and all previous Agreements between the Company and Indemnitee covering the subject matter of this Agreement.
RECITALS
WHEREAS, highly competent persons have become more reluctant to serve publicly-held corporations as directors, officers or in other capacities unless they are provided with adequate protection through insurance or adequate indemnification against inordinate risks of claims and actions against them arising out of their service to and activities on behalf of the corporation;
WHEREAS, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) has determined that, in order to attract and retain qualified individuals, the Company will attempt to maintain on an ongoing basis, at its sole expense, liability insurance to protect persons serving the Company and its subsidiaries from certain liabilities. Although the furnishing of such insurance has been a customary and widespread practice among United States-based corporations and other business enterprises, the Company believes that, given current market conditions and trends, such insurance may be available to it in the future only at higher premiums and with more exclusions. At the same time, directors, officers, and other persons in service to corporations or business enterprises are being increasingly subjected to expensive and time-consuming litigation relating to, among other things, matters that traditionally would have been brought only against the Company or business enterprise itself. The certificate of incorporation of the Company (as the same may be amended from time to time, the “Certificate of Incorporation”) requires indemnification of the officers and directors of the Company. Indemnitee may also be entitled to indemnification pursuant to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”). The Certificate of Incorporation and the DGCL expressly provide that the indemnification provisions set forth therein are not exclusive, and thereby contemplate that contracts may be entered into between the Company and members of the board of directors, officers and other persons with respect to indemnification;
WHEREAS, the uncertainties relating to such insurance and to indemnification have increased the difficulty of attracting and retaining such persons;
WHEREAS, the Board has determined that the increased difficulty in attracting and retaining such persons is detrimental to the best interests of the Company and its stockholders and that the Company should act to assure such persons that there will be increased certainty of such protection in the future;
WHEREAS, it is reasonable, prudent and necessary for the Company contractually to obligate itself to indemnify, and to advance expenses on behalf of, such persons to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law so that they will serve or continue to serve the Company free from undue concern that they will not be so indemnified;

WHEREAS, this Agreement is a supplement to and in furtherance of the Certificate of Incorporation and any resolutions adopted pursuant thereto, and shall not be deemed a substitute therefor, nor to diminish or abrogate any rights of Indemnitee thereunder; [and]
WHEREAS, Indemnitee does not regard the protection available under the Certificate of Incorporation and insurance as adequate in the present circumstances, and may not be willing to serve as an officer or director without adequate protection, and the Company desires Indemnitee to serve in such capacity. Indemnitee is willing to serve, continue to serve and to take on additional service for or on behalf of the Company on the condition that he be so indemnified; [and]
1[WHEREAS, Indemnitee is a representative of                      [and its affiliated investment funds] (the “Fund”), and has certain rights to indemnification and/or insurance provided by the Fund which Indemnitee and the Fund intend to be secondary to the primary obligation of the Company to indemnify Indemnitee as provided herein, with the Company’s acknowledgement and agreement to the foregoing being a material condition to Indemnitee’s willingness to serve on the Board;]
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the covenants contained herein, the Company and Indemnitee do hereby covenant and agree as follows:
Section 1. Services to the Company. Indemnitee agrees to serve as a[n] [director] [and] [officer] of the Company. Indemnitee may at any time and for any reason resign from such position (subject to any other contractual obligation or any obligation imposed by operation of law), in which event the Company shall have no obligation under this Agreement to continue Indemnitee in such position. This Agreement shall not be deemed an employment contract between the Company (or of its subsidiaries or any Enterprise) and Indemnitee. Indemnitee specifically acknowledges that Indemnitee’s employment with the Company (or of its subsidiaries or any Enterprise), if any, is at will, and the Indemnitee may be discharged at any time for any reason, with or without cause, except as may be otherwise provided in any written employment contract between Indemnitee and the Company (or of its subsidiaries or any Enterprise), other applicable formal severance policies duly adopted by the Board, or, with respect to service as a director or officer of the Company, by the Certificate of Incorporation, the Company’s Bylaws, and the DGCL. The foregoing notwithstanding, this Agreement shall continue in force after Indemnitee has ceased to serve as a[n] [director] [or] [officer] of the Company, as provided in Section 16 hereof.
Section 2. Definitions. As used in this Agreement:
(a) References to “agent” shall mean any person who is or was a director, officer, or employee of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company or other person authorized by the Company to act for the Company, to include such person serving in such capacity as a director, officer, employee, fiduciary or other official of another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust or other enterprise at the request of, for the convenience of, or to represent the interests of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company.
 
1 	Include this recital and the other bracketed provisions where indicated throughout if the Indemnitee is affiliated with a venture capital fund or other entity that provides indemnification to the Indemnitee.	
 
-2-

(b) A “Change in Control” shall be deemed to occur upon the earliest to occur after the date of this Agreement of any of the following events:
i. Acquisition of Stock by Third Party. Any Person (as defined below) is or becomes the Beneficial Owner (as defined below), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing forty percent (40%) or more of the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities unless the change in relative Beneficial Ownership of the Company’s securities by any Person results solely from a reduction in the aggregate number of outstanding shares of securities entitled to vote generally in the election of directors;
ii. Change in Board of Directors. During any period of two (2) consecutive years (not including any period prior to the execution of this Agreement), individuals who at the beginning of such period constitute the Board, and any new director (other than a director designated by a person who has entered into an agreement with the Company to effect a transaction described in Sections 2(b)(i), 2(b)(iii) or 2(b)(iv)) whose election by the Board or nomination for election by the Company’s stockholders was approved by a vote of at least two-thirds of the directors then still in office who either were directors at the beginning of the period or whose election or nomination for election was previously so approved, cease for any reason to constitute at least a majority of the members of the Board;
iii. Corporate Transactions. The effective date of a merger or consolidation of the Company with any other entity, other than a merger or consolidation which would result in the voting securities of the Company outstanding immediately prior to such merger or consolidation continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or its ultimate parent, as applicable) more than 51% of the combined voting power of the voting securities of the surviving entity or its ultimate parent, as applicable, outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation and with the power to elect at least a majority of the board of directors or other governing body of such surviving entity or its ultimate parent, as applicable;
iv. Liquidation or Sale of Assets. The approval by the stockholders of the Company of a complete liquidation of the Company or an agreement for the sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets; and
v. Other Events. There occurs any other event of a nature that would be required to be reported in response to Item 6(e) of Schedule 14A of Regulation 14A (or a response to any similar item on any similar schedule or form) promulgated under the Exchange Act (as defined below), whether or not the Company is then subject to such reporting requirement.
 
-3-

For purposes of this Section 2(b), the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(A) “Exchange Act” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time.
(B) “Person” shall have the meaning as set forth in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, that Person shall exclude (i) the Company, (ii) any trustee or other fiduciary holding securities under an employee benefit plan of the Company, and (iii) any corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by the stockholders of the Company in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of stock of the Company.
(C) “Beneficial Owner” shall have the meaning given to such term in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act; provided, however, that Beneficial Owner shall exclude any Person otherwise becoming a Beneficial Owner by reason of the stockholders of the Company approving a merger of the Company with another entity.
(c) “Corporate Status” describes the status of a person as a current or former director or officer of the Company or as a current or former director, manager, partner, officer, employee, agent, or trustee of any other entity or enterprise that such person is or was serving at the request of the Company.
(d) “Disinterested Director” shall mean a director of the Company who is not and was not a party to the Proceeding in respect of which indemnification is sought by Indemnitee.
(e) “Enterprise” shall mean the Company and any other corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise of which Indemnitee is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, trustee, partner, managing member, employee, agent or fiduciary.
(f) “Expenses” shall include all reasonable attorneys’ fees, retainers, court costs, transcript costs, fees of experts and other professionals, witness fees, travel expenses, duplicating costs, printing and binding costs, telephone charges, postage, delivery service fees, any federal, state, local or foreign taxes imposed on Indemnitee as a result of the actual or deemed receipt of any payments under this Agreement, ERISA excise taxes and penalties, and all other disbursements or expenses of the types customarily incurred in connection with prosecuting, defending, preparing to prosecute or defend, investigating, being or preparing to be a witness in, or otherwise participating in, a Proceeding. Expenses also shall include (i) Expenses incurred in connection with any appeal resulting from any Proceeding, including without limitation the premium, security for, and other costs relating to any cost bond, supersedeas bond, or other appeal bond or its equivalent, and (ii) for purposes of Section 14(d) only, Expenses incurred by Indemnitee in connection with the interpretation, enforcement or defense of Indemnitee’s rights under this Agreement, by litigation or otherwise. The parties agree that for
 
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the purposes of any advancement of Expenses for which Indemnitee has made written demand to the Company in accordance with this Agreement, all Expenses included in such demand that are certified by affidavit of Indemnitee’s counsel as being reasonable shall be presumed conclusively to be reasonable. Expenses, however, shall not include amounts paid in settlement by Indemnitee or the amount of judgments or fines against Indemnitee.
(g) “Independent Counsel” shall mean a law firm, or a member of a law firm, that is experienced in matters of corporation law and neither presently is, nor in the past five years has been, retained to represent: (i) the Company or Indemnitee in any matter material to either such party (other than with respect to matters concerning the Indemnitee under this Agreement, or of other indemnitees under similar indemnification agreements), or (ii) any other party to the Proceeding giving rise to a claim for indemnification hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the term “Independent Counsel” shall not include any person who, under the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing, would have a conflict of interest in representing either the Company or Indemnitee in an action to determine Indemnitee’s rights under this Agreement. The Company agrees to pay the reasonable fees and expenses of the Independent Counsel referred to above and to fully indemnify such counsel against any and all Expenses, claims, liabilities and damages arising out of or relating to this Agreement or its engagement pursuant hereto.
(h) The term “Proceeding” shall include any threatened, pending or completed action, suit, claim, counterclaim, cross claim, arbitration, mediation, alternate dispute resolution mechanism, investigation, inquiry, administrative hearing or any other actual, threatened or completed proceeding, whether brought in the right of the Company or otherwise and whether of a civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or investigative (formal or informal) nature, including any appeal therefrom, in which Indemnitee was, is or will be involved as a party, potential party, non-party witness or otherwise by reason of the fact that Indemnitee is or was a director or officer of the Company, by reason of any action taken by him (or a failure to take action by him) or of any action (or failure to act) on his part while acting pursuant to his Corporate Status, in each case whether or not serving in such capacity at the time any liability or Expense is incurred for which indemnification, reimbursement, or advancement of Expenses can be provided under this Agreement. If the Indemnitee believes in good faith that a given situation may lead to or culminate in the institution of a Proceeding, this shall be considered a Proceeding under this paragraph.
(i) Reference to “other enterprise” shall include employee benefit plans; references to “fines” shall include any excise tax assessed with respect to any employee benefit plan; references to “serving at the request of the Company” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in manner “not opposed to the best interests of the Company” as referred to in this Agreement.
 
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Section 3. Indemnity in Third-Party Proceedings. The Company shall indemnify Indemnitee in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3 if Indemnitee is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or a participant in any Proceeding, other than a Proceeding by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor. Pursuant to this Section 3, Indemnitee shall be indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law against all Expenses, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement (including all interest, assessments and other charges paid or payable in connection with or in respect of such Expenses, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement) actually and reasonably incurred by Indemnitee or on his behalf in connection with such Proceeding or any claim, issue or matter therein, if Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company and, in the case of a criminal Proceeding had no reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful. The parties hereto intend that this Agreement shall provide to the fullest extent permitted by law for indemnification in excess of that expressly permitted by statute, including, without limitation, any indemnification provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, the Bylaws, vote of its stockholders or disinterested directors or applicable law.
Section 4. Indemnity in Proceedings by or in the Right of the Company. The Company shall indemnify Indemnitee in accordance with the provisions of this Section 4 if Indemnitee is, or is threatened to be made, a party to or a participant in any Proceeding by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor. Pursuant to this Section 4, Indemnitee shall be indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by him or on his behalf in connection with such Proceeding or any claim, issue or matter therein, if Indemnitee acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company. No indemnification for Expenses shall be made under this Section 4 in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which Indemnitee shall have been finally adjudged by a court to be liable to the Company, unless and only to the extent that the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Delaware Court”) or any court in which the Proceeding was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, Indemnitee is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification for such expenses as the Delaware Court shall deem proper.
Section 5. Indemnification for Expenses of a Party Who is Wholly or Partly Successful. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law and to the extent that Indemnitee is a party to (or a participant in) and is successful, on the merits or otherwise, in any Proceeding or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, in whole or in part, the Company shall indemnify Indemnitee against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection therewith. If Indemnitee is not wholly successful in such Proceeding but is successful, on the merits or otherwise, as to one or more but less than all claims, issues or matters in such Proceeding, the Company shall indemnify Indemnitee against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by him or on his behalf in connection with or related to each successfully resolved claim, issue or matter to the fullest extent permitted by law. For purposes of this Section and without limitation, the termination of any claim, issue or matter in such a Proceeding by dismissal, with or without prejudice, shall be deemed to be a successful result as to such claim, issue or matter.
 
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Section 6. Indemnification For Expenses of a Witness. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law and to the extent that Indemnitee is, by reason of his Corporate Status, a witness or otherwise asked to participate in any Proceeding to which Indemnitee is not a party, he shall be indemnified against all Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by him or on his behalf in connection therewith.
Section 7. Partial Indemnification. If Indemnitee is entitled under any provision of this Agreement to indemnification by the Company for some or a portion of Expenses, but not, however, for the total amount thereof, the Company shall nevertheless indemnify Indemnitee for the portion thereof to which Indemnitee is entitled.
Section 8. Additional Indemnification.
(a) Notwithstanding any limitation in Sections 3, 4, or 5, the Company shall indemnify Indemnitee to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law if Indemnitee is a party to or threatened to be made a party to any Proceeding (including a Proceeding by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor) against all Expenses, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement (including all interest, assessments and other charges paid or payable in connection with or in respect of such Expenses, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement) actually and reasonably incurred by Indemnitee in connection with the Proceeding.
(b) For purposes of Section 8(a), the meaning of the phrase “to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law” shall include, but not be limited to:
i. to the fullest extent permitted by the provision of the DGCL that authorizes or contemplates additional indemnification by agreement, or the corresponding provision of any amendment to or replacement of the DGCL, and
ii. to the fullest extent authorized or permitted by any amendments to or replacements of the DGCL adopted after the date of this Agreement that increase the extent to which a corporation may indemnify its officers and directors.
Section 9. Exclusions. Notwithstanding any provision in this Agreement [but subject to Section 15(e), however], the Company shall not be obligated under this Agreement to make any indemnification payment in connection with any claim made against Indemnitee:
(a) for which payment has actually been made to or on behalf of Indemnitee under any insurance policy or other indemnity provision, except with respect to any excess beyond the amount paid under any insurance policy or other indemnity provision; or
(b) for (i) an accounting of profits made from the purchase and sale (or sale and purchase) by Indemnitee of securities of the Company within the meaning of Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act (as defined in Section 2(b) hereof) or similar provisions of state statutory law or common law, or (ii) any reimbursement of the Company by the Indemnitee of any bonus
 
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or other incentive-based or equity-based compensation or of any profits realized by the Indemnitee from the sale of securities of the Company, as required in each case under the Exchange Act (including any such reimbursements that arise from an accounting restatement of the Company pursuant to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), or the payment to the Company of profits arising from the purchase and sale by Indemnitee of securities in violation of Section 306 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act); or
(c) except as provided in Section 14(d) of this Agreement, in connection with any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) initiated by Indemnitee, including any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) initiated by Indemnitee against the Company or its directors, officers, employees or other indemnitees, unless (i) the Board authorized the Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) prior to its initiation or (ii) the Company provides the indemnification, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the Company under applicable law.
Section 10. Advances of Expenses. Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary (other than Section 14(d)), the Company shall advance, to the extent not prohibited by law, the Expenses incurred by Indemnitee in connection with any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding) not initiated by Indemnitee, and such advancement shall be made within thirty (30) days after the receipt by the Company of a statement or statements requesting such advances from time to time, whether prior to or after final disposition of any Proceeding. Advances shall be unsecured and interest free. Advances shall be made without regard to Indemnitee’s ability to repay the Expenses and without regard to Indemnitee’s ultimate entitlement to indemnification under the other provisions of this Agreement. In accordance with Section 14(d), advances shall include any and all reasonable Expenses incurred pursuing an action to enforce this right of advancement, including Expenses incurred preparing and forwarding statements to the Company to support the advances claimed. The Indemnitee shall qualify for advances upon the execution and delivery to the Company of this Agreement, which shall constitute an undertaking providing that the Indemnitee undertakes to repay the amounts advanced (without interest) to the extent that it is ultimately determined that Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified by the Company. No other form of undertaking shall be required other than the execution of this Agreement. This Section 10 shall not apply to any claim made by Indemnitee for which indemnity is excluded pursuant to Section 9.
Section 11. Procedure for Notification and Defense of Claim.
(a) Indemnitee shall notify the Company in writing of any matter with respect to which Indemnitee intends to seek indemnification or advancement of Expenses hereunder as soon as reasonably practicable following the receipt by Indemnitee of written notice thereof. The written notification to the Company shall include a description of the nature of the Proceeding and the facts underlying the Proceeding. To obtain indemnification under this Agreement, Indemnitee shall submit to the Company a written request, including therein or therewith such documentation and information as is reasonably available to Indemnitee and is reasonably necessary to determine whether and to what extent Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification following the final disposition of such Proceeding. The omission by Indemnitee to notify the Company hereunder will not relieve the Company from any liability which it may have to
 
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Indemnitee hereunder or otherwise than under this Agreement, and any delay in so notifying the Company shall not constitute a waiver by Indemnitee of any rights under this Agreement. The Secretary of the Company shall, promptly upon receipt of such a request for indemnification, advise the Board in writing that Indemnitee has requested indemnification.
(b) The Company will be entitled to participate in the Proceeding at its own expense.
Section 12. Procedure Upon Application for Indemnification.
(a) Upon written request by Indemnitee for indemnification pursuant to Section 11(a), a determination, if required by applicable law, with respect to Indemnitee’s entitlement thereto shall be made in the specific case: (i) if a Change in Control shall have occurred, by Independent Counsel in a written opinion to the Board, a copy of which shall be delivered to Indemnitee; or (ii) if a Change in Control shall not have occurred, (A) by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum of the Board, (B) by a committee of Disinterested Directors designated by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum of the Board, (C) if there are no such Disinterested Directors or, if such Disinterested Directors so direct, by Independent Counsel in a written opinion to the Board, a copy of which shall be delivered to Indemnitee or (D) if so directed by the Board, by the stockholders of the Company; and, if it is so determined that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, payment to Indemnitee shall be made within ten (10) days after such determination. Indemnitee shall cooperate with the person, persons or entity making such determination with respect to Indemnitee’s entitlement to indemnification, including providing to such person, persons or entity upon reasonable advance request any documentation or information which is not privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure and which is reasonably available to Indemnitee and reasonably necessary to such determination. Any costs or Expenses (including attorneys’ fees and disbursements) incurred by Indemnitee in so cooperating with the person, persons or entity making such determination shall be borne by the Company (irrespective of the determination as to Indemnitee’s entitlement to indemnification) and the Company hereby indemnifies and agrees to hold Indemnitee harmless therefrom. The Company promptly will advise Indemnitee in writing with respect to any determination that Indemnitee is or is not entitled to indemnification, including a description of any reason or basis for which indemnification has been denied.
(b) In the event the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by Independent Counsel pursuant to Section 12(a) hereof, the Independent Counsel shall be selected as provided in this Section 12(b). If a Change in Control shall not have occurred, the Independent Counsel shall be selected by the Board, and the Company shall give written notice to Indemnitee advising him of the identity of the Independent Counsel so selected. If a Change in Control shall have occurred, the Independent Counsel shall be selected by Indemnitee (unless Indemnitee shall request that such selection be made by the Board, in which event the preceding sentence shall apply), and Indemnitee shall give written notice to the Company advising it of the identity of the Independent Counsel so selected. In either event, Indemnitee or the Company, as the case may be, may, within ten (10) days after such written notice of selection shall have been given, deliver to the Company or to Indemnitee, as the case may be, a written objection to such
 
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selection; provided, however, that such objection may be asserted only on the ground that the Independent Counsel so selected does not meet the requirements of “Independent Counsel” as defined in Section 2 of this Agreement, and the objection shall set forth with particularity the factual basis of such assertion. Absent a proper and timely objection, the person so selected shall act as Independent Counsel. If such written objection is so made and substantiated, the Independent Counsel so selected may not serve as Independent Counsel unless and until such objection is withdrawn or the Delaware Court has determined that such objection is without merit. If, within twenty (20) days after the later of submission by Indemnitee of a written request for indemnification pursuant to Section 11(a) hereof and the final disposition of the Proceeding, no Independent Counsel shall have been selected and not objected to, either the Company or Indemnitee may petition the Delaware Court for resolution of any objection which shall have been made by the Company or Indemnitee to the other’s selection of Independent Counsel and/or for the appointment as Independent Counsel of a person selected by such court or by such other person as such court shall designate, and the person with respect to whom all objections are so resolved or the person so appointed shall act as Independent Counsel under Section 12(a) hereof. Upon the due commencement of any judicial proceeding or arbitration pursuant to Section 14(a) of this Agreement, Independent Counsel shall be discharged and relieved of any further responsibility in such capacity (subject to the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing).
Section 13. Presumptions and Effect of Certain Proceedings.
(a) In making a determination with respect to entitlement to indemnification hereunder, the person or persons or entity making such determination shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, presume that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification under this Agreement if Indemnitee has submitted a request for indemnification in accordance with Section 11(a) of this Agreement, and the Company shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, have the burden of proof to overcome that presumption in connection with the making by any person, persons or entity of any determination contrary to that presumption. Neither the failure of the Company (including by its directors or Independent Counsel) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of any action pursuant to this Agreement that indemnification is proper in the circumstances because Indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct, nor an actual determination by the Company (including by its directors or Independent Counsel) that Indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that Indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct.
(b) Subject to Section 14(e), if the person, persons or entity empowered or selected under Section 12 of this Agreement to determine whether Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification shall not have made a determination within sixty (60) days after receipt by the Company of the request therefor, the requisite determination of entitlement to indemnification shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, be deemed to have been made and Indemnitee shall be entitled to such indemnification, absent (i) a misstatement by Indemnitee of a material fact, or an omission of a material fact necessary to make Indemnitee’s statement not materially misleading, in connection with the request for indemnification, or (ii) a prohibition of such indemnification under applicable law; provided, however, that such 60-day period may be extended for a reasonable time, not to exceed an additional thirty (30) days, if the person,
 
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persons or entity making the determination with respect to entitlement to indemnification in good faith requires such additional time for the obtaining or evaluating of documentation and/or information relating thereto; and provided, further, that the foregoing provisions of this Section 13(b) shall not apply (i) if the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by the stockholders pursuant to Section 12(a) of this Agreement and if (A) within fifteen (15) days after receipt by the Company of the request for such determination the Board has resolved to submit such determination to the stockholders for their consideration at an annual meeting thereof to be held within seventy-five (75) days after such receipt and such determination is made thereat, or (B) a special meeting of stockholders is called within fifteen (15) days after such receipt for the purpose of making such determination, such meeting is held for such purpose within sixty (60) days after having been so called and such determination is made thereat, or (ii) if the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by Independent Counsel pursuant to Section 12(a) of this Agreement.
(c) The termination of any Proceeding or of any claim, issue or matter therein, by judgment, order, settlement or conviction, or upon a plea of  nolo contendere  or its equivalent, shall not (except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement) of itself adversely affect the right of Indemnitee to indemnification or create a presumption that Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company or, with respect to any criminal Proceeding, that Indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful.
(d) For purposes of any determination of good faith, Indemnitee shall be deemed to have acted in good faith if Indemnitee’s action is based on the records or books of account of the Enterprise, including financial statements, or on information supplied to Indemnitee by the directors or officers of the Enterprise in the course of their duties, or on the advice of legal counsel for the Enterprise or on information or records given or reports made to the Enterprise by an independent certified public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert selected with the reasonable care by the Enterprise. The provisions of this Section 13(d) shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in any way the other circumstances in which the Indemnitee may be deemed to have met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in this Agreement.
(e) The knowledge and/or actions, or failure to act, of any director, officer, trustee, partner, managing member, fiduciary, agent or employee of the Enterprise shall not be imputed to Indemnitee for purposes of determining the right to indemnification under this Agreement.
Section 14. Remedies of Indemnitee.
(a) Subject to Section 14(e), in the event that (i) a determination is made pursuant to Section 12 of this Agreement that Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification under this Agreement, (ii) advancement of Expenses is not timely made pursuant to Section 10 of this Agreement, (iii) no determination of entitlement to indemnification shall have been made pursuant to Section 12(a) of this Agreement within ninety (90) days after receipt by the Company of the request for indemnification, (iv) payment of indemnification is not made
 
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pursuant to Section 5, 6 or 7 or the last sentence of Section 12(a) of this Agreement within ten (10) days after receipt by the Company of a written request therefor, (v) payment of indemnification pursuant to Section 3, 4 or 8 of this Agreement is not made within ten (10) days after a determination has been made that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, or (vi) in the event that the Company or any other person takes or threatens to take any action to declare this Agreement void or unenforceable, or institutes any litigation or other action or Proceeding designed to deny, or to recover from, the Indemnitee the benefits provided or intended to be provided to the Indemnitee hereunder, Indemnitee shall be entitled to an adjudication by a court of his entitlement to such indemnification or advancement of Expenses. Alternatively, Indemnitee, at his option, may seek an award in arbitration to be conducted by a single arbitrator pursuant to the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association. Indemnitee shall commence such proceeding seeking an adjudication or an award in arbitration within 180 days following the date on which Indemnitee first has the right to commence such proceeding pursuant to this Section 14(a);  provided , however , that the foregoing clause shall not apply in respect of a proceeding brought by Indemnitee to enforce his rights under Section 5 of this Agreement. The Company shall not oppose Indemnitee’s right to seek any such adjudication or award in arbitration.
(b) In the event that a determination shall have been made pursuant to Section 12(a) of this Agreement that Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification, any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 14 shall be conducted in all respects as a  de novo  trial, or arbitration, on the merits and Indemnitee shall not be prejudiced by reason of that adverse determination. In any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 14, the Company shall have the burden of proving Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification or advancement of Expenses, as the case may be.
(c) If a determination shall have been made pursuant to Section 12(a) of this Agreement that Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, the Company shall be bound by such determination in any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 14, absent (i) a misstatement by Indemnitee of a material fact, or an omission of a material fact necessary to make Indemnitee’s statement not materially misleading, in connection with the request for indemnification, or (ii) a prohibition of such indemnification under applicable law.
(d) The Company shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, be precluded from asserting in any judicial proceeding or arbitration commenced pursuant to this Section 14 that the procedures and presumptions of this Agreement are not valid, binding and enforceable and shall stipulate in any such court or before any such arbitrator that the Company is bound by all the provisions of this Agreement. It is the intent of the Company that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the Indemnitee not be required to incur legal fees or other Expenses associated with the interpretation, enforcement or defense of Indemnitee’s rights under this Agreement by litigation or otherwise because the cost and expense thereof would substantially detract from the benefits intended to be extended to the Indemnitee hereunder. The Company shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, indemnify Indemnitee against any and all Expenses and, if requested by Indemnitee, shall (within ten (10) days after receipt by the Company of a written request therefor) advance, to the extent not prohibited by law, such Expenses to Indemnitee, which are incurred by Indemnitee in connection with any action brought
 
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by Indemnitee for indemnification or advance of Expenses from the Company under this Agreement or under any directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies maintained by the Company if, in the case of indemnification, Indemnitee is wholly successful on the underlying claims; if Indemnitee is not wholly successful on the underlying claims, then such indemnification shall be only to the extent Indemnitee is successful on such underlying claims or otherwise as permitted by law, whichever is greater.
(e) Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, no determination as to entitlement of Indemnitee to indemnification under this Agreement shall be required to be made prior to the final disposition of the Proceeding.
Section 15. Non-exclusivity; Survival of Rights; Insurance; Subrogation.
(a) The rights of indemnification and to receive advancement of Expenses as provided by this Agreement shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which Indemnitee may at any time be entitled under applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation, the Bylaws, any agreement, a vote of stockholders or a resolution of directors, or otherwise. No amendment, alteration or repeal of this Agreement or of any provision hereof shall limit or restrict any right of Indemnitee under this Agreement in respect of any action taken or omitted by such Indemnitee in his Corporate Status prior to such amendment, alteration or repeal. To the extent that a change in Delaware law, whether by statute or judicial decision, permits greater indemnification or advancement of Expenses than would be afforded currently under the Certificate of Incorporation and this Agreement, it is the intent of the parties hereto that Indemnitee shall enjoy by this Agreement the greater benefits so afforded by such change. No right or remedy herein conferred is intended to be exclusive of any other right or remedy, and every other right and remedy shall be cumulative and in addition to every other right and remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law or in equity or otherwise. The assertion or employment of any right or remedy hereunder, or otherwise, shall not prevent the concurrent assertion or employment of any other right or remedy.
(b) To the extent that the Company maintains an insurance policy or policies providing liability insurance for directors, officers, employees, or agents of the Enterprise, Indemnitee shall be covered by such policy or policies in accordance with its or their terms to the maximum extent of the coverage available for any such director, officer, employee or agent under such policy or policies. If, at the time of the receipt of a notice of a claim pursuant to the terms hereof, the Company has director and officer liability insurance in effect, the Company shall give prompt notice of such claim or of the commencement of a Proceeding, as the case may be, to the insurers in accordance with the procedures set forth in the respective policies. The Company shall thereafter take all necessary or desirable action to cause such insurers to pay, on behalf of the Indemnitee, all amounts payable as a result of such Proceeding in accordance with the terms of such policies.
(c) In the event of any payment under this Agreement, the Company shall be subrogated to the extent of such payment to all of the rights of recovery of Indemnitee [(other
 
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than any rights of recovery of Indemnitee from a Fund Indemnitor (as defined in Section 15(e) hereof) or under any insurance provided by the Fund or its affiliates)], who shall execute all papers required and take all action necessary to secure such rights, including execution of such documents as are necessary to enable the Company to bring suit to enforce such rights.
(d) [Except as provided for under Section 15(e) of this Agreement, the] The Company shall not be liable under this Agreement to make any payment of amounts otherwise indemnifiable (or for which advancement is provided hereunder) hereunder if and to the extent that Indemnitee has otherwise actually received such payment under any insurance policy, contract, agreement or otherwise.
(e) [The Company hereby acknowledges that Indemnitee has certain rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses and/or insurance provided by the Fund and certain of its affiliates (collectively, the “Fund Indemnitors”). The Company hereby agrees (i) that it is the indemnitor of first resort (i.e., its obligations to Indemnitee are primary and any obligation of the Fund Indemnitors to advance expenses or to provide indemnification for the same expenses or liabilities incurred by Indemnitee are secondary), (ii) that it shall be required to advance the full amount of Expenses incurred by Indemnitee and shall be liable for the full amount of all Expenses, judgments, penalties, fines and amounts paid in settlement to the extent legally permitted and as required by the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws (or any agreement between the Company and Indemnitee), without regard to any rights Indemnitee may have against the Fund Indemnitors, and, (iii) that it irrevocably waives, relinquishes and releases the Fund Indemnitors from any and all claims against the Fund Indemnitors for contribution, subrogation or any other recovery of any kind in respect thereof. The Company further agrees that no advancement or payment by the Fund Indemnitors on behalf of Indemnitee with respect to any claim for which Indemnitee has sought indemnification from the Company shall affect the foregoing and the Fund Indemnitors shall have a right of contribution and/or be subrogated to the extent of such advancement or payment to all of the rights of recovery of Indemnitee against the Company. The Company and Indemnitee agree that the Fund Indemnitors are express third party beneficiaries of the terms hereof.]
Section 16. Duration of Agreement. This Agreement shall continue until and terminate upon the later of: (a) ten (10) years after the date that Indemnitee shall have ceased to serve as a [director] [or] [officer] of the Company or (b) one (1) year after the final termination of any Proceeding then pending in respect of which Indemnitee is granted rights of indemnification or advancement of Expenses hereunder and of any proceeding commenced by Indemnitee pursuant to Section 14 of this Agreement [or by a Fund Indemnitor pursuant to Section 15(e) of this Agreement, in either case,] relating thereto. The indemnification and advancement of expenses rights provided by or granted pursuant to this Agreement shall be binding upon and be
 
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enforceable by the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns (including any direct or indirect successor by purchase, merger, consolidation or otherwise to all or substantially all of the business or assets of the Company), shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company or of any other Enterprise, and shall inure to the benefit of Indemnitee and his or her spouse, assigns, heirs, devisees, executors and administrators and other legal representatives.
Section 17. Severability. If any provision or provisions of this Agreement shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever: (a) the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Agreement (including without limitation, each portion of any Section of this Agreement containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that is not itself invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby and shall remain enforceable to the fullest extent permitted by law; (b) such provision or provisions shall be deemed reformed to the extent necessary to conform to applicable law and to give the maximum effect to the intent of the parties hereto; and (c) to the fullest extent possible, the provisions of this Agreement (including, without limitation, each portion of any Section of this Agreement containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that is not itself invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent manifested thereby.
Section 18. Enforcement.
(a) The Company expressly confirms and agrees that it has entered into this Agreement and assumed the obligations imposed on it hereby in order to induce Indemnitee to serve as a director or officer of the Company, and the Company acknowledges that Indemnitee is relying upon this Agreement in serving as a director or officer of the Company.
(b) This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, oral, written and implied, between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof; provided, however, that this Agreement is a supplement to and in furtherance of the Certificate of Incorporation, the Bylaws and applicable law, and shall not be deemed a substitute therefor, nor to diminish or abrogate any rights of Indemnitee thereunder.
Section 19. Modification and Waiver. No supplement, modification or amendment of this Agreement shall be binding unless executed in writing by the parties hereto. No waiver of any of the provisions of this Agreement shall be deemed or shall constitute a waiver of any other provisions of this Agreement nor shall any waiver constitute a continuing waiver.
Section 20. Notice by Indemnitee. Indemnitee agrees promptly to notify the Company in writing upon being served with any summons, citation, subpoena, complaint, indictment, information or other document relating to any Proceeding or matter which may be subject to indemnification or advancement of Expenses covered hereunder. The failure of Indemnitee to so notify the Company shall not relieve the Company of any obligation which it may have to the Indemnitee under this Agreement or otherwise.
 
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Section 21. Notices. All notices, requests, demands and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if (a) delivered by hand and receipted for by the party to whom said notice or other communication shall have been directed, (b) mailed by certified or registered mail with postage prepaid, on the third business day after the date on which it is so mailed, (c) mailed by reputable overnight courier and receipted for by the party to whom said notice or other communication shall have been directed or (d) sent by facsimile transmission, with receipt of oral confirmation that such transmission has been received:
(a) If to Indemnitee, at the address indicated on the signature page of this Agreement, or such other address as Indemnitee shall provide to the Company.
(b) If to the Company to:
     Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
     One Broadway, 14th Floor
     Cambridge, MA 02142
     Attention: Chief Financial Officer
or to any other address as may have been furnished to Indemnitee by the Company.
Section 22. Contribution. To the fullest extent permissible under applicable law, if the indemnification provided for in this Agreement is unavailable to Indemnitee for any reason whatsoever, the Company, in lieu of indemnifying Indemnitee, shall contribute to the amount incurred by Indemnitee, whether for judgments, fines, penalties, excise taxes, amounts paid or to be paid in settlement and/or for Expenses, in connection with any claim relating to an indemnifiable event under this Agreement, in such proportion as is deemed fair and reasonable in light of all of the circumstances of such Proceeding in order to reflect (i) the relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and Indemnitee, on the other hand, as a result of the event(s) and/or transaction(s) giving cause to such Proceeding; and/or (ii) the relative fault of the Company (and its other directors, officers, employees and agents), on the one hand, and Indemnitee, on the other hand, in connection with such event(s) and/or transaction(s).
Section 23. Applicable Law and Consent to Jurisdiction. This Agreement and the legal relations among the parties shall be governed by, and construed and enforced in accordance with, the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to its conflict of laws rules. Except with respect to any arbitration commenced by Indemnitee pursuant to Section 14(a) of this Agreement, the Company and Indemnitee hereby irrevocably and unconditionally (i) agree that any action or proceeding arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be brought only in the Delaware Court, and not in any other state or federal court in the United States of America or any court in any other country, (ii) consent to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Delaware Court for purposes of any action or proceeding arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, (iii) appoint, to the extent such party is not otherwise subject to service of process in the State of Delaware, irrevocably the Corporation Trust Center as its agent in the State of Delaware as such party’s agent for acceptance of legal process in connection with any such action or proceeding against such party with the same legal force and validity as if served upon
 
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such party personally within the State of Delaware, (iv) waive any objection to the laying of venue of any such action or proceeding in the Delaware Court, and (v) waive, and agree not to plead or to make, any claim that any such action or proceeding brought in the Delaware Court has been brought in an improper or inconvenient forum.
Section 24. Identical Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall for all purposes be deemed to be an original but all of which together shall constitute one and the same Agreement. Only one such counterpart signed by the party against whom enforceability is sought needs to be produced to evidence the existence of this Agreement.
Section 25. Miscellaneous. Use of the masculine pronoun shall be deemed to include usage of the feminine pronoun where appropriate. The headings of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not be deemed to constitute part of this Agreement or to affect the construction thereof.
[The remainder of this page is intentionally left blank.]
 
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The parties executed this Agreement as of the day and year first set forth above.

TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	 	
Name:	 	 	
Office:	 	 	

INDEMNITEE	 	 	

Name:	 	 	

 	 	
Address:	 	 	

Exhibit 10.17
TOKAI PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
2014 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
The purpose of this Plan is to provide eligible employees of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) and certain of its subsidiaries with opportunities to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.001 par value (the “Common Stock”), commencing at such time as the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) shall determine. Subject to adjustment under Section 15 hereof, the number of shares of Common Stock that have been approved for this purpose is the sum of:
(a) 225,000 shares of Common Stock; plus
(b) an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing on January 1, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2024, equal to the least of (i) 450,000 shares of Common Stock, (ii) one percent (1%) of the outstanding shares on such date and (iii) an amount determined by the Board.
This Plan is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” as defined in Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and the regulations issued thereunder, and shall be interpreted consistent therewith.
1. Administration. The Plan will be administered by the Board or by a Committee appointed by the Board (the “Committee”). The Board or the Committee has authority to make rules and regulations for the administration of the Plan and its interpretation and decisions with regard thereto shall be final and conclusive.
2. Eligibility. All employees of the Company and all employees of any subsidiary of the Company (as defined in Section 424(f) of the Code) designated by the Board or the Committee from time to time (a “Designated Subsidiary”), are eligible to participate in any one or more of the offerings of Options (as defined in Section 9) to purchase Common Stock under the Plan provided that:
(a) they are customarily employed by the Company or a Designated Subsidiary for more than 20 hours a week and for more than five months in a calendar year;
(b) they have been employed by the Company or a Designated Subsidiary for at least six (6) months prior to enrolling in the Plan; and
(c) they are employees of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary on the first day of the applicable Plan Period (as defined below).
No employee may be granted an Option hereunder if such employee, immediately after the Option is granted, owns 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of the stock of the Company or any subsidiary. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the attribution rules of Section 424(d) of the Code shall apply in determining the stock ownership of an employee, and all stock that the employee has a contractual right to purchase shall be treated as stock owned by the employee.

The Board retains the discretion to determine which eligible employees may participate in an offering pursuant to and consistent with Treasury Regulation Sections 1.423-2(e) and (f).
3. Offerings. The Company will make one or more offerings (“Offerings”) to employees to purchase stock under this Plan. Offerings will begin at such time as the Board shall determine. Each Offering will consist of a six-month period (a “Plan Period”) during which payroll deductions will be made and held for the purchase of Common Stock at the end of the Plan Period. The Board or the Committee may, at its discretion, choose a different Plan Period of not more than twelve (12) months for Offerings.
4. Participation. An employee eligible on the first day of a Plan Period of any Offering may participate in such Offering by completing and forwarding either a written or electronic payroll deduction authorization form to the employee’s appropriate payroll office at least 15 days prior to the commencement of the applicable Plan Period. The form will authorize a regular payroll deduction from the Compensation received by the employee during the Plan Period. Unless an employee files a new form or withdraws from the Plan, his or her deductions and purchases will continue at the same rate for future Offerings under the Plan as long as the Plan remains in effect. The term “Compensation” means the amount of money reportable on the employee’s Federal Income Tax Withholding Statement, excluding overtime, shift premium, incentive or bonus awards, allowances and reimbursements for expenses such as relocation allowances for travel expenses, income or gains associated with the grant or vesting of restricted stock, income or gains on the exercise of Company stock options or stock appreciation rights, and similar items, whether or not shown or separately identified on the employee’s Federal Income Tax Withholding Statement, but including, in the case of salespersons, sales commissions to the extent determined by the Board or the Committee.
5. Deductions. The Company will maintain payroll deduction accounts for all participating employees. With respect to any Offering made under this Plan, an employee may authorize a payroll deduction in any percentage amount (in whole percentages) up to a maximum of 15% of the Compensation he or she receives during the Plan Period or such shorter period during which deductions from payroll are made. The Board or the Committee may, at its discretion, designate a lower maximum contribution rate. The minimum payroll deduction is such percentage of Compensation as may be established from time to time by the Board or the Committee.
6. Deduction Changes. An employee may decrease or discontinue his or her payroll deduction once during any Plan Period, by filing either a written or electronic new payroll deduction authorization form. However, an employee may not increase his or her payroll deduction during a Plan Period. If an employee elects to discontinue his or her payroll deductions during a Plan Period, but does not elect to withdraw his or her funds pursuant to Section 8 hereof, funds deducted prior to his or her election to discontinue will be applied to the purchase of Common Stock on the Exercise Date (as defined below).
 
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7. Interest. Interest will not be paid on any employee accounts, except to the extent that the Board or the Committee, in its sole discretion, elects to credit employee accounts with interest at such rate as it may from time to time determine.
8. Withdrawal of Funds. An employee may at any time prior to the close of business on the tenth business day prior to the end of a Plan Period and for any reason permanently draw out the balance accumulated in the employee’s account and thereby withdraw from participation in an Offering. Partial withdrawals are not permitted. The employee may not begin participation again during the remainder of the Plan Period during which the employee withdrew his or her balance. The employee may participate in any subsequent Offering in accordance with terms and conditions established by the Board or the Committee.
9. Purchase of Shares.
(a) Number of Shares. On the first day of each Plan Period, the Company will grant to each eligible employee who is then a participant in the Plan an option (an “Option”) to purchase on the last business day of such Plan Period (the “Exercise Date”) at the applicable purchase price (the “Option Price”) up to that number of shares of Common Stock determined by multiplying $2,083 by the number of full months in the Plan Period and dividing the result by the closing price (as determined below) on the first day of such Plan Period; provided, however, that no employee may be granted an Option which permits his or her rights to purchase Common Stock under this Plan and any other employee stock purchase plan (as defined in Section 423(b) of the Code) of the Company and its subsidiaries, to accrue at a rate which exceeds $25,000 of the fair market value of such Common Stock (determined at the date such Option is granted) for each calendar year in which the Option is outstanding at any time; and, provided, further, however, that the Committee may, in its discretion, set a fixed maximum number of shares of Common Stock that each eligible employee may purchase per Plan Period which number may not be greater than the number of shares of Common Stock determined by using the formula in the first clause of this Section 9(a) and which number shall be subject to the second clause of this
Section 9(a).
(b) Option Price. The Board or the Committee shall determine the Option Price for each Plan Period, including whether such Option Price shall be determined based on the lesser of the closing price of the Common Stock on (i) the first business day of the Plan Period or (ii) the Exercise Date, or shall be based solely on the closing price of the Common Stock on the Exercise Date; provided, however, that such Option Price shall be at least 85% of the applicable closing price. In the absence of a determination by the Board or the Committee, the Option Price will be 85% of the lesser of the closing price of the Common Stock on (i) the first business day of the Plan Period or (ii) the Exercise Date. The closing price shall be (a) the closing price (for the primary trading session) on any national securities exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or (b) the average of the closing bid and asked prices in the over-the-counter-market, whichever is applicable, as published in  The Wall Street Journal  or another source selected by the Board or the Committee. If no sales of Common Stock were made on such a day, the price of the Common Stock shall be the reported price for the next preceding day on which sales were made.
 
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(c) Exercise of Option. Each employee who continues to be a participant in the Plan on the Exercise Date shall be deemed to have exercised his or her Option at the Option Price on such date and shall be deemed to have purchased from the Company the number of whole shares of Common Stock reserved for the purpose of the Plan that his or her accumulated payroll deductions on such date will pay for, but not in excess of the maximum numbers determined in the manner set forth above.
(d) Return of Unused Payroll Deductions. Any balance remaining in an employee’s payroll deduction account at the end of a Plan Period will be automatically refunded to the employee, except that any balance that is less than the purchase price of one share of Common Stock will be carried forward into the employee’s payroll deduction account for the following Offering, unless the employee elects not to participate in the following Offering under the Plan, in which case the balance in the employee’s account shall be refunded.
10. Issuance of Certificates. Certificates representing shares of Common Stock purchased under the Plan may be issued only in the name of the employee, in the name of the employee and another person of legal age as joint tenants with rights of survivorship, or (in the Company’s sole discretion) in the name of a brokerage firm, bank, or other nominee holder designated by the employee. The Company may, in its sole discretion and in compliance with applicable laws, authorize the use of book entry registration of shares in lieu of issuing stock certificates.
11. Rights on Retirement, Death or Termination of Employment. If a participating employee’s employment ends before the last business day of a Plan Period, no payroll deduction shall be taken from any pay then due and owing to the employee and the balance in the employee’s account shall be paid to the employee. In the event of the employee’s death before the last business day of a Plan Period, the Company shall, upon notification of such death, pay the balance of the employee’s account (a) to the executor or administrator of the employee’s estate or (b) if no such executor or administrator has been appointed to the knowledge of the Company, to such other person(s) as the Company may, in its discretion, designate. If, before the last business day of the Plan Period, the Designated Subsidiary by which an employee is employed ceases to be a subsidiary of the Company, or if the employee is transferred to a subsidiary of the Company that is not a Designated Subsidiary, the employee shall be deemed to have terminated employment for the purposes of this Plan.
12. Optionees Not Stockholders. Neither the granting of an Option to an employee nor the deductions from his or her pay shall make such employee a stockholder of the shares of Common Stock covered by an Option under this Plan until he or she has purchased and received such shares.
13. Options Not Transferable. Options under this Plan are not transferable by a participating employee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and are exercisable during the employee’s lifetime only by the employee.
14. Application of Funds. All funds received or held by the Company under this Plan may be combined with other corporate funds and may be used for any corporate purpose.
 
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15. Adjustment for Changes in Common Stock and Certain Other Events.
(a) Changes in Capitalization. In the event of any stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, combination of shares, reclassification of shares, spin-off or other similar change in capitalization or event, or any dividend or distribution to holders of Common Stock other than an ordinary cash dividend, (i) the number and class of securities available under this Plan, (ii) the share limitations set forth in Section 9, and (iii) the Option Price shall be equitably adjusted to the extent determined by the Board or the Committee.
(b) Reorganization Events.
(1) Definition. A “Reorganization Event” shall mean: (a) any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity as a result of which all of the Common Stock of the Company is converted into or exchanged for the right to receive cash, securities or other property or is cancelled, (b) any transfer or disposition of all of the Common Stock of the Company for cash, securities or other property pursuant to a share exchange or other transaction or (c) any liquidation or dissolution of the Company.
(2) Consequences of a Reorganization Event on Options. In connection with a Reorganization Event, the Board or the Committee may take any one or more of the following actions as to outstanding Options on such terms as the Board or the Committee determines: (i) provide that Options shall be assumed, or substantially equivalent Options shall be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof), (ii) upon written notice to employees, provide that all outstanding Options will be terminated immediately prior to the consummation of such Reorganization Event and that all such outstanding Options will become exercisable to the extent of accumulated payroll deductions as of a date specified by the Board or the Committee in such notice, which date shall not be less than ten (10) days preceding the effective date of the Reorganization Event, (iii) upon written notice to employees, provide that all outstanding Options will be cancelled as of a date prior to the effective date of the Reorganization Event and that all accumulated payroll deductions will be returned to participating employees on such date, (iv) in the event of a Reorganization Event under the terms of which holders of Common Stock will receive upon consummation thereof a cash payment for each share surrendered in the Reorganization Event (the “Acquisition Price”), change the last day of the Plan Period to be the date of the consummation of the Reorganization Event and make or provide for a cash payment to each employee equal to (A) (1) the Acquisition Price times (2) the number of shares of Common Stock that the employee’s accumulated payroll deductions as of immediately prior to the Reorganization Event could purchase at the Option Price, where the Acquisition Price is treated as the fair market value of the Common Stock on the last day of the applicable Plan Period for purposes of determining the Option Price under Section 9(b) hereof, and where the number of shares that could be purchased is subject to the limitations set forth in Section 9(a), minus (B) the result of multiplying such number of shares by such Option Price, (v) provide that, in connection with a liquidation or dissolution of the Company, Options shall convert into the right to receive liquidation proceeds (net of the Option Price thereof) and (vi) any combination of the foregoing.
For purposes of clause (i) above, an Option shall be considered assumed if, following consummation of the Reorganization Event, the Option confers the right to purchase,
 
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for each share of Common Stock subject to the Option immediately prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Event, the consideration (whether cash, securities or other property) received as a result of the Reorganization Event by holders of Common Stock for each share of Common Stock held immediately prior to the consummation of the Reorganization Event (and if holders were offered a choice of consideration, the type of consideration chosen by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock); provided, however, that if the consideration received as a result of the Reorganization Event is not solely common stock of the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof), the Company may, with the consent of the acquiring or succeeding corporation, provide for the consideration to be received upon the exercise of Options to consist solely of such number of shares of common stock of the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof) that the Board determines to be equivalent in value (as of the date of such determination or another date specified by the Board) to the per share consideration received by holders of outstanding shares of Common Stock as a result of the Reorganization Event.
16. Amendment of the Plan. The Board may at any time, and from time to time, amend or suspend this Plan or any portion thereof, except that (a) if the approval of any such amendment by the stockholders of the Company is required by Section 423 of the Code, such amendment shall not be effected without such approval, and (b) in no event may any amendment be made that would cause the Plan to fail to comply with Section 423 of the Code.
17. Insufficient Shares. If the total number of shares of Common Stock specified in elections to be purchased under any Offering plus the number of shares purchased under previous Offerings under this Plan exceeds the maximum number of shares issuable under this Plan, the Board or the Committee will allot the shares then available on a pro-rata basis.
18. Termination of the Plan. This Plan may be terminated at any time by the Board. Upon termination of this Plan all amounts in the accounts of participating employees shall be promptly refunded.
19. Governmental Regulations. The Company’s obligation to sell and deliver Common Stock under this Plan is subject to listing on a national stock exchange (to the extent the Common Stock is then so listed or quoted) and the approval of all governmental authorities required in connection with the authorization, issuance or sale of such stock.
20. Governing Law. The Plan shall be governed by Delaware law except to the extent that such law is preempted by federal law.
21. Issuance of Shares. Shares may be issued upon exercise of an Option from authorized but unissued Common Stock, from shares held in the treasury of the Company, or from any other proper source.
22. Notification upon Sale of Shares. Each employee agrees, by entering the Plan, to promptly give the Company notice of any disposition of shares purchased under the Plan where such disposition occurs within two years after the date of grant of the Option pursuant to which such shares were purchased.
 
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23. Grants to Employees in Foreign Jurisdictions. The Company may, to comply with the laws of a foreign jurisdiction, grant Options to employees of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary who are citizens or residents of such foreign jurisdiction (without regard to whether they are also citizens of the United States or resident aliens (within the meaning of Section 7701(b)(1)(A) of the Code)) with terms that are less favorable (but not more favorable) than the terms of Options granted under the Plan to employees of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary who are resident in the United States. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Plan, employees of the Company or a Designated Subsidiary who are citizens or residents of a foreign jurisdiction (without regard to whether they are also citizens of the United States or resident aliens (within the meaning of Section 7701(b)(1)(A) of the Code)) may be excluded from eligibility under the Plan if (a) the grant of an Option under the Plan to a citizen or resident of the foreign jurisdiction is prohibited under the laws of such jurisdiction or (b) compliance with the laws of the foreign jurisdiction would cause the Plan to violate the requirements of Section 423 of the Code. The Company may add one or more appendices to this Plan describing the operation of the Plan in those foreign jurisdictions in which employees are excluded from participation or granted less favorable Options.
24. Authorization of Sub-Plans. The Board may from time to time establish one or more sub-plans under the Plan with respect to one or more Designated Subsidiaries, provided that such sub-plan complies with Section 423 of the Code.
25. Withholding. If applicable tax laws impose a tax withholding obligation, each affected employee shall, no later than the date of the event creating the tax liability, make provision satisfactory to the Board for payment of any taxes required by law to be withheld in connection with any transaction related to Options granted to or shares acquired by such employee pursuant to the Plan. The Company may, to the extent permitted by law, deduct any such taxes from any payment of any kind otherwise due to an employee.
26. Effective Date and Approval of Stockholders. The Plan shall become effective upon the effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-1 for the Company’s initial public offering of its Common Stock, subject to approval by the stockholders of the Company as required by Section 423 of the Code, which approval must occur within twelve months of the adoption of the Plan by the Board.

Adopted by the Board of Directors on	
August 28, 2014	
 	
Approved by the stockholders on
August 29, 2014	
 
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Exhibit 10.18

August 21, 2014
Lee Kalowski
207 East 74th St., PH-D
New York, NY 10021
Dear Lee:
It is my pleasure to extend to you this offer of employment with Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”). On behalf of the Company, I set forth below the terms of your employment:
 
 	1.	Employment. You will be employed to serve on a full-time basis as Chief Financial Officer effective September 2, 2014. As Chief Financial Officer, you will be responsible for such duties as are consistent with such position, plus any other duties as may from time to time be assigned to you by the Company. You shall report to the Chief Executive Officer or his/her designee, and you agree to devote your full business time, best efforts, skill, knowledge, attention and energies to the advancement of the Company’s business and interests and to the performance of your duties and responsibilities as an employee of the Company. You agree to abide by the rules, regulations, instructions, personnel practices and policies of the Company and any changes therein that may be adopted from time to time by the Company.	
 
 	2.	Base Salary. Your base salary will be at the rate of $13,333.33 per semi-monthly pay period (which if annualized equals three hundred twenty thousand dollars), less all applicable taxes and withholdings, to be paid in installments in accordance with the Company’s regular payroll practices. Such base salary may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with normal business practices and in the sole discretion of the Company.	
 
 	3.	Sign On Bonus. Your signing bonus will be in the amount of $45,000 payable in the first full pay period following the commencement of your employment, less all applicable taxes and withholdings.	
 
 	4.	Discretionary Bonuses. Following the end of each calendar year and subject to the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), you will be eligible for a retention and performance bonus of up to 30% of your annualized base salary, based on your performance and the Company’s performance during the applicable calendar year, as determined by the Company in its sole discretion. In any event, you must be an active employee of the Company on the date any bonus is distributed in order to be eligible for and to earn any such bonus award, as it also serves as an incentive to remain employed by the Company.	

 	5.	Relocation. In order to assist with your relocation to Massachusetts, the Company will reimburse you up to $30,000 for all reasonable relocation expenses incurred by you prior to September 1, 2015, including costs incurred by you in maintaining a temporary residence in the Greater Boston Area, following your submission of documentation evidencing such expenses. If, within 12 months following your first day of employment, you resign or the Company terminates your employment for Cause (as defined below), you will be obligated to repay to the Company, within thirty (30) days following your separation, a pro rata portion (based on the number of days you were employed) of the relocation expenses for which you were reimbursed.	
 
 	6.	Equity. Effective upon the day following the effectiveness of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (the “Registration Statement”) for its initial public offering (the “IPO”), you will receive an option (the “Option”) to purchase a number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock equal to 1% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding upon the effectiveness of the Registration Statement (including for this purpose, the shares of Common Stock to be issued at the closing for the IPO and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the then outstanding Preferred Stock of the Company). The Option shall have an exercise price per share equal to the price at which the Company sells shares of Common Stock to the public in the IPO (the “Option”). The Option would be granted pursuant and subject to the terms of a stock option agreement to be entered into with the Company and under the Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Option Agreement”). The Option Agreement will provide that the Option will vest with respect to the first twelve and a half percent (12.5%) of the Option on March 1, 2015 and with respect to the balance of the Option in 42 equal monthly installments on the first day of each month thereafter, subject to your continued employment with the Company through each vesting date.	
In addition, effective upon the day following the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, you will be granted an award of a number of restricted stock units equal to 0.25% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding upon the effectiveness of the Registration Statement (including for this purpose, the shares of Common Stock to be issued at the closing for the IPO and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the then outstanding Preferred Stock of the Company) pursuant and subject to the terms of a restricted stock unit agreement entered into with the Company under the Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Restricted Stock Unit Agreement”). Under the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, upon the vesting of the award, the Company will deliver to you for each restricted stock unit that becomes vested one share of Common Stock (subject to appropriate adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and similar events affecting the Common Stock after the date hereof); provided, however, that, if agreed by you and the Company in light of your inability to sell shares of Common Stock necessary to pay the Company the applicable withholding taxes, the Company may withhold the amount of shares of Common Stock that the Company determines necessary to pay applicable withholding taxes. In addition, under the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, the award will vest with respect to the first twelve and a half percent (12.5%) of the restricted stock units on the first trading day of the month following the month during which the lock-up agreement entered into in connection with the IPO expires and with respect to the balance of the
 
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restricted stock units in seven equal installments with the first such installment vesting on September 1, 2015 and the remaining installments vesting on the first day of each six-month period thereafter, subject to your continued employment with the Company through each vesting date.
The Option Agreement and the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement will also provide as follows:
a. in the event that a Change in Control Event (as defined in such Agreements) occurs or a definitive agreement that results in a Change of Control Event is entered into, in either case, prior to February 28, 2015, then immediately prior to the Change in Control Event, (i) the Option with respect to 50% of the underlying shares originally covered by the Option (subject to appropriate adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and similar events affecting the Common Stock after the date hereof) will terminate and be of no further force or effect, and the balance of the Option shall continue in force or effect as if it had originally been granted for a number of shares equal to 50% of the underlying shares originally covered by the Option (subject to appropriate adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and similar events affecting the Common Stock after the date hereof), and (ii) 50% of the restricted stock units (subject to appropriate adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and similar events affecting the Common Stock after the date hereof) will be cancelled, and the balance of the restricted stock units will continue to vest as if the restricted stock unit award had originally been granted for a number of restricted stock units equal to 50% of the restricted stock units originally granted (subject to appropriate adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations and similar events affecting the Common Stock after the date hereof); and
b. if, on or prior to the first anniversary of the date of the consummation of a Change of Control Event, your employment with the Company is terminated by the Company without Cause or by you for Good Reason (as such terms are defined in such Agreements), all of the Option and the restricted stock units shall automatically vest in full.
You may also be eligible for other grants of stock or stock options as determined by and in the sole discretion of the Board. The Company anticipates that, subject to Board approval, grants of stock or stock options may be made following the initial public offering as part of a review of the Company’s executives’ compensation. Nothing in this section shall affect your status as an employee at will, as set forth below.
 
 	7.	Benefits. You may participate in any and all benefit programs that the Company establishes and makes available to its employees from time to time, provided that you are eligible under (and subject to all provisions of) the plan documents that govern those programs. Benefits are subject to change at any time in the Company’s sole discretion.	
 
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 	8.	Business Expenses: The Company will reimburse you for all submitted reasonable and documented business expenses in accordance with Company policy.	
 
 	9.	Vacation. You will be eligible for a maximum of 20 days of paid vacation per calendar year to be taken at such times as may be approved in advance by the Company. The number of vacation days for which you are eligible shall accrue at the rate of 1.67 days per month that you are employed during such calendar year. Pursuant to Company policy, vacation time cannot be carried over from year to year.	
 
 	10.	Confidentiality, Inventions, Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement. You will be required to execute the attached Confidentiality, Inventions, Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement (the “Non-Competition Agreement”) as a condition of employment.	
 
 	11.	No Conflict. You represent that you are not bound by any employment contract, restrictive covenant or other restriction preventing you from entering into employment with or carrying out your responsibilities for the Company, or which is in any way inconsistent with the terms of this offer letter.	
 
 	12.	Proof of Legal Right to Work. You agree to provide to the Company, within three (3) days of your date of hire, documentation proving your eligibility to work in the United States, as required by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. You may need a work visa in order to be eligible to work in the United States. If that is the case, your employment with the Company will be conditioned upon your obtaining a work visa in a timely manner as determined by the Company.	
 
 	13.	At-Will Employment. This letter shall not be construed as an agreement, either express or implied, to employ you for any stated term, and shall in no way alter the Company’s policy of employment at-will, under which both the Company and you remain free to end the employment relationship for any reason, at any time, with or without cause or notice. Although your job duties, title, compensation and benefits, as well as the Company’s personnel policies and procedures, may change from time to time, the “at-will” nature of your employment may only be changed by a written agreement signed by you and the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, which expressly states the intention to modify the at-will nature of your employment. Similarly, nothing in this letter shall be construed as an agreement, either express or implied, to pay you any compensation or grant you any benefit beyond the end of your employment with the Company, except as otherwise explicitly set forth herein. This letter supersedes all prior understandings, whether written or oral, relating to the terms of your employment.	
 
 	14.	Termination Without Cause	
 
 	a.	Severance. In the event the Company terminates your employment without “Cause”, then, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in Exhibit A, and provided that you have been employed by the Company for at least (6) months, and provided further that you execute and return to the Company a severance and	
 
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 	release of claims agreement provided by and satisfactory to the Company (the “Severance Agreement”) and such Severance Agreement becomes binding and enforceable within 60 calendar days after your termination of employment, the Company will, during the “Severance Period” (as defined below), continue to pay to you as severance pay your then current base salary in accordance with the Company’s then current payroll practices. As used herein, the “Severance Period” shall commence on the Company’s first payroll cycle beginning after your Severance Agreement becomes binding (the “Effective Date”), and shall continue until the earlier of (x) the six-month anniversary of the Effective Date, and (y) the date on which you commence employment with or begin providing services to another person, employer, or entity, provided that if the foregoing 60-day period would end in a calendar year subsequent to the year in which your employment ends, payments will not be made before the first payroll period of the subsequent year. You are required to immediately provide the Company with written notice upon your commencement of employment with or provision of services to another person, employer or entity. Any severance pay hereunder will be subject to all applicable taxes and withholdings. You shall not be entitled to any severance pay if your employment is terminated by the Company for Cause, or if you resign your employment with the Company for any reason.	
 
 	b.	Cause. For purposes of this Section 14, the term “Cause” means: (a) your conviction of, or plea of guilty or nolo contendere to, any crime involving dishonesty or moral turpitude or any felony; or (b) a good faith finding by the Company that you have (i) engaged in dishonesty, willful misconduct or gross negligence,(ii) breached or threatened to breach the Non-Competition Agreement, (iii) violated Company policies or procedures, and/or (iv) failed to perform your assigned duties to the Company’s satisfaction, following notice of such failure by the Company and a period of fifteen (15) days to cure.	
 
 	15.	Entire Agreement. This letter, together with the Non-Competition Agreement, the Option Agreement and the Restricted Unit Agreement, constitute the entire agreement between you and the Company pertaining to their subject matter, and supersede all previous written or oral representations, agreements and understandings between you and the Company related to the subject matter of this letter and those agreements.	
[remainder of page intentionally omitted]
 
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If this letter correctly sets forth the terms under which you will be employed by the Company, please sign the enclosed duplicate of this letter in the space provided below and return it to me, along with a signed copy of the Non-Competition Agreement. If you do not accept this offer by August 28, 2014, the offer will be deemed withdrawn.
 
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Sincerely,	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Jodie Morrison	
 	 	Jodie Morrison	
 	 	Chief Executive Officer	
The foregoing correctly sets forth the terms of my at-will employment with Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. I am not relying on any representations other than those set forth above.

/s/ Lee H. Kalowski	 	 	 	21 – Aug – 2014	
Lee Kalowski	 	 	 	Date	
 
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Exhibit A
Payments Subject to Section 409A
1. Subject to this Exhibit A, payments or benefits under Section 14(a) of the offer letter shall begin only following the date of your “separation from service” (determined as set forth below) which occurs on or after the termination of your employment. The following rules shall apply with respect to distribution of the payments and benefits, if any, to be provided to you under Section 14(a) of the offer letter, as applicable:
(a) It is intended that each installment of the payments and benefits provided under Section 14(a) of the offer letter shall be treated as a separate “payment” for purposes of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the guidance issued thereunder (“Section 409A”). Neither the Company nor you shall have the right to accelerate or defer the delivery of any such payments or benefits except to the extent specifically permitted or required by Section 409A.
(b) If, as of the date of your “separation from service” from the Company, you are not a “specified employee” (within the meaning of Section 409A), then each installment of the payments and benefits shall be made on the dates and terms set forth in Section 14(a) of the offer letter.
(c) If, as of the date of your “separation from service” from the Company, you are a “specified employee” (within the meaning of Section 409A), then:
(i) Each installment of the payments and benefits due under Section 14(a) of the offer letter that, in accordance with the dates and terms set forth herein, will in all circumstances, regardless of when your separation from service occurs, be paid within the Short-Term Deferral Period (as hereinafter defined) shall be treated as a short-term deferral within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(4) to the maximum extent permissible under Section 409A. For purposes of the offer letter, the “Short-Term Deferral Period” means the period ending on the later of the 15 th  day of the third month following the end of your tax year in which the separation from service occurs and the 15 th  day of the third month following the end of the Company’s tax year in which the separation from service occurs; and
(ii) Each installment of the payments and benefits due under Section 14(a) of the offer letter that is not described in this Exhibit A, Section 1(c)(i) and that would, absent this subsection, be paid within the six-month period following your “separation from service” from the Company shall not be paid until the date that is six months and one day after such separation from service (or, if earlier, your death), with any such installments that are required to be delayed being accumulated during the six-month period and paid in a lump sum on the date that is six months and one day following your separation from service and any subsequent installments, if any, being paid in accordance with the dates and terms

set forth herein; provided, however, that the preceding provisions of this sentence shall not apply to any installment of payments and benefits if and to the maximum extent that that such installment is deemed to be paid under a separation pay plan that does not provide for a deferral of compensation by reason of the application of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(9)(iii) (relating to separation pay upon an involuntary separation from service). Any installments that qualify for the exception under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(9)(iii) must be paid no later than the last day of your second taxable year following the taxable year in which the separation from service occurs.
2. The determination of whether and when your separation from service from the Company has occurred shall be made and in a manner consistent with, and based on the presumptions set forth in, Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h). Solely for purposes of this Exhibit A, Section 2, “Company” shall include all persons with whom the Company would be considered a single employer under Section 414(b) and 414(c) of the Code.
3. All reimbursements and in-kind benefits provided under the offer letter shall be made or provided in accordance with the requirements of Section 409A to the extent that such reimbursements or in-kind benefits are subject to Section 409A.
4. The Company makes no representation or warranty and shall have no liability to you or to any other person if any of the provisions of the offer letter (including this Exhibit) are determined to constitute deferred compensation subject to Section 409A but that do not satisfy an exemption from, or the conditions of, that section.
 
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EXHIBIT 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the use in this Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc. of our report dated May 2, 2014, except for the last paragraph of Note 16, as to which the date is August 29, 2014, relating to the consolidated financial statements of Tokai Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which appears in such Registration Statement. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading “Experts” in such Registration Statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
September 2, 2014